Francisco Tudela
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Francisco Antonio Gregorio Tudela van Breugel-Douglas (born 20 July 1955) is a
Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = National seal , national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...
vian
scholar A scholar is a person who pursues academic and intellectual activities, particularly academics who apply their intellectualism into expertise in an area of study. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researc ...
, diplomat and
politician A politician is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking an elected office in government. Politicians propose, support, reject and create laws that govern the land and by an extension of its people. Broadly speaking ...
. A former
Fujimorist Fujimorism () denotes the policies and the political ideology of former President of Peru Alberto Fujimori as well as the personality cult built around him, his policies and his family. The ideology is defined by authoritarianism, its support for ...
politician and diplomat, he briefly served as the First Vice President of Peru between 28 July 2000 to 21 November 2000, during the brief third term of
Alberto Fujimori Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto ( or ; born 28 July 1938) is a Peruvian politician, professor and former engineer who was President of Peru from 28 July 1990 until 22 November 2000. Frequently described as a dictator, * * * * * * he remains a ...
and also as a Congressman between 2000 and 2001. He also served as
Minister of Foreign Affairs A foreign affairs minister or minister of foreign affairs (less commonly minister for foreign affairs) is generally a cabinet minister in charge of a state's foreign policy and relations. The formal title of the top official varies between co ...
during the Fujimori administration and as a member of the Democratic Constituent Congress between 1992 and 1995.


Early life and education

The first of three children, Tudela was born in
Lima Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of ...
into an
upper class Upper class in modern societies is the social class composed of people who hold the highest social status, usually are the wealthiest members of class society, and wield the greatest political power. According to this view, the upper class is gen ...
family. His father, Felipe Tudela y Barreda, served as ambassador and his grandfather was a
Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister i ...
. His mother was
jonkvrouw (female equivalent: ; french: Écuyer; en, Squire) is an honorific in the Low Countries denoting the lowest rank within the nobility. In the Netherlands, this in general concerns a prefix used by the untitled nobility. In Belgium, this is the ...
Vera van Breugel Douglas (1929–†), daughter of the baron Casper van Breugel Douglas (1896–1982, member of the
Dutch nobility The Dutch nobility is a small elite social class constisting of individuals or families recognized as noble, and with or without a title of nobility in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The existence of nobility was established in the Constitution ...
), first
Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
Ambassador accredited to the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
. Tudela has Romanian roots on his maternal side. He studied at Colegio Maristas San Isidro, the Pontifical and Civil Theological Faculty of Lima and the
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Pontifical Catholic University of Peru ( es, link=no, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, PUCP) is a private university in Lima, Peru. It was founded in 1917 with the support and approval of the Catholic Church, being the oldest private ...
(PUCP), where he obtained an
LL.B. Bachelor of Laws ( la, Legum Baccalaureus; LL.B.) is an undergraduate law degree in the United Kingdom and most common law jurisdictions. Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the law degree awarded by universities in the People's Republic of Chi ...
in
1983 The year 1983 saw both the official beginning of the Internet and the first mobile cellular telephone call. Events January * January 1 – The migration of the ARPANET to TCP/IP is officially completed (this is considered to be the beginning ...
. Next year, after working briefly at the Institute of Liberty and Democracy, Tudela moved to the
University of Navarra , image = UNAV.svg , latin_name = Universitas Studiorum Navarrensis , established = 17 October 1952 , type = Private, Roman Catholic , chancellor = Fernando Ocáriz Braña , president = María Iraburu Eliz ...
(
Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...
), where he was an assistant professor at the law department (theory of state and constitutional law courses). He obtained an LL.M. in international law and regulation of financial markets from the
London School of Economics and Political Science The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) is a public university, public research university located in London, England and a constituent college of the federal University of London. Founded in 1895 by Fabian Society members Sidn ...
in 1988. In 1990, he entered the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. He was professor of international economic law, theory of state and contemporary international relations in the Master in International Law and a founding member of the Institute of International Studies (IDEI). Between 1997 and 1998, Tudela was a
visiting scholar In academia, a visiting scholar, visiting researcher, visiting fellow, visiting lecturer, or visiting professor is a scholar from an institution who visits a host university to teach, lecture, or perform research on a topic for which the visitor ...
at the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies and a fellow of the
Weatherhead Center for International Affairs A weatherhead, also called a weathercap, service head, service entrance cap, or gooseneck (slang) is a weatherproof service drop entry point where overhead power or telephone wires enter a building, or where wires transition between overhead an ...
at Harvard. He was also a lecturer at the Peruvian Naval War College, the Peruvian Army War College and the U.S. Army War College, Carlisle.


Political career


Early political career

In 1992, Tudela was elected as a member of the Democratic Constituent Congress and served between 1992 and 1995 under the National Renewal party of Rafael Rey.


Minister of Foreign Affairs

He was one of
Alberto Fujimori Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto ( or ; born 28 July 1938) is a Peruvian politician, professor and former engineer who was President of Peru from 28 July 1990 until 22 November 2000. Frequently described as a dictator, * * * * * * he remains a ...
's foreign ministers during his second term, serving from 1995 until 1997. As Minister of Foreign Affairs, he personally led the peace negotiations with Ecuador, managing to definitively agree with Ecuador, in Quito, on 23 February 1996, the position of that neighboring nation regarding its limits with Peru through the exchange of notes. containing the "remaining impasses" between both countries. It also managed to agree between the parties, in Buenos Aires, on 19 June 1996, the role of the guarantor countries of the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, which would be governed exclusively within the terms of the treaty. On 29 October 1996, in Santiago de Chile, it agreed with Ecuador and the guarantor countries that the talks for the demarcation of the Peruvian-Ecuadorian border would be in accordance with the clauses of the Protocol of Rio de Janeiro of 1942, thus recognizing for the first time since 1952 the full validity of the Peruvian-Ecuadorian boundary treaty. He resigned from the Ministry in July 1997, after the revelation "of an intense activity of telephone espionage to opponents and people of the Government. Among the latter, Tudela himself." Apparently all this was not enough since it did not prevent him from accompanying Fujimori as vice president, on the presidential list for his second re-election in the 2000 elections.


Japanese embassy hostage crisis

While serving as Foreign Affairs Minister, Tudela was held hostage for 126 days during the 1996–97 Japanese embassy hostage crisis.


First Vice President of Peru and Congressman

In the 2000 general election, he was elected as First Vice President of Peru in the
Peru 2000 Peru 2000 ( es, Perú 2000, link=Yes) was a Peruvian right-wing political alliance that fielded candidates for the 2000 general elections. Alberto Fujimori and his political allies ran on the Peru 2000 ticket in which, Fujimori was triumphant ...
ticket of
Alberto Fujimori Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto ( or ; born 28 July 1938) is a Peruvian politician, professor and former engineer who was President of Peru from 28 July 1990 until 22 November 2000. Frequently described as a dictator, * * * * * * he remains a ...
who triumphed in his second re-election with almost 3/4 of the vote amid public discontent and was also elected Congressman at the same time with 840,943 votes, the highest voted congressman of the year, and served as First Vice President of Peru from 28 July 2000 until resigning from the post and breaking with Fujimori in October of that year in protest at the conditions for the holding of the 2001 general elections, which included an amnesty for the military and the return to Peru of the adviser Montesinos. Tudela's resignation was accepted by Congress in November 2000. Fujimori's resignation had not previously been accepted and he was stripped of the presidency due to moral incapacity and abandonment of office. The fall of Fujimori dragged down his vice presidents. In November 2000, before the resignation of the vice presidents of Congress, Tudela was in charge of directing the parliament until the election of the new vice presidents, as he was the most voted Congressman of the most voted Party.


Permanent Representative to the United Nations

In 1999, he was appointed Permanent Representative of Peru to the United Nations, serving in that position and as president of the Latin American Group (GRULA) at the UN until 2000.


Academic career

He has been a professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, in which he has taught International Economic Law, International Relations and Theory of the Contemporary State in master's degrees. From September 1997 to September 1998, he was a Fellow of the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University. In 1997, he was appointed Director of the Institute of International Studies of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, a position he held until 2000. On 4 September 1997, the National University of Piura conferred on him the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa for the important services rendered to Peru as Minister of Foreign Relations. In November 1997 he transferred to Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he was a visiting scholar at the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. The following year he was appointed Fellow of the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs of the same university. He was also a lecturer at the United States War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. In 2003, Tudela moved to Santiago de Chile, where he worked as an advisor on the reform of the Diego Portales University. He was also associated with Estudio Ferrada y Coddu. He served as Professor of International Relations at the University of Development, Security and Defense of the European Union at the University of the Andes and of Public International Law at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. He was also Director of the Master in Diplomacy at the Finis Terrae University. He is an honorary member of the Chilean Academy of Political and Moral Sciences.


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tudela van Breugel-Douglas, Francisco 1955 births Living people People from Lima Peruvian people of Dutch descent Presidents of the Congress of the Republic of Peru Peruvian people of Spanish descent Peruvian people of Romanian descent Vice presidents of Peru Fujimorista politicians National Renewal (Peru) politicians Members of the Congress of the Republic of Peru Members of the Democratic Constituent Congress