Fourniera

''Cyathea'' is a genus of tree ferns, the type genus of the fern order Cyatheales.

The genus name ''Cyathea'' is derived from the Greek language, Greek ''kyatheion'', meaning "little cup", and refers to the cup-shaped Sorus, sori on the underside of the fronds.

Description

The species of ''Cyathea'' are mostly terrestrial ferns, usually with a single tall stem. Rarely, the trunk may be branched or creeping. Many species also develop a fibrous mass of roots at the base of the trunk.

The genus has a pantropical distribution, with over 470 species. They grow in habitats ranging from tropical rain forests to temperate woodlands.

Classification

Conant ''et al.'' in 1996, concluded on molecular cpDNA and morphological evidence that a system of three clades – ''Alsophila'', ''Cyathea'' and ''Sphaeropteris'' was the most accurate reflection of evolutionary lineages within the Cyatheaceae, ''Alsophila'' being the most basal and ''Cyathea'' and ''Sphaeropteris'' derived sister groups. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), these are accepted as separate genera, ''Alsophila (plant), Alsophila'', ''Cyathea'' and ''Sphaeropteris''. ''Cnemidaria'' Presl, 1836 is a junior synonym or redundant subset.''Cnemidaria'' world species list
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Species

, World Ferns (Version 12.3) accepted the following species:

*''Cyathea abbreviata'' I.Fernald
*''Cyathea abrapatriciana'' Lehnert & A.Tejedor
*''Cyathea acantha'' (Sehnem) Lehnert
*''Cyathea acutidens'' (Christ) Domin
*''Cyathea aemula'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea affinis'' (G.Forst.) Sw.
*''Cyathea akawaiorum'' P.J.Edwards
*''Cyathea alata'' (E.Fourn.) Copel.
*''Cyathea alatissima'' (Stolze) Lehnert
*''Cyathea alfonsiana'' L.D.Gómez
*''Cyathea alsophiloides'' S.Maciel & Lehnert
*''Cyathea alstonii'' R.M.Tryon
*''Cyathea amabilis'' (C.V.Morton) Lehnert
*''Cyathea andaquiensis'' Lehnert, F.Giraldo & W.Rodríguez
*''Cyathea andicola'' Domin
*''Cyathea andina'' (H.Karst.) Domin
*''Cyathea angelica'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea antioquensis'' A.Rojas
*''Cyathea arborea'' (L.) Sm.
*''Cyathea aristata'' Domin
*''Cyathea armata'' (Sw.) Domin
*''Cyathea arnecornelii'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea ars'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea aspera'' (L.) Sw.
*''Cyathea asplenioides'' (A.C.Sm.) Christenh.
*''Cyathea assurgens'' R.M.Tryon
*''Cyathea atahuallpa'' (R.M.Tryon) Lellinger
*''Cyathea aterrima'' (Hook.) Domin
*''Cyathea atrocastanea'' Labiak & F.B.Matos
*''Cyathea atrovirens'' (Langsd. & Fisch.) Domin
*''Cyathea aurea'' Klotzsch
*''Cyathea austroamericana'' Domin
*''Cyathea austropallescens'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea axillaris'' (Raddi) Lellinger
*''Cyathea azuayensis'' Sodiro
*''Cyathea barringtonii'' A.R.Sm. ex Lellinger
*''Cyathea bella'' (Rchb.fil. ex Mett.) Domin
*''Cyathea bettinae'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea bicrenata'' Liebm.
*''Cyathea biliranensis'' Copel.
*''Cyathea bipinnata'' (R.M.Tryon) R.C.Moran
*''Cyathea bipinnatifida'' (Baker) Domin
*''Cyathea boconensis'' H.Karst.
*''Cyathea borinquena'' (Maxon) Domin
*''Cyathea boryana'' (Kuhn) Domin
*''Cyathea bradei'' (P.G.Windisch) Lellinger
*''Cyathea brucei'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea brunnescens'' (Barrington) R.C.Moran
*''Cyathea calamitatis'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea callejasii'' Lehnert, F.Giraldo & A.Tejedor
*''Cyathea caracasana'' (Klotzsch) Domin
*''Cyathea cardenasii'' Lehnert, F.Giraldo & W.Rodríguez
*''Cyathea carolihenrici'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea carolinae'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea catacampta'' Alston
*''Cyathea catenata'' Lehnert, F.Giraldo & W.Rodríguez
*''Cyathea cervantesiana'' A.Rojas
*''Cyathea chimaera'' Lehnert & A.Tejedor
*''Cyathea chimborazensis'' (Hook.) Hieron.
*''Cyathea chiricana'' (Maxon) Domin
*''Cyathea chocoensis'' (Stolze) Lehnert
*''Cyathea chontilla'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea choricarpa'' (Maxon) Domin
*''Cyathea cicatricosa'' Holttum
*''Cyathea cisandina'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea clandestina'' Lehnert, F.Giraldo & A.Tejedor
*''Cyathea cnemidaria'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea cocleana'' (Stolze) Lehnert
*''Cyathea coloradoana'' Lehnert, F.Giraldo & W.Rodríguez
*''Cyathea concinna'' (Baker) Jenman
*''Cyathea concordia'' B.León & R.C.Moran
*''Cyathea conformis'' (R.M.Tryon) Stolze
*''Cyathea conjugata'' (Spruce ex Hook.) Domin
*''Cyathea conquisita'' Jenman
*''Cyathea consimilis'' (Stolze) Lehnert
*''Cyathea convergens'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea corallifera'' Sodiro
*''Cyathea corcovadensis'' (Raddi) Domin
*''Cyathea costaricensis'' (Mett. ex Kuhn) Domin
*''Cyathea croftii'' Holttum
*''Cyathea cruciata'' (Desv.) Lehnert
*''Cyathea ctenitoides'' (Lellinger) Christenh.
*''Cyathea cumingii'' Baker
*''Cyathea cyatheoides'' (Desv.) K.U.Kramer
*''Cyathea cyclodium'' (R.M.Tryon) Lellinger
*''Cyathea cylindrica'' S.Maciel & Lehnert
*''Cyathea cystolepis'' Sodiro
*''Cyathea darienensis'' R.C.Moran
*''Cyathea decomposita'' (H.Karst.) Domin
*''Cyathea decorata'' (Maxon) R.M.Tryon
*''Cyathea decurrens'' (Hook.) Copel.
*''Cyathea decurrentiloba'' Domin
*''Cyathea dejecta'' (Baker) Christenh.
*''Cyathea delgadii'' Pohl ex Sternb.
*''Cyathea demissa'' (C.V.Morton) A.R.Sm. ex Lellinger
*''Cyathea diabolica'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea dichromatolepis'' (Fée) Domin
*''Cyathea dintelmannii'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea dissimilis'' (C.V.Morton) Stolze
*''Cyathea dissoluta'' Baker
*''Cyathea divergens'' Kunze
*''Cyathea dombeyi'' (Desv.) Lellinger
*''Cyathea dudleyi'' R.M.Tryon
*''Cyathea dyeri'' Sodiro
*''Cyathea ebenina'' H.Karst.
*''Cyathea eggersii'' Hieron.
*''Cyathea elliottii'' Domin
*''Cyathea epaleata'' (Holttum) Holttum
*''Cyathea estelae'' (Riba) Proctor
*''Cyathea estevesorum'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea ewanii'' Alston
*''Cyathea falcata'' (Mett. ex Kuhn) Domin
*''Cyathea feeana'' (C.Chr.) Domin
*''Cyathea flava'' (R.M.Tryon) Christenh.
*''Cyathea frigida'' (H.Karst.) Domin
*''Cyathea fulva'' (M.Martens & Galeotti) Fée
*''Cyathea gibbosa'' (Klotzsch) Domin
*''Cyathea giraldoi'' A.Tejedor, G.Calat., Lehnert, W.D.Rodr. & M.Kessler
*''Cyathea glandulifera'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea glaziovii'' Domin
*''Cyathea godmanii'' (Hook.) Domin
*''Cyathea gracilis'' Griseb.
*''Cyathea grandifolia'' Willd.
*''Cyathea grantii'' Copel.
*''Cyathea grata'' Domin
*''Cyathea gratissima'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea grayumii'' A.Rojas
*''Cyathea guentheriana'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea harrisii'' Underw.
*''Cyathea haughtii'' (Maxon) R.M.Tryon
*''Cyathea hemiepiphytica'' R.C.Moran
*''Cyathea herzogii'' Rosenst.
*''Cyathea hierbabuena'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea hirsuta'' C.Presl
*''Cyathea hirsutissima'' (Fée) Domin
*''Cyathea hodgeana'' Proctor
*''Cyathea holdridgeana'' Nisman & L.D.Gómez
*''Cyathea horrida'' (L.) Sm.
*''Cyathea howeana'' Domin
*''Cyathea hymenophylloides'' (L.D.Gómez) Christenh.
*''Cyathea iheringii'' (Rosenst.) Domin
*''Cyathea impar'' R.M.Tryon
*''Cyathea incognita'' (Lellinger) Christenh.
*''Cyathea indefinita'' S.Maciel & J.Prado
*''Cyathea jacobsii'' Holttum
*''Cyathea jamaicensis'' Jenman
*''Cyathea kalbreyeri'' (Baker) Domin
*''Cyathea karsteniana'' (Klotzsch) Domin
*''Cyathea kessleriana'' Lehnert, F.Giraldo & A.Tejedor
*''Cyathea lasiosora'' (Mett. ex Kuhn) Domin
*''Cyathea latevagans'' (Baker) Domin
*''Cyathea lechleri'' Mett.
*''Cyathea lehnertii'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea lellingeriana'' S.Maciel & J.Prado
*''Cyathea leoniae'' M.E.Acuña & Huamán
*''Cyathea leucofolis'' Domin
*''Cyathea leucolepismata'' Alston
*''Cyathea liesneri'' A.R.Sm.
*''Cyathea lindeniana'' C.Presl
*''Cyathea lindigii'' (Baker) Domin
*''Cyathea longipetiolulata'' A.Rojas & A.Tejedor
*''Cyathea macrocarpa'' (C.Presl) Domin
*''Cyathea macrosora'' (Baker) Domin
*''Cyathea margarita'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea marginalis'' (Klotzsch) Domin
*''Cyathea mexiae'' Copel.
*''Cyathea microdonta'' (Desv.) Domin
*''Cyathea microphylla'' Mett.
*''Cyathea microphyllodes'' Domin
*''Cyathea miersii'' (Hook.) Domin
*''Cyathea minima'' S.Maciel & J.Prado
*''Cyathea minuta'' J.Murillo & M.T.Murillo
*''Cyathea monteagudoi'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea moranii'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea mucilagina'' R.C.Moran
*''Cyathea multiflora'' Sm.
*''Cyathea multisegmenta'' R.M.Tryon
*''Cyathea mutica'' (Christ) Domin
*''Cyathea myriotricha'' (Baker) R.C.Moran & J.Prado
*''Cyathea nanna'' (Barrington) Lellinger
*''Cyathea neblinae'' A.R.Sm.
*''Cyathea nephele'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea nervosa'' (Maxon) Lehnert
*''Cyathea nesiotica'' (Maxon) Domin
*''Cyathea nigripes'' (C.Presl) Domin
*''Cyathea nodulifera'' R.C.Moran
*''Cyathea notabilis'' Domin
*''Cyathea novoi'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea oblonga'' (Klotzsch) Domin
*''Cyathea obnoxia'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea obtusa'' (Kaulf.) Domin
*''Cyathea oreopteroides'' Lehnert & A.Tejedor
*''Cyathea oscarorum'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea pacis'' F.Giraldo, W.Rodríguez & A.Tejedor
*''Cyathea palaciosii'' R.C.Moran
*''Cyathea pallescens'' (Sodiro) Domin
*''Cyathea parvifolia'' Sodiro
*''Cyathea parvula'' (Jenman) Proctor
*''Cyathea patens'' hort. ex Houlston & Moore
*''Cyathea pauciflora'' (Kuhn) Lellinger
*''Cyathea paucifolia'' (Baker) Domin
*''Cyathea peladensis'' (Hieron.) Domin
*''Cyathea pendula'' Jenman
*''Cyathea petiolata'' (Hook.) R.M.Tryon
*''Cyathea phalaenolepis'' (C.Chr.) Domin Domin
*''Cyathea phalerata'' Mart.
*''Cyathea phegopteroides'' (Hook.) Domin
*''Cyathea phoenix'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea pholidota'' Lehnert, F.Giraldo & A.Tejedor
*''Cyathea pibyae'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea pilosissima'' (Baker) Domin
*''Cyathea pilozana'' M.T. & J.Murillo
*''Cyathea pinnula'' (Christ) R.C.Moran
*''Cyathea planadae'' Arens & A.R.Sm.
*''Cyathea platylepis'' (Hook.) Domin
*''Cyathea plicata'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea poeppigii'' (Hook.) Domin
*''Cyathea polliculi'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea povedae'' A.Rojas
*''Cyathea praeceps'' A.R.Sm.
*''Cyathea praecincta'' (Kunze) Domin
*''Cyathea praetermissa'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea pseudoctenitoides'' S.Maciel & J.Prado
*''Cyathea pseudonanna'' (L.D.Gómez) Lellinger
*''Cyathea puberula'' Sodiro
*''Cyathea punctata'' R.C.Moran & B.Øllg.
*''Cyathea pungens'' (Willd.) Domin
*''Cyathea recondita'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea rengifoi'' Lehnert, F.Giraldo & A.Tejedor
*''Cyathea retanae'' A.Rojas
*''Cyathea robertsiana'' (F.Muell.) Domin
*''Cyathea rocioae'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea rodriguezii'' Lehnert & F.Giraldo
*''Cyathea rojasiana'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea roraimensis'' (Domin) Domin
*''Cyathea rufa'' (Fée) Lellinger
*''Cyathea rufescens'' (Mett. ex Kuhn) Domin
*''Cyathea ruiziana'' Klotzsch
*''Cyathea ruttenbergiae'' A.Tejedor & F.Areces
*''Cyathea sagittifolia'' (Hook.) Domin
*''Cyathea scabra'' Baker
*''Cyathea schiedeana'' (C.Presl) Domin
*''Cyathea schlimii'' (Kuhn) Domin
*''Cyathea serpens'' (R.M.Tryon) Lehnert
*''Cyathea setchellii'' Copel.
*''Cyathea simplex'' R.M.Tryon
*''Cyathea singularis'' (Stolze) Lehnert
*''Cyathea sipapoensis'' (R.M.Tryon) Lellinger
*''Cyathea sledgei'' Ranil, Pushpak. & Fraser-Jenk.
*''Cyathea speciosa'' Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
*''Cyathea spectabilis'' (Kunze) Domin
*''Cyathea squamata'' (Klotzsch) Domin
*''Cyathea squamipes'' H.Karst
*''Cyathea squamulosa'' (Losch) R.C.Moran
*''Cyathea squarrosa'' (Rosenst.) Domin
*''Cyathea srilankensis'' Ranil
*''Cyathea steyermarkii'' R.M.Tryon
*''Cyathea stokesii'' (E.D.Br.) N.Hallé & Florence
*''Cyathea stolzeana'' (L.D.Gómez) Lehnert
*''Cyathea stolzei'' A.R.Sm. ex Lellinger
*''Cyathea straminea'' H.Karst.
*''Cyathea strigillosa'' (Maxon) Domin
*''Cyathea subincisa'' (Kunze) Domin
*''Cyathea subindusiata'' Domin
*''Cyathea subtropica'' Domin
*''Cyathea sunduei'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea suprapilosa'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea suprastrigosa'' (Christ) Maxon
*''Cyathea surinamensis'' (Miq.) Domin
*''Cyathea sylvatica'' Lehnert
*''Cyathea tatei'' S.Maciel, R.Y.Hirai & J.Prado
*''Cyathea tejedoris'' Lehnert, F.Giraldo & W.Rodríguez
*''Cyathea tenera'' (J.Sm.) Moore
*''Cyathea tepuiana'' Christenh.
*''Cyathea thelypteroides'' A.R.Sm.
*''Cyathea thysanolepis'' (Barrington) A.R.Sm.
*''Cyathea toroi'' Lehnert, F.Giraldo & A.Tejedor
*''Cyathea tortuosa'' R.C.Moran
*''Cyathea traillii'' (Baker) Domin
*''Cyathea trichomanoides'' Christenh.
*''Cyathea tryonorum'' (Riba) Lellinger
*''Cyathea tuerckheimii'' Maxon
*''Cyathea uleana'' (A.Samp.) Lehnert
*''Cyathea universitatis'' (Vareschi) Christenh.
*''Cyathea ursina'' (Maxon) Lellinger
*''Cyathea valliciergoana'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea varians'' (R.C.Moran) Lehnert
*''Cyathea vaupensis'' (P.G.Windisch) Lehnert
*''Cyathea venezuelensis'' A.R.Sm. ex Lellinger
*''Cyathea vilhelmii'' Domin
*''Cyathea villosa'' Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
*''Cyathea weatherbyana'' (C.V.Morton) C.V.Morton
*''Cyathea wendlandii'' (Mett. ex Kuhn) Domin
*''Cyathea werffii'' R.C.Moran
*''Cyathea whitmeei'' Baker
*''Cyathea williamsii'' (Maxon) Domin
*''Cyathea windischiana'' A.R.Sm.
*''Cyathea xerica'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea yambrasensis'' A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
*''Cyathea zongoensis'' Lehnert

Extinct species

*†''Cyathea cranhamii''
*†''Cyathea inequilateralis'' - Eocene, North American west coast

References

Notes

Bibliography

* Christenhusz, M.J.M. (2009). New combinations and an overview of ''Cyathea'' subg. ''Hymenophyllopsis'' (Cyatheaceae). ''Phytotaxa'' 1: 37–42.
* Large, M.F. and J.E. Braggins (2004). ''Tree Ferns''. Timber Press, Inc.
* Lehnert, M. (2006). New species and records of tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Pteridophyta) in the northern Andes. ''Organisms, Diversity & Evolution'' 6: 321–322, electronic supplement 13: 1-11.
* Lehnert, M. (2009). Three new species of scaly tree ferns (''Cyathea''-Cyatheaceae) from the northern Andes. ''Phytotaxa'' 2: 43–56.

The International Plant Names Index

External links

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050908055016/http://www.baumfarn.at/treefern/ Community: Care and propagation of Treeferns] (German/English)

Fern Files: Cyathea

{{Taxonbar, from=Q121608

Cyathea,
Fern genera
Pantropical flora