The Greek state has systematically replaced geographical and topographic names of non-Greek origin with

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

names as part of a policy and ideology of

Hellenization Hellenization (other British spelling Hellenisation) or Hellenism is the adoption of Greek culture, religion, language and identity by non-Greeks. In the ancient period, colonization often led to the Hellenization of indigenous peoples; in the H ...

. The main objective of the initiative has been to assimilate or hide geographical or topographical names that were deemed foreign and divisive against Greek unity or considered to be "bad Greek". The names that were considered foreign were usually of Albanian, Slavic, and Turkish language, Turkish origin. Most of the name changes occurred in the Arvanite settlements in central Greece and, after the Balkan Wars, in the ethnically heterogeneous northern Greece. Place names of Greek origin were also renamed after names in Classical Greece. The policy commenced after the independence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire in the early 1830s, after the territorial expanses of Greece and continued into the Greek Republic. To this day use of the old Albanian, Slavic, or Turkish placenames by authorities, organisations, and individuals is penalized under Greek law.

History

The area that is today Greece was inhabited by various peoples throughout history, and the country's toponyms reflect their diversity of origins. The hellenization of toponyms in Greece started soon after Greek War of Independence, Greek independence. Many placenames in Greece of non-Greek origin were replaced by ancient names that were supposed to have some connection to the area. For example, the ancient name of Piraeus was revived in the 19th century, after it had been called Drakos in Greek, Porto Leone in Venetian, and Aslan Limanı in Turkish for centuries, after the Piraeus Lion which stood there. In 1909, the existence of large numbers of non Greek place names were a nuisance to the government. In 1909 the government-appointed commission on toponyms report that every one village in three in Greece (30% of the total) should have its name changed (of the 5,069 Greek villages, 1,500 were considered as "speaking a barbaric language". During the Balkan Wars, Greece doubled its territory and population, but it brought various large non-Greek populations into its border. Notably were the Slavic speaking Orthodox, the mostly Turkish-speaking Muslims from Macedonia, the Muslim Albanians, Orthodox Arvanites and Aromanians in Epirus. After the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria in 1913 the majority of Slavic speaking Christians was transferred to Bulgaria as part of a population exchange agreement (Treaty of Neuilly) between the two countries. Moreover, after the end of Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922), Graeco-Turkish War and the subsequent Treaty of Lausanne and population exchange between Greece and Turkey, all Muslims except Western Thrace, were exchanged for all Orthodox in Turkey except for those in Istanbul. The villages of the exchanged populations (Bulgarians and Muslims) in Greece were resettled with Greeks from Asia Minor, and the Balkans (mainly from Bulgaria and Yugoslavia). By 1928, Greece's demography had drastically changed from the position in 1830: the country had turned into a nation-state, non-Greeks and most of the population spoke Greek. The Arvanites and Aromanians today mostly proclaim themselves as Greeks. After World War II the remaining Muslim Albanians were expelled due to collaboration activity and war crimes. After the departure of Slav and Muslim populations in 1912-1926 the Greek government renamed many places with revived ancient names, local Greek-language names, or translations of the non-Greek names and non-Greek names were officially removed.Bintliff, "The Ethnoarchaeology of a 'Passive' Ethnicity", in K.S. Brown and Yannis Hamilakis, ''The Usable Past: Greek Metahistories'', Lexington Books, 2003, p. 138 "This denial of the multiethnic composition of the rural landscape has been helped by state-imposed systematic place-name changes throughout this century, many as late as the 1960s, through which a wonderful scatter of traditional Greek, Slav, Albanian, and sometimes Italian village names has been suppressed—wherever conceivable—in favor of the name of any ancient Greek toponym remotely connected to the neighborhood. Although the bulk of the population was Greek the renaming was considered a way to establish a collective ethnic consciousness. Several historical Greek names from Asia Minor were also introduced in the region mainly by the resettled refugees. Many Demotic Greek names were also replaced by a Katharevousa Greek form, usually different only morphologically. This process started in 1926 and continued into the 1960s.

Name changes by region

The older name forms of the renamed settlements were mainly of

, South Slavic language, Slavic, Turkish language, Turkish, Aromanian language, Aromanian or Albanian origin. Other names that were considered foreign were also of Old French, Frankish and Italian language, Italian origins. According to ongoing research being carried out at the Institute of Neohellenic Research in Athens, between 1913 and 1996, the names of 4,413 settlements were legally changed in Greece. In each case, the renamings were recorded in the official Efimeris tis Kyverniseos, Government Gazette. The regional breakdown in renamings is: Macedonia (Greece), Macedonia: 1,805 renamings; Peloponnese: 827 renamings; Central Greece: 519 renamings; Thessaly: 487 renamings; Epirus (region), Epirus: 454 renamings; Western Thrace, Thrace: 98 renamings; Crete: 97 renamings; Aegean Islands: 79 renamings; Ionian Islands: 47 renamings.

Central Greece

Eastern Central Greece was home to the Arvanites, an Albanian speaking people who migrated to the area in the 14th century. Until the 19th century some parts of Attica and Boeotia was populated by Arvanites, many of the placenames were also Arvanite, after the establishment of Greece in 1830 most of the names have been changed, especially to names unused since antiquity, from Classical Greece.

Epirus

Epirus had a Greek majority population before annexation to Greece (1913), with minorities of Aromanian people, Aromanians and Albanians. A part of the Albanian minority, known as Cham Albanians, resided in the coastal area and were expelled from the area after World War II by the EDES resistance group. An unknown number of Aromanians and Orthodox Albanians, in some sources called Arvanites, still live in the area, who today identify mostly as Greek. Particularly in the early 20th-century Albanian place names of Epirus have been systematically changed to Greek, thereby erasing the former Albanian presence in the landscape.

Greek region of Macedonia

Till 1912, the area had a very heterogeneous population consisting of Slavs, Slavic, Turkish people, Turkish, Greek, Jews and Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians. Most of the geographical names were of non Greek origin, the Greek government planned to change this. Between 1913 and 1928 the Slavic names of hundreds of villages and towns were Hellenized by a Committee for the Changing of Names, which was charged by the Greek government with ''"the elimination of all the names which pollute and disfigure the beautiful appearance of our fatherland"''. Between 1912 (Balkan Wars) and 1928 (after the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey), the non Greek inhabitants were largely gone and instead of them Greek refugees from the Ottoman Empire settled in the area thereby changing its demography. Toponym changes in each modern prefecture are listed in, *List of former toponyms in Drama Prefecture, Drama Prefecture *Former toponyms in Florina Prefecture, Florina Prefecture *List of former toponyms in Grevena Prefecture, Grevena Prefecture *List of former toponyms in Imathia Prefecture, Imathia Prefecture *List of former toponyms in Kavala Prefecture, Kavala Prefecture *Former toponyms in Pella Prefecture, Pella Prefecture *List of former toponyms in Pieria Prefecture, Pieria Prefecture *List of former toponyms in Xanthi Prefecture, Xanthi Prefecture

Western Greece

Western Thrace

Since 1977 all Turkish village names of Western Thrace have been changed to Greek names. Western Thrace is home to a large Turkish minority.

References

External links

* For a comprehensive list and database of place name changes in Greece (by settlement, date and year of change), se
Institute for Neo Hellenic Research: Name Changes of Settlements in Greece
* {{cite web , url=http://pandektis.ekt.gr/dspace/handle/10442/4968 , title=Pandektis: Name Changes of Settlements in Greece , access-date=2016-11-30 List compiled by th

Geography of Greece Greek nationalism Geographical renaming, Greece Greek culture Place name etymologies Former toponyms in Greece Names of places in Greece Society of Greece Discrimination in Greece