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Nutukas, finnesko, or simply Sámi boots are traditional Sámi winter footwear made of reindeer hide. Because they are soft, the nutukas will not freeze as solidly as thick boot leather, making them relatively easy to put on after overnight exposure to subzero temperatures. From 1890, they are regularly mentioned in accounts of polar travel.


Construction

Nutukas are made from soft hide, traditionally from a reindeer's leg or head, with the fur left on and sewn so that the fur is on the outside of the boot. On the sole, the pieces are assembled with cut in the middle so that the fur goes in different directions to improve traction in snow. The shaft of the boot is laced with a wide strap (called a ''vuoddagat'' in Northern Sámi or a ''skallebånd'' in Norwegian), often highly decorative, that is wound in several rows to keep snow out of the boot. Traditionally, a grass, (such as
sennegrass ''Carex vesicaria'' is an essentially Holarctic species of sedge known as bladder sedge, inflated sedge, and blister sedge. It has been used to insulate footwear in Norway and among the Sami people, and for basketry in North America. Descriptio ...
), was used inside the boot to keep the foot dry and warm; now, a felt slipper or valenki is commonly worn instead. The stiff beaked toe of Sámi boots differentiate nutukas from
mukluk Mukluks or kamik ( iu, ᑲᒥᒃ ) (singular: , plural: ) are a soft boot, traditionally made of reindeer (caribou) skin or sealskin, and worn by Arctic aboriginal people, including the Inuit, Iñupiat, and Yup'ik. Mukluks may be worn over a ...
s and other styles of Arctic footwear. Although the shape of the curved-up beak varies regionally, it serves the same purpose of helping to hold firm a traditional binding strap on a pair of skis. This upturned toe helps to keep the boot from sliding back and out of the binding as the ski kicks back.


Terminology

The word "nutukas" is borrowed into English from Finnish, which adapted it from Sámi languages. In various Sámi languages, such boots are called in se, nuvttot or ''gállohat''; smj, nuvtaga; sma, novhtehke or ''gejhkehke''; sjd, пиматҍ (pimat'); sms, nu'trneǩ; smn, njuuppâh; sje, guobok; and sju, nuuhtahka, most of which apparently derive from a Proto-Samic ''*nu(v)ttVkke̮''. ''Finnesko'' is an antiquated word coming from Norwegian. In contemporary Norwegian (both Bokmål and Nynorsk), nutukas are referred to as ''skaller''. In
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
, the boots are referred to as ''bällingsko'' or "bell shoes," while in Russian they are called ''пимы'' (pimy).


Variations

The style and form of nutukas varies depending on the cultural area and the wearer. Similar footwear is used by other indigenous peoples of the Eurasian Arctic: * Kisy – traditional shoes of the indigenous peoples of the Far North ( Khanty, Komi, Mansi, Nenets, etc.), sewn from skins from the calf of a reindeer, with a thick sole, knee-high, often with a small heel. * Pimy – national shoes of the
Uralic The Uralic languages (; sometimes called Uralian languages ) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25million people, predominantly in Northern Eurasia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian (w ...
peoples. It is also common among
Starozhily The old-settlers (russian: старожилы) are the Russians, Russian settlers of the Russian North (the Pomors), Ural (region), Ural, Siberia (the Siberians), the Russian Far East (the Kamchadals) and the former Russian America (under the name ...
in the Arctic and Siberia. They are boots made of the skin from the feet of a reindeer (less often – from the skin from the forehead of a reindeer), which are made with wool outwards. * Unty – boots made of sheep, reindeer or dog skin.


References


External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Nutukas Sámi clothing Sámi culture Sámi-language terms Norwegian clothing Finnish clothing