The filum terminale ("terminal thread") is a delicate strand of

fibrous tissue Fiber or fibre (from la, fibra, links=no) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate ...

, about 20 cm in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the

conus medullaris ''Conus'' is a genus of predatory sea snails, or cone snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Conus Linnaeus, 1758. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ...

. It is one of the modifications of

pia mater Pia mater ( or ),Entry "pia mater"
in
spinal cord The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone). The backbone encloses the central canal of the sp ...

and consists of two parts: * The upper part, or filum terminale internum, is about 15 cm long and reaches as far as the lower border of the second

sacral vertebra The sacrum (plural: ''sacra'' or ''sacrums''), in human anatomy, is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of the sacral vertebrae (S1S5) between ages 18 and 30. The sacrum situates at the upper, back part ...

. It is continuous above with the

pia mater Pia mater ( or ),Entry "pia mater"
in
dura mater In neuroanatomy, dura mater is a thick membrane made of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is the outermost of the three layers of membrane called the meninges that protect the central nervous system. ...

. In addition, it is surrounded by the nerves forming the

cauda equina The cauda equina () is a bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets, consisting of the second through fifth lumbar nerve pairs, the first through fifth sacral nerve pairs, and the coccygeal nerve, all of which arise from the lumbar enlarg ...

, from which it can be easily recognized by its bluish-white color. * The lower part, or filum terminale externum, closely adheres to the dura mater. It extends downward from the apex of the tubular sheath and is attached to the back of the first segment of the

coccyx The coccyx ( : coccyges or coccyxes), commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column in all apes, and analogous structures in certain other mammals such as horses. In tailless primates (e.g. humans and othe ...

in a structure sometimes referred to as the ''coccygeal ligament''. The most inferior of the spinal nerves, the coccygeal nerve leaves the spinal cord at the level of the conus medullaris via respective vertebrae through their intervertebral foramina,

superior Superior may refer to: *Superior (hierarchy), something which is higher in a hierarchical structure of any kind Places *Superior (proposed U.S. state), an unsuccessful proposal for the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to form a separate state *Lake ...

to the filum terminale. However, adhering to the outer surface of the filum terminale are a few strands of nerve fibres which probably represent rudimentary second and third coccygeal nerves. Furthermore, the

central canal The central canal (also known as spinal foramen or ependymal canal) is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs through the spinal cord. The central canal lies below and is connected to the ventricular system of the brain, from which it ...

of the spinal cord extends 5 to 6 cm beyond the conus medullaris, downward into the filum terminale.

Additional Images

File:Slide3dsdd.GIF, Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view. File:Slide5sese.GIF, Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view. File:Slide6drdr.GIF, Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view. File:Slide4rer.JPG, Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view. File:Slide5rer.JPG, Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view. File:Slide6rer.JPG, Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view. File:Slide7feer.JPG, Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots.Deep dissection. Posterior view.

References

* Martini, F. Timmons, M. and Tallitsch, R. ''Human Anatomy''. 5th ed. San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2006.

External links

* * * - "Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord: Regions of the Spinal Cord" * {{Authority control Meninges