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Yogyakarta (; jv, ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ ; pey, Jogjakarta) is the capital city of Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy, Yogyakarta is regarded as an important centre for classical Javanese fine arts and culture such as ballet, '' batik'' textiles, drama, literature, music, poetry, silversmithing, visual arts, and ''
wayang , also known as ( jv, ꦮꦪꦁ, translit=wayang), is a traditional form of puppet theatre play originating from the Indonesian island of Java. refers to the entire dramatic show. Sometimes the leather puppet itself is referred to as . Perfor ...
'' puppetry. Renowned as a centre of Indonesian education, Yogyakarta is home to a large student population and dozens of schools and universities, including Gadjah Mada University, the country's largest institute of higher education and one of its most prestigious. Yogyakarta is the capital of the Yogyakarta Sultanate and served as the Indonesian capital from 1946 to 1948 during the
Indonesian National Revolution The Indonesian National Revolution, or the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during Aftermath of WWII, postw ...
, with
Gedung Agung The Gedung Agung (English'': The Great Building'') is one of six presidential palaces of Indonesia, it is located in the city of Yogyakarta. The palace complex covers an area of approximately 4.4 hectares. It is located in front of Fort Vredeburg ...
as the president's office. One of the districts in southeastern Yogyakarta, Kotagede, was the capital of the
Mataram Sultanate The Sultanate of Mataram () was the last major independent Javanese kingdom on the island of Java before it was colonised by the Dutch. It was the dominant political force radiating from the interior of Central Java from the late 16th centu ...
between 1587 and 1613. The city's population was 388,627 at the 2010 Census, and 373,589 at the 2020 Census.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. Its metropolitan area was home to 4,010,436 inhabitants in 2010, which includes the city of
Magelang Magelang () is one of six cities in Central Java that are administratively independent of the regencies in which they lie geographically. Each of these cities is governed by a mayor rather than a ''bupati''. Magelang city covers an area of 18. ...
and 65 districts across
Sleman Sleman is a '' kapanewon'' (regency district) and the seat capital of Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is on the road between Yogyakarta and Magelang. Sleman has five villages, namely Caturharjo, Pandowoharjo, Tridadi, ...
,
Klaten Klaten Regency ( jv, ꦏ꧀ꦭꦛꦺꦤ꧀, Klathèn) is a Regencies of Indonesia, regency in Central Java province in Indonesia. It covers an area of 655.56 km2 and had a population of 1,130,047 at the 2010 Census and 1,260,506 at the 2020 ...
, Bantul, Kulon Progo and Magelang Regency. Yogyakarta has one of the highest HDI (Human Development Index) in Indonesia.


Etymology and orthography

Yogyakarta is named after the Indian city of Ayodhya, the birthplace of the eponymous hero Rama from the '' Ramayana'' epic. ''Yogya'' means "suitable; fit; proper", and ''karta'' means "prosperous; flourishing". Thus, ''Yogyakarta'' means " city that isfit to prosper". In colonial era correspondence, the city is often written in the
Javanese script The Javanese script (natively known as ''Aksara Jawa'', ''Hanacaraka'', ''Carakan'', and ''Dentawyanjana'') is one of Indonesia's traditional scripts developed on the island of Java. The script is primarily used to write the Javanese langu ...
as , read as with the added prefix ''nga''-. In the orthography of the time, the proper name was spelt with the Latin alphabet as "Jogjakarta". As the orthography of the Indonesian language changed, the consonant came to be written with , and the consonant with . Personal and geographical names however, were allowed to maintain their original spelling according to contemporary Indonesian orthography. Thus, the city can be written as "Yogyakarta", which is true to its original pronunciation and the Javanese script spelling, or "Jogjakarta", which is true to the old Dutch spelling and reflects popular pronunciation today, but differs from the original Ayodhya etymology. One may encounter either "Yogyakarta" or "Jogjakarta" in contemporary documents.


History


Mataram Kingdom (8th–10th century CE)

According to the Canggal inscription dated 732 CE, the area traditionally known as "Mataram" became the capital of the Medang Kingdom, identified as ''Mdang i Bhumi Mataram'' established by King Sanjaya of Mataram. The inscription was found in a Hindu temple in Central Java, 40 km away from Yogyakarta and 20 km away from the giant Borobudur temple complex. This Hindu temple itself was on the border between the area of the
Hindu Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism.Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...
Sañjaya dynasty and the area of the Buddhist Shailendra dynasty. Mataram became the centre of a refined and sophisticated Javanese Hindu-Buddhist culture for about three centuries in the heartland of the Progo River valley, on the southern slopes of Mount Merapi volcano. This time period witnessed the construction of numerous '' candi'', including Borobudur and Prambanan. Around the year 929 CE, the last ruler of the Sañjaya dynasty, King Mpu Sindok of Mataram, moved the seat of power of the Mataram Kingdom from
Central Java Central Java ( id, Jawa Tengah) is a province of Indonesia, located in the middle of the island of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. It is bordered by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogyakarta in t ...
to East Java and thus established the Isyana dynasty. The exact cause of the move is still uncertain; however, a severe eruption from Mount Merapi or a power struggle with the
Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
-based Srivijaya kingdom probably caused the move. Historians suggest that some time during the reign of King Wawa of Mataram (924–929 CE), Merapi erupted and devastated the kingdom's capital in Mataram.


Majapahit Empire (1293–1527)

During the
Majapahit Majapahit ( jv, ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀; ), also known as Wilwatikta ( jv, ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ; ), was a Javanese people, Javanese Hinduism, Hindu-Buddhism, Buddhist thalassocracy, thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia that was ba ...
era, the area surrounding modern Yogyakarta was identified again as "Mataram" and recognised as one of the twelve Majapahit provinces in Java ruled by a Duke known as ''Bhre Mataram''. During the reign of the fourth king of the Majapahit Empire, the Hindu King Hayam Wuruk (1350–1389) of the Rajasa dynasty, the title of ''Bhre Mataram'' was held by the king's nephew and son-in-law Wikramawardhana, later the fifth king of Majapahit.


Mataram Sultanate (1587–1755)

Kotagede, now a district in southeastern Yogyakarta, was established as the capital of the
Mataram Sultanate The Sultanate of Mataram () was the last major independent Javanese kingdom on the island of Java before it was colonised by the Dutch. It was the dominant political force radiating from the interior of Central Java from the late 16th centu ...
from 1587 to 1613. During the reign of Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo (1613–1645), the Mataram Sultanate reached its zenith as the greatest kingdom in Java, and expanded its influence to Central Java, East Java, and half of West Java. After two changes of capital—to Karta and then to Plered, both located in present-day
Bantul Regency Bantul ( jv, ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦸꦭ꧀; ) is a regency located in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is located on the island of Java. The regency's population was 911,503 at the 2010 Census, but has risen to 985,770 at the 2020 Census. Li ...
—the capital of the Mataram Sultanate finally moved to Kartasura.


Yogyakarta secedes and European invasions (1745–1830)

A civil war in the Mataram Sultanate broke out between Pakubuwono II (1745–1749), the last ruler of Kartasura, and his younger brother and heir apparent to the throne,
Prince Mangkubumi Hamengkubuwono I ( Javanese script: ꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦲꦩꦼꦁꦏꦸꦧꦸꦮꦤꦆ, Bahasa Jawa: ''Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono I''), born Raden Mas Sujana (Kartasura, 16 August 1717Yogyakarta, 24 March 1792), was the first sultan of Yogya ...
(later known as Hamengkubuwono I, the first Sultan of Yogyakarta, and the founder of the current ruling royal house). Pakubuwono II had agreed to cooperate with the Dutch East India Company, and ceded some Mataram territory to the Dutch. His younger brother, Prince Mangkubumi, stood against the agreement, citing concerns that the people would become slaves under Dutch rule. During the war, Prince Mangkubumi defeated Pakubuwono II's forces and declared sovereignty in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta, occupying the southern parts of the former Mataram Sultanate. With Pakubowono II dead from illness, the Yogyakarta Sultanate was established as a result of the
Treaty of Giyanti The Treaty of Giyanti (also known as the Treaty of Gianti Java, the Gianti Agreement, or the Giyanti Treaty) was signed and ratified on February 13, 1755 between Prince Mangkubumi, the Dutch East India Company, and Sunan Pakubuwono III along ...
(''Perjanjian Gianti''), signed and ratified on 13 February 1755 among Prince Mangkubumi, the Dutch East India Company, and his nephew Pakubuwono III and his allies. Ascending to the newly created Yogyakarta throne with the name Sultan Hamengkubuwono I, Mangkubumi thus established the royal House of Hamengkubuwono, still the ruling house of Yogyakarta today. Sultan Hamengkubuwono I and his family officially moved into the Palace of Yogyakarta, still the seat of the reigning sultan, on 7 October 1756. These events consequently marked the end of the Mataram Sultanate, resulting in the births of the rival Yogyakarta Sultanate and the
Surakarta Sunanate Surakarta Sunanate ( id, Kasunanan Surakarta; jv, ꦟꦒꦫꦶꦑꦱꦸꦤꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦁꦫꦠ꧀, ''Kasunanan/Karaton Surakarta Hadiningrat''; nl, Soerakarta) was a Javanese monarchy centred in the city of ...
. During the brief period British rule over Java in 1811, rumours of plans by the Yogyakarta court to launch an attack against the British led to uneasiness among the Britons stationed in Java. On 20 June 1812, Sir Stamford Raffles led a 1,200-strong British force to capture the Yogyakarta kraton. The Yogyakarta forces, surprised by the attack, were easily defeated; the kraton fell in one day, and was subsequently sacked and burnt.Tim Hanningan
"When Raffles ran Java"
historytoday.com.
The attack on the kraton was the first of its kind in
Indonesian history The history of Indonesia has been shaped by geographic position, its natural resources, a series of human migrations and contacts, wars of conquest, the spread of Islam from the island of Sumatra in the 7th century AD and the establishment of ...
, leaving the Yogyakarta court humiliated. The sultanate found itself involved in conflict again during the Java War.


Republic of Indonesia era (1945–present)

In 1942, the
Japanese Empire The also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was a historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the post-World War II 1947 constitution and subsequent forma ...
invaded the
Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which ...
and ruled Java until they were defeated in 1945.
Sukarno Sukarno). (; born Koesno Sosrodihardjo, ; 6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of ...
proclaimed the independence of the
Indonesian Republic Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Ind ...
on 17 August 1945; Sultan
Hamengkubuwono IX Hamengkubuwono IX or HB IX (12 April 1912 – 2 October 1988) was an Indonesian statesman and royal who was the second vice president of Indonesia, the ninth sultan of Yogyakarta, and the first governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Hamen ...
promptly sent a letter to Sukarno, expressing his support for the newly born nation of Indonesia and acknowledging the Yogyakarta Sultanate as part of the Indonesian Republic. The Sultanate of Surakarta did the same, and both of the Javanese kingdoms were accordingly awarded privileged statuses as "Special Regions" within the Indonesian Republic. However, because of a leftist anti-royalist uprising in Surakarta, the Sunanate of Surakarta lost its special administrative status in 1946 and was absorbed into
Central Java Central Java ( id, Jawa Tengah) is a province of Indonesia, located in the middle of the island of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. It is bordered by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogyakarta in t ...
Province. Yogyakarta's support was essential in the Indonesian struggle for independence during the
Indonesian National Revolution The Indonesian National Revolution, or the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during Aftermath of WWII, postw ...
(1945–1949). The city of Yogyakarta became the capital of the Indonesian Republic from 1946 to 1948, after the fall of Jakarta to the Dutch. Later the Dutch also invaded Yogyakarta, causing the Republic's capital to be transferred once again, to Bukittinggi in West Sumatra on 19 December 1948. The General Offensive of 1 March 1949 resulted in an Indonesian political and strategic victory against the Dutch and the withdrawal of Dutch forces from Yogyakarta. On 29 June 1949 Yogyakarta was completely cleared of Dutch forces, under pressure from the United Nations. For its significant contribution to the survival of the Indonesian Republic, Yogyakarta was given autonomy as a "special district", making it the only region headed by a recognised monarchy in Indonesia.


Geography

The area of the city of Yogyakarta is . While the city spreads in all directions from the '' Kraton'', the Sultan's palace, the core of the modern city is to the north, centred around Dutch colonial-era buildings and the commercial district. Jalan Malioboro, with rows of pavement vendors and nearby markets and malls, is the primary shopping street for tourists in the city, while Jalan Solo, further north and east, is the shopping district more frequented by locals. The large local market of Beringharjo ( id) and the restored Dutch fort of Vredeburg are on the eastern part of the southern end of Malioboro. Surrounding the ''Kraton'' is a densely populated residential neighbourhood that occupies land that was formerly the Sultan's sole domain. Evidence of this former use remains in the form of old walls, scattered throughout the city, and the ruins of the Taman Sari water castle, built in 1758 as a pleasure garden. No longer in use by the Sultan, the garden was largely abandoned before being used for housing by palace employees and descendants. Reconstruction efforts began in 2004, and the site is now a popular tourist attraction. Nearby to the city of Yogyakarta is Mount Merapi, with the northern outskirts of the city running up to the southern slopes of the mountain in Sleman Regency. Mount Merapi (literally "mountain of fire" in both Indonesian and Javanese), is an active
stratovolcano A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava and tephra. Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes are characterized by a steep profile with a summit crater and per ...
located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548, with the last eruption occurring in May 2018.


Climate

Yogyakarta features a tropical monsoon climate (''Am'') as the precipitation in the driest months between June and September are below . The wettest month in Yogyakarta is January with precipitation totalling . The climate is influenced by the monsoon. The annual temperature is roughly about 26 to 27 Celsius. The hottest month is April with average temperature 27.1 Celsius.


Administrative districts

The city of Yogyakarta is an administrative part of the Yogyakarta Special Region which has the status of a province in Indonesia. In 2020, Yogyakarta city held the highest population density in Greater Yogyakarta, with 11,495 people per square kilometre, Sleman and Bantul regencies holding the second place with a population density of 1,958.5 people/sq kilometre, and third place with 1,940 people/sq kilometre respectively. Within the Greater Yogyakarta area lies Yogyakarta city. Yogyakarta is divided into fourteen district-level subdivisions called ''kemantren'', which makes Yogyakarta the only city in Indonesia to have such a designation, as it applied only within the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Below is a list of the ''kemantren''s with their areas and their populations as at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census.


Economy

In 2017, the Gross Domestic Regional Product (GRDP) of Yogyakarta City at current prices was 31.31 trillion rupiahs (around US$ 2.2 billion). The tertiary sector contributed an important share (around 78% of GDP). the tertiary sector included wholesale and retail trade; repair of cars and motorcycles, transportation and warehousing; provision of accommodation and eating and drinking; information and communication; financial services and insurance; real estate; corporate services; government administration, defence and compulsory social security; educational services; health services and social activities as well as other services. In 2017, economic growth of Yogyakarta City reached 5.24 percent slightly faster compared to 2016, which the growth reached 5.11 percent. To rapidly jumpstart the economy, a plan for the 2nd phase of Indonesian high speed train is currently being developed from
Bandung Bandung ( su, ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ, Bandung, ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most ...
to Yogyakarta & Solo, initiating construction by 2020, which is projected to be completed by 2024.


Demographics

A large majority of the population are Javanese. However, as a city with large numbers of schools and universities and relatively low cost of living compared to other Indonesian cities, Yogyakarta has attracted significant numbers of students from all over Indonesia. As a result, there are many other Indonesian ethnic groups living in Yogyakarta, especially from eastern parts of Indonesia. There are some foreigner communities in the city, which is mainly composed of tourist and foreign students.


Religion

In 2014, the religious composition in Yogyakarta was distributed over
Islam Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ...
(82.32%), Catholicism (10,66%), Protestantism (6.54%), Buddhism (0.34%), Hinduism (0.13%), and Confucianism (0.01%). Yogyakarta has been traditionally known as a region where different faiths live in harmony, but in recent years religious intolerance has grown. In 2018, the governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Hamengkubuwono X, called for religious freedoms to be preserved after a terrorist attack against churches and public buildings happened in Yogyakarta the same year.


Tourism

Yogyakarta is home to a myriad of heritage buildings, landmarks and important monuments. Because of its proximity to the Borobudur and Prambanan temples, and presence of the Javanese court Kraton culture of Kraton Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta hosts a sizeable tourist industry. Kotagede, the capital of
Mataram Sultanate The Sultanate of Mataram () was the last major independent Javanese kingdom on the island of Java before it was colonised by the Dutch. It was the dominant political force radiating from the interior of Central Java from the late 16th centu ...
is also located in the city.
Malioboro street ''Jalan Malioboro'' ( jv, ꦢꦭꦤ꧀​ꦩꦭꦶꦪꦧꦫ, Dalan Maliyabara; en, Malioboro Street) is a major shopping street in Yogyakarta, Indonesia; the name is also used more generally for the neighborhood around the street. It lies north ...
is a popular shopping and culinary area within the city, which has pedestrian zone. Yogyakarta Kraton is the palace and seat of the reigning Sultan of Yogyakarta also located in the city. The palace complex is a centre of
Javanese culture Javanese culture is the culture of the Javanese people. Javanese culture is centered in the provinces of Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java in Indonesia. Due to various migrations, it can also be found in other parts of the world, such as ...
, and contains a museum displaying royal artefacts. Tugu monument is an important landmark of Yogyakarta. 1 March monument located on Jalan Malioboro was built to commemorate General Offensive of 1 March 1949 during the
Indonesian National Revolution The Indonesian National Revolution, or the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during Aftermath of WWII, postw ...
.


Society and traditions

Notable local traditions and marketplaces in Yogyakarta include: * Batik fabric production area, with the most famous batik marketplace in Beringharjo market. * Silverwork, fine
filigree Filigree (also less commonly spelled ''filagree'', and formerly written ''filigrann'' or ''filigrene'') is a form of intricate metalwork used in jewellery and other small forms of metalwork. In jewellery, it is usually of gold and silver, ma ...
jewellery, with the main production centre in Kotagede. * Indonesian mask production, at Bobung village, Wonosari. *Traditional Javanese dance performances, especially Ramayana '' wayang wong'' performed in Prambanan and Purowisata. Other Javanese court dances are also performed in the ''
Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat The Royal Palace of Yogyakarta ( id, Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, jv, ꦏꦿꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀) is a palace complex in the city of Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. It is ...
'' (royal palace). *'' Wayang kulit'', traditional Javanese leather
puppetry Puppetry is a form of theatre or performance that involves the manipulation of puppets – inanimate objects, often resembling some type of human or animal figure, that are animated or manipulated by a human called a puppeteer. Such a perform ...
used for shadow plays. *Contemporary puppetry and theatre, e.g., the Papermoon Puppet Theatre. * Gamelan music, including local ''Gamelan Yogyakarta'' which was developed in the royal courts. *Annual traditional Javanese festivals, such as Sekaten or ''Gerebeg Mulud'' ( :id:Grebeg) *Young theatre movements, e.g., Komunitas Sakatoya. *Visual artists, e.g., the
Taring Padi Taring Padi is a collective of underground artists in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The group was formed in 1998 during the general upheaval following the fall of Suharto. Taring Padi are well known for the production of posters embedded with political ...
community in Bantul.


Cuisine

* '' Gudeg Yogya'': a traditional food from Yogyakarta and
Central Java Central Java ( id, Jawa Tengah) is a province of Indonesia, located in the middle of the island of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. It is bordered by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogyakarta in t ...
made from young unripe ( jack fruit) boiled for several hours with
palm sugar Palm sugar is a sweetener derived from any variety of palm tree. Palm sugar is sometimes qualified by the type of palm, as in coconut palm sugar. While sugars from different palms may have slightly different compositions, all are processed s ...
and
coconut milk Coconut milk is an opaque, milky-white liquid extracted from the grated pulp of mature coconuts. The opacity and rich taste of coconut milk are due to its high oil content, most of which is saturated fat. Coconut milk is a traditional food i ...
. This is usually accompanied by (chicken in coconut milk), (hard boiled egg stew), and (spicy beef skin and tofu stew). ''Gudeg'' from Yogyakarta has a unique sweet and savoury taste, and is drier and more reddish than other regional variants because of the addition of Javanese teak leaf. * '' Krechek'' (or or ): a traditional spicy beef skin dish made from seasoned (beef skin crackers). is usually served as a side dish together with . * : chicken stewed in
coriander Coriander (;
,
garlic Garlic (''Allium sativum'') is a species of bulbous flowering plant in the genus ''Allium''. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, Allium fistulosum, Welsh onion and Allium chinense, Chinese onion. It is native to South A ...
, candlenut, and coconut water, then deep-fried until crispy. Served with and raw vegetables. * : rice with small side dishes. * '' Bakpia'' and : a sweet pastry filled with sugared mung bean paste, derived from the Chinese pastry. A well-known bakpia-producing area is Pathok near Jalan Malioboro, where is sold. * ''Kipo'': derived from the Javanese question ("What is this?"), a small sweet snack from Kotagede made of glutinous rice flour and coconut milk dough filled with grated coconut and palm sugar. * ''Ronde'' (): a hot Javanese dessert of glutinous rice balls stuffed with peanut paste, floating in a hot and sweet ginger and lemongrass tea. * (): a hot soupy dessert of sago pearls, pre-cooked glutinous rice and mung beans, (brightly coloured, noodle-shaped flour cakes), and fried peanuts, covered in hot and sweet coconut milk. * '' Wedhang uwuh'' ( id): a hot Javanese
clove Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, ''Syzygium aromaticum'' (). They are native to the Maluku Islands (or Moluccas) in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice, flavoring or fragrance in consumer products, ...
drink.


Museums

Yogyakarta has several historical sites, such as the Candi Prambanan temple, museums in the royal court, the
Sonobudoyo Museum The Sonobudoyo Museum ( jv, ꦩꦸꦱꦶꦪꦸꦩ꧀ꦱꦤꦧꦸꦢꦪ, Musiyum Sanabudaya) is a Javanese history and culture museum and library in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The museum contains the most complete collection of Javanese artifacts, aft ...
, and museums in colonial buildings such as the
Fort Vredeburg Museum Fort Vredeburg Museum (official name: ''Museum Benteng Vredeburg Yogyakarta'') was a former colonial fortress located in the city of Yogyakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The military complex has been converted into a museum of th ...
housed in a former Dutch fort. Due to the importance of Yogyakarta during the war of independence from the Dutch, there are numerous memorials and museums, such as the Monument to the Recapture of Yogyakarta. To the east of the town centre is the large Air Force Museum (''Museum Pusat Dirgantara Mandala''), with 36 aircraft in the building and six aircraft displayed outdoors. As Indonesia was for a period in the Soviet sphere of influence, this museum contains a number of vintage Russian aircraft not widely available for inspection in the NATO sphere of influence. The collection includes examples of the
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 (russian: Микоя́н и Гуре́вич МиГ-15; USAF/DoD designation: Type 14; NATO reporting name: Fagot) is a jet fighter aircraft developed by Mikoyan-Gurevich for the Soviet Union. The MiG-15 was one of ...
trainer, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19,
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 (russian: Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-21; NATO reporting name: Fishbed) is a supersonic jet aircraft, jet fighter aircraft, fighter and interceptor aircraft, designed by the Mikoyan, Mikoyan-Gurevich OKB, De ...
and Tupolev Tu-16, together with an assortment of Japanese, American and British aircraft. Other museums include the
Jogja National Museum Jogja National Museum (JNM) is a contemporary art museum in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. JNM has established under Yayasan Yogyakarta Seni Nusantara (YYSN) management, JNM building complex was first a Former First Indonesia Visual Art School (ASRI-1950) a ...
.


Sport

PSIM Yogyakarta football team, which currently plays in the Liga 2, is based in Yogyakarta.


Education

Yogyakarta is home to Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia's largest university and one of its most prominent. Other public universities in Yogyakarta include
Yogyakarta State University State University of Yogyakarta ( id, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, abbreviated as UNY) is a state university established in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia in 1964. History State University of Yogyakarta (formerly IKIP Yogyakart ...
,
Sunan Kalijaga Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University Yogyakarta ( id, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, abbreviated as UIN Sunan Kalijaga or simply UIN Suka) is an Indonesian state university that offers study programs in the field of Islami ...
, The Indonesian Institute of the Arts and Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta. The city is also the location of several well-known private universities such as Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta,
College of Health Sciences Ahmad Yani Yogyakarta The College of Health Sciences General Ahmad Yani Yogyakarta ( id, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Jenderal Ahmad Yani Yogyakarta) or Stikes Jenderal Ahmad Yani is a private university located in the Sleman Regency province Special Region of Yogyaka ...
, Islamic University of Indonesia,
Atma Jaya University Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia (also known as "Atma Jaya University" or "Atma Jaya"; id, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya or abbreviated as ''Unika Atma Jaya'') is an institute of higher learning in Jakarta, Indonesia, whic ...
, Duta Wacana Christian University and Sanata Dharma University. The city is also home to the Indonesian Air Force Academy, located on the
Adisucipto Airport Adisutjipto (or Adisucipto) Airport ( id, Bandar Udara Adisutjipto) is an airport serving the Yogyakarta area on the island of Java, Indonesia. It was formerly the principal international airport serving this area. The airport is located in t ...
complex. Primagama, one of the largest tutoring institutions in Indonesia, is headquartered in the city.


Transportation


Airport

Yogyakarta is served primarily by Yogyakarta International Airport in Kulon Progo Regency, which connects the city with other major cities in Indonesia, such as
Jakarta Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta ...
,
Surabaya Surabaya ( jv, ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ or jv, ꦯꦹꦫꦨꦪ; ; ) is the capital city of the Provinces of Indonesia, Indonesian province of East Java and the List of Indonesian cities by population, second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. L ...
, Denpasar, Lombok,
Makassar Makassar (, mak, ᨆᨀᨔᨑ, Mangkasara’, ) is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi. It is the largest city in the region of Eastern Indonesia and the country's fifth-largest urban center after Jakarta, Surabaya, Med ...
, Balikpapan, Banjarmasin,
Pekanbaru Pekanbaru is the capital of Indonesian province of Riau, and a major economic center on the eastern part of Sumatra, Sumatra Island. Its name is derived from the Malay language, Malay words for 'new market' ('pekan' is market and 'baru' is new). ...
,
Palembang Palembang () is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sumatra. The city proper covers on both banks of the Musi River on the eastern lowland of southern Sumatra. It had a population of 1,668,848 at the 2020 Census. Palembang ...
, and Pontianak. It also internationally connects the city with Kuala Lumpur (operated by AirAsia and Indonesia AirAsia). Another airport is Adisutjipto International Airport in Sleman Regency, which only serves limited commercial planes.


Rail

Yogyakarta was first served by rail in 1872. The city is located on one of the two major railway lines that run across Java between
Jakarta Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta ...
in the west and
Surabaya Surabaya ( jv, ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ or jv, ꦯꦹꦫꦨꦪ; ; ) is the capital city of the Provinces of Indonesia, Indonesian province of East Java and the List of Indonesian cities by population, second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. L ...
in the east. Yogyakarta has two passenger railway stations, Yogyakarta Station which serves business and executive class trains, and
Lempuyangan Station Lempuyangan Station (LPN) is a railway station located in Bausasran, Danurejan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is east of Yogyakarta Station, above sea level. The station is part of Operational Area VI Yogyakarta. It has 11 lines, including two s ...
which serves economy class trains; both stations are located in the centre of the city. Yogyakarta Station is the terminus of two commuter train services:
KRL Commuterline Yogyakarta–Solo KAI Commuter Yogyakarta Line (also called KRL Yogya–Solo, informally KRL Jogja–Solo, KRL Solo–Jogja or KRL Joglo) is a commuter rail system in Indonesia serving Greater Yogyakarta in Special Region of Yogyakarta and Greater Surakarta (Solo) ...
, which runs to Solo Balapan Station in the city of
Surakarta Surakarta ( jv, ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠ), known colloquially as Solo ( jv, ꦱꦭ; ), is a city in Central Java, Indonesia. The 44 km2 (16.2 sq mi) city adjoins Karanganyar Regency and Boyolali Regency to the north, Karanganyar Regency and Sukoh ...
and Prambanan Express (Prameks), which runs to Kutoarjo Station in Kutoarjo. Other commuter trains run from Madiun Jaya ( Madiun Station-Lempuyangan Station), and Joglosemar ( Semarang Poncol Station-Lempuyangan Station).
Yogyakarta International Airport Rail Link Yogyakarta International Airport Rail Link ( id, Kereta api Bandara Internasional Yogyakarta) is an airport rail link service in Special Region of Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia, operated by Kereta Api Indonesia. Launched on 6 May 2019, it ...
links Yogyakarta International Airport to the city center.


Roads

The city has an extensive system of public city buses, and is a major departure point for inter-city buses to other cities in Java and Bali, as well as taxis, andongs, and
becak The cycle rickshaw is a small-scale local means of transport. It is a type of hatchback tricycle designed to carry passengers on a for-hire basis. It is also known by a variety of other names such as bike taxi, velotaxi, pedicab, bikecab, ...
s. Motorbikes are by far the most commonly used personal transportation, but an increasing number of residents own automobiles. Yogyakarta and surrounding areas also have a circle highway known as the ''Ring Road'' and overpasses including Janti Overpass, Lempuyangan Overpass, and a recently built Jombor Overpass.


Buses

Since early 2008, the city has operated a
bus rapid transit Bus rapid transit (BRT), also called a busway or transitway, is a bus-based public transport system designed to have much more capacity, reliability and other quality features than a conventional bus system. Typically, a BRT system includes ...
system,
Trans Jogja Trans Jogja is a bus rapid transit (BRT) system operates in Yogyakarta (city), Yogyakarta and surrounding areas, with 20 different routes. Trans Jogja operates from 06:00 to 19:00 starting from 22 March 2020. Trans Jogja is currently operated by ...
, also known as "TJ". Trans Jogja is modelled after the TransJakarta system in the capital, but unlike TransJakarta, there is no special lane for Trans Jogja buses, which instead run on main streets. There are currently six Trans Jogja lines, with routes through the main streets of Yogyakarta, some of which overlap. The lines extend from the Jombor Bus Terminal in the north to the Giwangan Bus Terminal in the south, and to the Prambanan bus shelter in the east via Adisucipto International Airport.


Health facilities

Notable hospitals in Yogyakarta include: * Yogyakarta City General Public Hospital (''RSUD Kota Yogyakarta'') * Bethesda Hospital * Dr. Soetarto Army Hospital * Dr. Sardjito General Hospital * Panti Rapih Hospital * PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital.


Media

''
Kedaulatan Rakyat ''Kedaulatan Rakyat'' (''People's Sovereignty'', abbreviated as ''KR'') is a daily newspaper in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The paper was founded by H. Soemadi and M. Wonohito. The first edition of the newspaper was published on September 27, 1945. I ...
'' (KR) is the major newspaper in Yogyakarta, its headquarters is located near the Tugu monument. First published in 1945, the paper is one of the oldest continuously published newspaper in Indonesia. Other major daily newspapers include ''Harian Jogja'', ''Koran Merapi'' and '' Tribun Jogja'', as well as online-only ''
Bernas ''Bernas'' is an online-only newspaper, formerly a daily newspaper, based in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It was one of the first newspapers founded after Indonesian independence. History ''Bernas'' was founded on 15 September 1946 as ''Harian Umum N ...
''. KR-owned ''
Minggu Pagi ''Minggu Pagi'' (Indonesian: ''Sunday Morning'') is an Indonesian general interest weekly newspaper published by the Yogyakarta-based Kedaulatan Rakyat Group. It began in 1948 as a magazine, switching to the tabloid format in the 1980s. History ...
'' is the major weekly newspaper. Yogyakarta is served by radio and television stations covering Special Region of Yogyakarta and surrounding areas. The public radio RRI Yogyakarta has one of its studios in the city. Other radio stations based in Yogyakarta include
Geronimo FM Geronimo FM is a youngsters hits radio based in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It first went on-air as a pirate station called ''Gembel Rapi'' in 1968. Geronimo got its license in 1971 and May 31, 1971 was announced as its official anniversary date. The st ...
, Retjo Buntung FM and Yasika FM. However most of television stations is located in nearby Sleman Regency, such as the public
TVRI Yogyakarta TVRI (, Television of the Republic of Indonesia), legally ( Public Broadcasting Institution Television of the Republic of Indonesia) is a public television network and the oldest television network in Indonesia. Its national headquarters is i ...
, AdiTV, Jogja TV and RBTV, though their broadcast coverage include Yogyakarta city.


Twin towns – sister cities

Yogyakarta is twinned with: *
Baalbek Baalbek (; ar, بَعْلَبَكّ, Baʿlabakk, Syriac-Aramaic: ܒܥܠܒܟ) is a city located east of the Litani River in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley, about northeast of Beirut. It is the capital of Baalbek-Hermel Governorate. In Greek and Roman ...
, Lebanon * Commewijne, Suriname * Gangbuk (Seoul), South Korea * Huế, Vietnam * Le Mont-Dore, New Caledonia * Paramaribo, Suriname


See also

* List of cities in Indonesia


References


External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Yogyakarta (City) Cities in Indonesia Populated places in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Provincial capitals in Indonesia Former national capitals