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The Victor Emmanuel II National Monument ( it, Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II), also known as Vittoriano or Altare della Patria ("Altar of the Fatherland"), is a large national monument built between 1885 and 1935 to honour
The Vittoriano is on the 
The Allegory, allegories of the monument mostly represent the virtues and feelings, very often rendered as personifications, also according to the canons of the neoclassical style, which animate the Italians during the Italian unification, or from the revolutions of 1820 to the capture of Rome (1870), through which national unity was achieved. Due to the complex process of unification undertaken by Victor Emmanuel II throughout the second half of the 19th century, the Italians gave him the epithet of ''Father of the Fatherland'' ( it, Padre della Patria). The only non-Allegory, allegorical work is the ''equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II'', which is the architectural centre of the Vittoriano.
The monument, as a whole, appears as a sort of marble covering on the northern slope of the
After the death of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy on 9 January 1878, many initiatives were destined to raise a permanent monument that celebrated the first King of Italy, king of a united Italy, creator of the process of Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, unification and liberation from foreign domination, which is indicated by historiography as "Pater Patriae, Father of the Fatherland" also due to the political work of the List of Prime Ministers of the Kingdom of Sardinia, President of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Sardinia Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, and to the military contribution of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The goal was therefore to commemorate the entire Unification of Italy, Italian unification season ("Risorgimento") through one of its protagonists.
For this purpose, the Italian government approved the construction of a monumental complex on the Northern side of
Vittoriano
'. Sacconi was inspired by the Hellenistic art, Hellenistic sanctuaries, such as the Pergamon Altar and the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia in Palestrina. The Vittoriano was conceived as a vast and modern ''
To erect the Vittoriano it was necessary, between the last months of 1884 and 1899, to proceed with numerous expropriations and extensive demolitions of the buildings that were on site. The place chosen was in the heart of the historic centre of Rome and was therefore occupied by ancient buildings arranged according to urban planning that dated back to the Middle Ages.Romano Ugolini, ''Cento anni del Vittoriano 1911–2011. Atti della Giornata di studi'', Gangemi Editore Spa, 2011 This was considered necessary because the Vittoriano should have been built in the heart of the historic centre of Rome, in a modern urban context, in front of a new large square (the future 
Established Italian sculptors, such as Leonardo Bistolfi, Manfredo Manfredi, Giulio Monteverde, Francesco Jerace, Augusto Rivalta, Lodovico Pogliaghi, Pietro Canonica, Ettore Ximenes, Adolfo Apolloni, Mario Rutelli and Angelo Zanelli, made its sculptures nationwide. The partly completed monument was inaugurated on 4 June 1911, on the occasion of the Turin International world's fair and the 50th anniversary of Italian unification. Construction continued throughout the first half of the 20th century; in 1921 the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy), body of the Italian Unknown Soldier was placed in the crypt under the statue of the goddess Roma, and in 1935 the monument was fully completed amidst the inauguration of the Museo Centrale del Risorgimento Italiano.
The decision to include an 
After the First World War the Vittoriano was chosen to house the tomb of the Unknown Soldier, or the burial of an Italian soldier who died during the First World War whose identity remains unknown due to the serious injuries that made the body unrecognizable, which represents all the Italian soldiers who died during the wars. The reason for his strong symbolism lies in the metaphorical transition from the figure of the soldier to that of the people and finally to that of the nation. This transition between increasingly broader and generic concepts is due to the indistinct traits of the non-identification of the soldier.
The Vittoriano was thus consecrated to a wide symbolic value representing a Laïcité, lay temple metaphorically dedicated to a free and united Italy—celebrating by virtue the burial of the Unknown Soldier (the sacrifice for the homeland and for the connected ideals).
With the rise of Fascism in 1922, the Vittoriano became the setting for the military parades of the authoritarian regime of Benito Mussolini. After World War II, with the institution of the Italian Republic in 1946, the monument was stripped of all its Fascist symbols and reassumed its original function as a secular temple dedicated to the Italian nation and its people. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, however, its significance as a symbol of national identity started to decline as the public opinion started to perceive it as a cumbersome relic. At the turn of the 21st century, Italy's President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi pushed for a revaluation of
The Victor Emmanuel II National Monument is also known as "Mole del Vittoriano" or simply "Vittoriano", and "Altare della Patria", which are now the most commonly used names for it. From 1921, when the Unknown Soldier was buried under the statue of the goddess Rome in the part of the Vittoriano that is called "Altare della Patria", the expression began to indicate not only the place of burial of the soldier, or the personification of all the fallen and lost in war, but the whole structure due to the strong popular sentiment for the symbolic Unknown Soldier.
Colloquially, the monument is also known as "The Wedding Cake" or "The Typewriter."
Set against the external base of the Vittoriano, on the sides of the entrance to Piazza Venezia, are the "fountains of the two seas" which are dedicated to the Adriatic sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea. Both are inserted in a flower bed and possess, from the beginning, a hydraulic system that recycles the water avoiding waste. Historically, a water cistern was also active, then abandoned, in the basement of the monument. The two fountains therefore represent the two major Italian seas and, therefore, in this perspective the Vittoriano is assimilated to the Italian Peninsula. This way the whole country is represented, even geographically.
At the entrance is a staircase leading to the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland and of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy), Italian Unknown Soldier, which represent the first raised platform of the Vittoriano, as well as its symbolic centre. The path along the staircase continues beyond the tomb of the Unknown Soldier to symbolically represent a continuous and uninterrupted procession of Italians, continuing up to the highest point of the construction, the portico and the propylaea.
The artistic gate of access to the Vittoriano, which is the work of Manfredo Manfredi, is able to slide vertically underground on tracks. The plant that allows the lowering of the railing, originally hydraulic, was considered at the time of its construction among the most technologically advanced in the world. The entrance gate has a length of and a weight of 10,500 tons.
On both sides of the entrance stairway are a series of sculptures that accompany the visitor towards the Altar of the Fatherland. The first sculptures are two groups in gilded bronze, with subjects inspired by the thought of Giuseppe Mazzini, ''The Thought'' and ''The Action'' (respectively, to the left and right of the staircase for those coming from Piazza Venezia), followed by two sculptural groups (also in this case one on each side) depicting as many ''Winged lions'' and finally, on the top of the staircase, before the beginning of the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland, two ''Victoria (mythology), Winged Victorys''. ''The Action'' has a triangular and angular profile, while ''The Thought'' has a circular shape.Roberto Quarta, ''Roma massonica'', Edizioni Mediterranee, 2009, . The ''Winged Victories'', in addition to recalling the military and cultural successes of the Roman era, symbolize Allegory, allegorically the Augury, good luck of national unity.
At the end of the entrance stairway, immediately after the statues of the ''Winged Victories'', opens the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland, the first raised platform of the Vittoriano, which is dominated centrally by the statue of the Roma (mythology), goddess Rome and the shrine of the Unknown Soldier. On the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland are also the Botticino marble sculptural groups that symbolize the moral values of the Italians, or the ideal principles that make the nation firm. The four groups have a height of and are to the right and left of the entrance to the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland (two on each side), sideways to the statues of ''The Thought'' and of ''The Action'' and in correspondence of the fountains of two seas, along the parapets that overlook Piazza Venezia. The concepts expressed by these four sculptural groups, ''The Force'', ''The Concord'', ''The Sacrifice'' and ''The Right'', are the tangible emanation of ''The Thought'' and ''The Action''.
At the sides of the Altar of the Fatherland, the staircase resumes dividing into two symmetrical ramps parallel to the tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Both reach a pronaos where two large doors open (one on each side, both positioned symmetrically and laterally to the Unknown Soldier, and each in correspondence with one of the two propylaea) that lead to the interior spaces of the Vittoriano. Above each door are two statues; on the left door are ''The Politics'' and ''The Philosophy'', while on the right door are two statues depicting ''The War'' and ''The Revolution''.
From the two shelves where the doors open to give access to the interior spaces, two further flights of stairs start that converge, directly behind the Altar of the Fatherland, towards the base of the ''equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II'' – the latter is on the second large elevated platform, in order of height, of the Vittoriano. Behind it, the stairway resumes its ascent in the direction of the portico, reaching a small shelf, from which two staircases start laterally leading to the entrance of a propylaeum. Before reaching the entrances of the propylaea, each of the two staircases is interrupted, creating a small intermediate shelf, which allows access to the terrace of the redeemed cities—the third large and last elevated platform of the Vittoriano—directly behind the ''equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II'' and immediately below the colonnade of the portico.
The redeemed cities are those united to Italy following the Treaty of Rapallo (1920) and the Treaty of Rome (1924), peace agreements at the end of the First World War. These municipalities are Trieste, Trento, Gorizia, Pula, Pola, Rijeka, Fiume and Zadar, Zara. Following the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947, Paris treaties of 1947, Pola, Fiume and Zara Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947, moved on to Yugoslavia and, after the Yugoslav Wars, dissolution of the latter, to Croatia. After the conflict, Gorizia was divided into two parts—one part remained in Italy while the other, which was renamed "Nova Gorica", passed first to Yugoslavia and then to Slovenia. Each redeemed city is represented by an altar against the back wall, which bears the corresponding municipal coat of arms. The six altars were placed on the terrace between 1929 and 1930.
At the centre of the row of altars of the redeemed cities, engraved on the stylobate, is a monumental inscription carved on the occasion of the solemn ceremony of the Unknown Soldier (4 November 1921) which contains the text of the Bollettino della Vittoria, Victory Bulletin, an official document written after the Armistice of Villa Giusti with which the general Armando Diaz, Chief of Staff of the Italian Army, supreme commander of the Royal Army, announced, on 4 November 1918, the surrender of the Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the victory of Italy in the First World War.
At the base of the text of the Victory Bulletin are two other altars similar to those of the redeemed cities but which have, instead of the municipal coat of arms of the municipalities, a Combat helmet, helmet—these two altars bear the inscription "" on the left alter and "" on the right alter. They echo the List of Latin phrases, Latin phrase ''et facere et pati fortia Romanum est'' ("It is the attribute of a Roman to perform as well as to suffer mighty things") written by Livy in the ''Ab Urbe Condita Libri, History of Rome, book 11; in the work the phrase is pronounced by Gaius Mucius Scaevola, Scaevola towards Lars Porsena.
The Altar of the Fatherland is the most famous part of the Vittoriano and is the one with which it is often identified. On the top of the entrance stairway, it was designed by the Brescian sculptor Angelo Zanelli, who won a competition specially held in 1906. It is formed from the side of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy), Tomb of Italian Unknown Soldier that faces the outside of the building (the other side, which faces inside the Vittoriano, is in a crypt), from the ''sacellum'' of the statue of the Roma (mythology), goddess Rome (which is exactly above the tomb of the Unknown Soldier) and two vertical marble reliefs that descend from the edges of the aedicula containing the statue of the goddess Rome and which run downwards laterally to the tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
The statue of the goddess Roma present at the Vittoriano interrupted a custom in vogue until the 19th century, by which the representation of this subject was with exclusively warlike traits. Angelo Zanelli, in his work, decided to further characterize the statue by also providing the reference to Athena, Greek mythology, Greek goddess of Sophia (wisdom), wisdom and the arts, as well as of war. The great statue of the deity emerges from a golden background. The presence of the goddess Roma in the Vittoriano underlines the irremissible will of the Unification of Italy patriots to have the Rome as the capital of Italy, an essential concept, according to the common feeling, from the history of the peninsula and the islands of Italian culture.
The general conception of the bas-reliefs, beside the statue of the goddess Roma, one to her left and the other to her right, recalls Virgil's ''Eclogues, Bucolics'' and ''Georgics'', which complete the triptych of the Altar of the Fatherland with the statue of the Roman divinity.
The Allegory, allegorical meaning of the bas-reliefs that are inspired by the works of Virgil is linked to the desire to conceptually render the Italian soul. In the ''Georgics'', the reference to the ''Aeneid'' is in fact present, and in both the works the industriousness in the work of the Italians is recalled.
The bas-relief on the left of the Altar of the Fatherland represents the ''Triumph of Labour'' and the one on the right symbolizes the ''Triumph of the Patriotic Love'' where both converge scenically towards the statue of the goddess Rome.
After the Altar of the Fatherland is the ''equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II'', a bronze work by Enrico Chiaradia and architectural centre of the Vittoriano. The personifications of the noble List of cities in Italy, Italian cities are carved on the marble base of the statue. The statue is bronze, high, long, and weighs 50 tons. Including the marble base, the entire sculptural group is high.
The ''equestrian statue of
Continuing to climb the stairway beyond the equestrian statue of Victor Emmnauel II, is the most imposing and striking architectonic element—the large portico with Corinthian order, Corinthian-style columns, slightly curved, on the top of the monument, and inserted between two temple propylaea called "sommoportico" due to its elevated position. The propylaea are the two small porticos projecting from the portico, at its lateral (side) ends, that constitute the entrances.
The portico is long and is centrally supported by 16 tall columns surmounted by Corinthian Capital (architecture), capitals, embellished by the face of the ''Italia turrita'' (at centre) and Acanthus (plant), acanthus leaves. The cornice above the colonnade is instead decorated with statues representing the 16 Allegory, allegorical personifications of the Regions of Italy, Italian regions where each statue corresponds to a column. Giuseppe Sacconi was inspired by the Temple of Castor and Pollux in the Roman Forum nearby.
Each propylaeum has a bronze statue depicting quadrigae, each one hosting a ''Victoria (mythology), Winged Victory''. The architectural and expressive synergies of the triumphal arches are thus re-proposed—the allegorical meaning of the "quadriga", since ancient times, is in fact that of success. This concept is reinforced by the presence of the ''Victoria (mythology), Winged Victories'', messengers descended from heaven by the divinities who flank the winner of a military battle as their favourite.
The two quadrigae, as the Latin inscriptions placed on the pediments of the underlying propylaea expressly declare, symbolize the freedom of the citizens ("", right) and the unity of the homeland ("", left), the two concepts pivots that inform the entire monument and are attributed to the sovereign Victor Emmanuel II. The implicit message is that Italy, once again a single political group and gained independence, leaving behind the glories of Rome and the pomp of the papal court, is ready to spread a new Italian Renaissance articulated on the moral virtues represented allegorically in the Vittoriano.
The concepts "freedom of citizens" and "unity of the homeland" also summarize the fundamental themes that characterized the beginning and the end of the contribution given by Victor Emmanuel II to the Unification of Italy. Having ascended the throne for a few months, he published the proclamation of Moncalieri (20 November 1849) which confirmed the survival of the Liberalism, liberal regime even in the repressive period following the wave of revolutions of 1848. His political work had ended with the capture of Rome (20 September 1870), which became the capital, although the unification of Trentino-Alto Adige and Julian March (annexed only in 1919 after the First World War) were still missing. The quadrigas, already planned in the original project, were built and positioned in 1927. Inside the pediments of the two propylaea are sculptural groups that have the same theme as the respective quadrigas above.
The interiors of the portico and the propylaea can be accessed through two triumphal entrance stairways of each propylaeum. These are on a small shelf that can be reached via a short staircase that joins the terrace of the redeemed cities. At the base of the entrance stairway of the propylaea are four statues of ''Winged Victories'' on triumphal columns, made in 1911 – two are at the entrance to the right propylea, and two at the entrance to the left propylea.
Each entrance leads to a large quadrangular Vestibule (architecture), vestibule, in dialogue with the outside due to a
The crypt of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy), Italian Unknown Soldier is under the ''equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II'' which can be accessed from the Shrine of the Flags museum, from where it is possible to see the side of the shrine of the Soldier that faces inwards. It is thus by the Altar of the Fatherland, from where the outward side of the tomb is seen.
The crypt of the Unknown Soldier is the work of the architect Armando Brasini. It is a room in the shape of a Greek cross with a domed vault which is accessed via two flights of stairs. A short tunnel starts from the crypt and reaches the niche of the chapel of the Unknown Soldier. The niche is inserted in an arcosolium inspired by the style of early Christian buildings, especially the catacombs. The ceiling of the crypt instead recalls the Ancient Roman architecture, Roman architecture, alternating Rib vault, cross vaults and barrel vaults. The room, built using bricks, is characterized by the presence of round arches and niches. There is also a small altar for religious services.
The walls of the crypt are decorated with a mosaic of Byzantine art, Byzantine style, by Giulio Bargellini, of a religious nature. The crucifixion of Jesus is above the tomb of the Unknown Soldier, where, on the walls, stand the patron saints of the Italian Armed Forces: Martin of Tours, Saint Martin patron of the infantry, Saint George of the cavalry, Saint Sebastian of the Territorial police force, local police and Saint Barbara of the Italian Navy, artillery and Military engineering, military engineers. Finally, in the dome, is the Mary, mother of Jesus, Madonna of Loreto, patron saint of the Italian Air Force.
Parts of the crypt and sepulcher were made with Rock (geology), stone materials from the mountains that were the scene of battles of the First World War, with the floor made of Karst Plateau (Italy-Slovenia), Karst marble, and the small altar made from a single block of stone from Monte Grappa.
Inside the Vittoriano are some museums dedicated to the history of Italy, especially the Unification of Italy ("Risorgimento"): the Central Museum of the Risorgimento ( it, Museo Centrale del Risorgimento) with an adjoining study institute, the Flag of Italy Memorial ( it, Sacrario delle bandiere) and an area that hosts temporary exhibitions of artistic interest, historical, sociological and cultural called "ala Brasini".
Access to the Central Museum of the Risorgimento is on the left side of the monument, at the back of the Santa Maria in Ara Coeli along via di San Pietro in Carcere. The period of Italian history between the end of the 18th century and the First World War is displayed by memorabilia, paintings, sculptures, documents (letters, diaries and manuscripts), drawings, engravings, weapons and prints.Augusta Busico, ''Il tricolore: il simbolo la storia'', Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Dipartimento per l'informazione e l'editoria, 2005.
On the entrance stairway of the Central Museum of the Risorgimento are visible engravings related to some significant episodes for the birth of the Risorgimento movement, from the seed thrown by the French Revolution to the Napoleonic Wars, to better frame and remember the national history included between the reform of the List of historic states of Italy, ancient Italian states and the end of the First World War. Along the walls, other marble engravings show some pieces of texts enunciated by prominent personalities, which better testify and describe this part of Italian history.
The Central Museum of the Risorgimento also includes the Shrine of the Flags, a museum where the war flags of dissolved military units and decommissioned ships from the Italian Army, Italian Air Force, Italian Navy, Carabinieri, ''Polizia di Stato'', Penitentiary Police and ''Guardia di Finanza'' are collected and temporarily stored. In case a unit is reformed, the flags are retrieved by the unit. Access to the shrine is along Via dei Fori Imperiali, where memorabilia, relating mainly to the Risorgimento wars, in which the Italian Armed Forces took part, are also kept.
The "ala Brasini", reserved for temporary exhibitions, is dedicated to Armando Brasini, the main promoter of the Central Museum. The wing has three exhibition rooms: the "large exhibition hall", with a surface area of , generally hosts art exhibitions, and those that require more space, the "central hall" of and the "jubilee hall" of , are used.
Maps and aerial photos
– Google Maps
{{DEFAULTSORT:Monument To Victor Emmanuel II Tourist attractions in Rome Buildings and structures in Rome Monuments and memorials in Rome Altars National symbols of Italy Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Museums in Rome History museums in Italy Terminating vistas Rome R. X Campitelli National museums of Italy
Victor Emmanuel II
Victor Emmanuel II ( it, Vittorio Emanuele II; full name: ''Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia''; 14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878) was King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title o ...
, the first king of a unified Italy, in Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus (legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
, Italy. It occupies a site between the Piazza Venezia
Piazza Venezia () is a central hub of Rome, Italy, in which several thoroughfares intersect, including the Via dei Fori Imperiali and the Via del Corso. It takes its name from the Palazzo Venezia, built by the Venetian Cardinal, Pietro Barbo (l ...
and the Capitoline Hill
The Capitolium or Capitoline Hill ( ; it, Campidoglio ; la, Mons Capitolinus ), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome.
The hill was earlier known as ''Mons Saturnius'', dedicated to the god Saturn. ...
. The monument was realized by Giuseppe Sacconi
Giuseppe Sacconi (Montalto delle Marche, 5 July 1854 - 23 September 1905) was an Italian architect. He is best known as the designer of the monument of Vittorio Emanuele II, in the centre of Rome. Following the prestigious commission, he became ...
.
From an architectural perspective, it was conceived as a modern ''forum
Forum or The Forum (plural forums or fora) may refer to:
Common uses
* Forum (legal), designated space for public expression in the United States
*Forum (Roman), open public space within a Roman city
**Roman Forum, most famous example
*Internet ...
'', an agora on three levels connected by stairways and dominated by a portico characterized by a colonnade
In classical architecture, a colonnade is a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, or part of a building. Paired or multiple pairs of columns are normally employed in a colonnade which can be straight or cur ...
. The complex process of national unity and liberation from foreign domination carried out by King Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, to whom the monument is dedicated, has a great symbolic and representative value, being architecturally and artistically centred on the Italian unification—for this reason the Vittoriano is considered one of the national symbols of Italy
National symbols of Italy are the symbols that uniquely identify Italy reflecting its history and culture. They are used to represent the Nation through emblems, metaphors, personifications, allegories, which are shared by the entire Italian pe ...
.
It also preserves the Altar of the Fatherland ( it, Altare della Patria), first an altar
An altar is a table or platform for the presentation of religious offerings, for sacrifices, or for other ritualistic purposes. Altars are found at shrines, temples, churches, and other places of worship. They are used particularly in paga ...
of the Roma (mythology), goddess Rome, then also a Sacellum, shrine of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy), Italian Unknown Soldier, thus adopting the function of a Secularism in Italy, lay temple consecrated to Italy. Because of its great representative value, the entire Vittoriano is often called the Altare della Patria, although the latter constitutes only a part of the monument.
Standing in the centre of ancient Rome, and connected to the modern one by the streets that radiate from Piazza Venezia, it has been consecrated to a wide symbolic value representing a Laïcité, lay temple metaphorically dedicated to a free and united Italy—celebrating by virtue the burial of the Unknown Soldier (the sacrifice for the homeland and for the connected ideals).
It is currently managed by the Polo Museale del Lazio and is owned by the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities (Italy), Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities.
General description
The Vittoriano is on the Capitoline Hill
The Capitolium or Capitoline Hill ( ; it, Campidoglio ; la, Mons Capitolinus ), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome.
The hill was earlier known as ''Mons Saturnius'', dedicated to the god Saturn. ...
, in the symbolic centre of ancient Rome, and is connected to the modern one thanks to roads that radiate from Piazza Venezia
Piazza Venezia () is a central hub of Rome, Italy, in which several thoroughfares intersect, including the Via dei Fori Imperiali and the Via del Corso. It takes its name from the Palazzo Venezia, built by the Venetian Cardinal, Pietro Barbo (l ...
.
Its design is a Neoclassical architecture, neoclassical interpretation of the Roman Forum. It features stairways, Corinthian columns, fountains, an Equestrian statue, equestrian sculpture of Victor Emmanuel II, and two statues of the goddess Victoria (mythology), Victoria riding on quadrigas. On its summit there would have been a majestic portico characterized by a long colonnade and two imposing propylaea, one dedicated to the "unity of the homeland", and the other to the "freedom of the citizens", concepts metaphorically linked to the figure of Victor Emmanuel II.
The base houses the museum of Italian unification, and in 2007 a lift was added to the structure, allowing visitors to access the roof for 360-degree views of Rome. This terrace, which is the highest of the monument, can also be reached via 196 steps that start from the portico.
The structure is wide, deep, and high. If the quadrigae and ''Winged Victoria (mythology), Victorys'' are included, the height reaches . It has a total area of and possesses, due to the conspicuous development of the interior spaces, a floor area of .
One of the architecturally predominant elements of the Vittoriano are the external staircases, which constitute in the complex 243 steps, and the portico on the top of the monument, which is inserted between two lateral propylaea. The entrance stairway is wide and long, the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland is wide. The maximum depth of the Vittoriano underground reaches below street level. The colonnade
In classical architecture, a colonnade is a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, or part of a building. Paired or multiple pairs of columns are normally employed in a colonnade which can be straight or cur ...
is formed by columns high and the length of the porch is .
The Allegory, allegories of the monument mostly represent the virtues and feelings, very often rendered as personifications, also according to the canons of the neoclassical style, which animate the Italians during the Italian unification, or from the revolutions of 1820 to the capture of Rome (1870), through which national unity was achieved. Due to the complex process of unification undertaken by Victor Emmanuel II throughout the second half of the 19th century, the Italians gave him the epithet of ''Father of the Fatherland'' ( it, Padre della Patria). The only non-Allegory, allegorical work is the ''equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II'', which is the architectural centre of the Vittoriano.
The monument, as a whole, appears as a sort of marble covering on the northern slope of the Capitoline Hill
The Capitolium or Capitoline Hill ( ; it, Campidoglio ; la, Mons Capitolinus ), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome.
The hill was earlier known as ''Mons Saturnius'', dedicated to the god Saturn. ...
: it was therefore thought of as a place where it is possible to make an uninterrupted patriotic walk (the path does not in fact have an architectural end, given that the entrances to the highest part are two, one for each propylaeum) among the works present, which almost all have allegorical meanings linked to the history of Italy. Different are the vegetal symbols present, among which the Arecaceae, palm, which recalls the "victory", the oak (the "strength"), the Lauraceae, laurel (the "victorious peace"), the Myrtus, myrtle (the "sacrifice") and the Olive tree (the "concord").
From a stylistic perspective, the architecture and works of art that embellish the Vittoriano have been conceived with the aim of creating a "national style" to be replicated in other areas. It was designed to communicate the imperial Roman Empire, splendours of ancient Rome. Above all, for the realization of the Vittoriano, Giuseppe Sacconi took inspiration from the Neoclassical architecture—the reborn heir of the Classical architecture, classical Greek and Ancient Roman architecture, Roman architecture, on which Italic peoples, Italic elements were grafted and Eclecticism in art, eclectic influences added.
The Vittoriano is regarded as a National symbols of Italy, national symbol of Italy and every year it hosts important national celebrations. The largest annual celebrations are Liberation Day (Italy), Liberation Day (25 April), Republic Day (Italy), Republic Day (2 June), and Armed Forces Day (4 November). During these celebrations, the President of the Italian Republic and the highest government officials pay tribute to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy), Italian Unknown Soldier and those who died in the line of duty by laying a laurel wreath.
History
After the death of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy on 9 January 1878, many initiatives were destined to raise a permanent monument that celebrated the first King of Italy, king of a united Italy, creator of the process of Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, unification and liberation from foreign domination, which is indicated by historiography as "Pater Patriae, Father of the Fatherland" also due to the political work of the List of Prime Ministers of the Kingdom of Sardinia, President of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Sardinia Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, and to the military contribution of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The goal was therefore to commemorate the entire Unification of Italy, Italian unification season ("Risorgimento") through one of its protagonists.
For this purpose, the Italian government approved the construction of a monumental complex on the Northern side of Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus (legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
's Capitoline Hill
The Capitolium or Capitoline Hill ( ; it, Campidoglio ; la, Mons Capitolinus ), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome.
The hill was earlier known as ''Mons Saturnius'', dedicated to the god Saturn. ...
. The monument would celebrate the legacy of the first king of a united Italy and would become a symbol of national patriotism. The project was realized by Giuseppe Sacconi
Giuseppe Sacconi (Montalto delle Marche, 5 July 1854 - 23 September 1905) was an Italian architect. He is best known as the designer of the monument of Vittorio Emanuele II, in the centre of Rome. Following the prestigious commission, he became ...
in 1885, in an Eclecticism#Architecture and art, eclectic style.Enciclopedia Treccani, Vittoriano
'. Sacconi was inspired by the Hellenistic art, Hellenistic sanctuaries, such as the Pergamon Altar and the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia in Palestrina. The Vittoriano was conceived as a vast and modern ''
forum
Forum or The Forum (plural forums or fora) may refer to:
Common uses
* Forum (legal), designated space for public expression in the United States
*Forum (Roman), open public space within a Roman city
**Roman Forum, most famous example
*Internet ...
''Primo Levi, ''Il monumento dell'Unità Italiana'', in ''La Lettura'' (''Corriere della Sera''), volume IV, april 1904. open to citizens, on a sort of elevated square in the historic centre of Rome organized as an agora on three levels connected by tiers, with conspicuous spaces reserved for strolling visitors.Maria Rosaria Coppola, Adriano Morabito e Marco Placidi, ''Il Vittoriano nascosto'', Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali, 2005, .John Agnew, ''The Impossible Capital: Monumental Rome under Liberal and Fascist Regimes'', 1870–1943, Wiley Blackwell, 2005
To erect the Vittoriano it was necessary, between the last months of 1884 and 1899, to proceed with numerous expropriations and extensive demolitions of the buildings that were on site. The place chosen was in the heart of the historic centre of Rome and was therefore occupied by ancient buildings arranged according to urban planning that dated back to the Middle Ages.Romano Ugolini, ''Cento anni del Vittoriano 1911–2011. Atti della Giornata di studi'', Gangemi Editore Spa, 2011 This was considered necessary because the Vittoriano should have been built in the heart of the historic centre of Rome, in a modern urban context, in front of a new large square (the future Piazza Venezia
Piazza Venezia () is a central hub of Rome, Italy, in which several thoroughfares intersect, including the Via dei Fori Imperiali and the Via del Corso. It takes its name from the Palazzo Venezia, built by the Venetian Cardinal, Pietro Barbo (l ...
), which at the time was just a narrow open space in front of Palazzo Venezia.Spiro Kostof, ''The Third Rome 1870–1950: an Introduction''
The general objective was also to make Rome a modern European capital that rivaled Berlin, Vienna, London and Paris overcoming the centuries-old pontifical town planning. In this context, the Vittoriano would have been the equivalent of the Brandenburg Gate of Berlin, the Admiralty Arch of London and the Palais Garnier, Opéra Garnier of Paris; these buildings are all united by a monumental and classical aspect that metaphorically communicates pride and the power of the nation that erected them.
It would then become one of the symbols of the new Italy, joining the monuments of ancient Rome and those of the Papal States, popes' Rome. Having then been conceived as a large public square, the Vittoriano, in addition to representing a memorial dedicated to Victor Emmanuel II, was invested with another role—a modern ''forum
Forum or The Forum (plural forums or fora) may refer to:
Common uses
* Forum (legal), designated space for public expression in the United States
*Forum (Roman), open public space within a Roman city
**Roman Forum, most famous example
*Internet ...
'' dedicated to the new free and united Italy.
Established Italian sculptors, such as Leonardo Bistolfi, Manfredo Manfredi, Giulio Monteverde, Francesco Jerace, Augusto Rivalta, Lodovico Pogliaghi, Pietro Canonica, Ettore Ximenes, Adolfo Apolloni, Mario Rutelli and Angelo Zanelli, made its sculptures nationwide. The partly completed monument was inaugurated on 4 June 1911, on the occasion of the Turin International world's fair and the 50th anniversary of Italian unification. Construction continued throughout the first half of the 20th century; in 1921 the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy), body of the Italian Unknown Soldier was placed in the crypt under the statue of the goddess Roma, and in 1935 the monument was fully completed amidst the inauguration of the Museo Centrale del Risorgimento Italiano.
The decision to include an altar
An altar is a table or platform for the presentation of religious offerings, for sacrifices, or for other ritualistic purposes. Altars are found at shrines, temples, churches, and other places of worship. They are used particularly in paga ...
dedicated to the homeland in the Vittoriano was taken by Giuseppe Sacconi only after the planning phase, during the construction of the monument. The place and the dominant subject were immediately chosen, being a large statue of the Roma (mythology), goddess Rome that would have been placed on the first terrace after the entrance to the monument, just below the ''equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II''. Thus, the Altar of the Fatherland, at least initially and before the burial of the body of the Unknown Soldier, was thought of as a chapel of the deity. In this way, the greatness and majesty of Rome was celebrated, elected to the role of legitimate capital of Italy. Within the Vittoriano are numerous artistic works that recall the history of ancient Rome.
After the First World War the Vittoriano was chosen to house the tomb of the Unknown Soldier, or the burial of an Italian soldier who died during the First World War whose identity remains unknown due to the serious injuries that made the body unrecognizable, which represents all the Italian soldiers who died during the wars. The reason for his strong symbolism lies in the metaphorical transition from the figure of the soldier to that of the people and finally to that of the nation. This transition between increasingly broader and generic concepts is due to the indistinct traits of the non-identification of the soldier.
The Vittoriano was thus consecrated to a wide symbolic value representing a Laïcité, lay temple metaphorically dedicated to a free and united Italy—celebrating by virtue the burial of the Unknown Soldier (the sacrifice for the homeland and for the connected ideals).
With the rise of Fascism in 1922, the Vittoriano became the setting for the military parades of the authoritarian regime of Benito Mussolini. After World War II, with the institution of the Italian Republic in 1946, the monument was stripped of all its Fascist symbols and reassumed its original function as a secular temple dedicated to the Italian nation and its people. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, however, its significance as a symbol of national identity started to decline as the public opinion started to perceive it as a cumbersome relic. At the turn of the 21st century, Italy's President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi pushed for a revaluation of national symbols of Italy
National symbols of Italy are the symbols that uniquely identify Italy reflecting its history and culture. They are used to represent the Nation through emblems, metaphors, personifications, allegories, which are shared by the entire Italian pe ...
, including the Vittoriano.
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
The monument holds the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy), Tomb of the Italian Unknown Soldier with an eternal flame, built under the statue of goddess Roma (mythology), Roma after World War I following an idea of General Giulio Douhet. The body of the unknown soldier was chosen on 28 October 1921 from among 11 unknown remains by Maria Bergamas, a woman from Gradisca d'Isonzo whose only child was killed during World War I. Her son's body was never recovered. The selected unknown was transferred from Aquileia, where the ceremony with Bergamas had taken place, to Rome and buried in a state funeral on 4 November 1921. His tomb is a symbolic shrine that represents all the fallen and missing of the war. The side of the tomb of the Unknown Soldier that gives outward at the Altar of the Fatherland is always guarded by a guard of honour and two flames that burn perpetually in braziers. The guard is provided with military personnel of the various weapons of the Italian Armed Forces, which alternate every ten years. The Allegory, allegorical meaning of the perpetually burning flames is linked to their symbolism, which is centuries old, since it has its origins in classical antiquity, especially in the Funeral, cult of the dead. A fire that burns eternally symbolizes the memory, in this case of the sacrifice of the Unknown Soldier moved by patriotic love, and his everlasting memory of the Italians, even in those who are far from their country. The two perennial braziers next to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is placed a plaque whose text reads "Italians Abroad to the Motherland" in memory of donations made by Italian diaspora, Italian emigrants between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century for the construction of the Vittoriano.Names
The Victor Emmanuel II National Monument is also known as "Mole del Vittoriano" or simply "Vittoriano", and "Altare della Patria", which are now the most commonly used names for it. From 1921, when the Unknown Soldier was buried under the statue of the goddess Rome in the part of the Vittoriano that is called "Altare della Patria", the expression began to indicate not only the place of burial of the soldier, or the personification of all the fallen and lost in war, but the whole structure due to the strong popular sentiment for the symbolic Unknown Soldier.
Colloquially, the monument is also known as "The Wedding Cake" or "The Typewriter."
Vittoriano plan
Architectural and artistic works
Fountains of the two seas
Set against the external base of the Vittoriano, on the sides of the entrance to Piazza Venezia, are the "fountains of the two seas" which are dedicated to the Adriatic sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea. Both are inserted in a flower bed and possess, from the beginning, a hydraulic system that recycles the water avoiding waste. Historically, a water cistern was also active, then abandoned, in the basement of the monument. The two fountains therefore represent the two major Italian seas and, therefore, in this perspective the Vittoriano is assimilated to the Italian Peninsula. This way the whole country is represented, even geographically.
External staircases and terraces
The exterior staircases of the Vittoriano follow the ascending sides of the northern slope of theCapitoline Hill
The Capitolium or Capitoline Hill ( ; it, Campidoglio ; la, Mons Capitolinus ), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome.
The hill was earlier known as ''Mons Saturnius'', dedicated to the god Saturn. ...
and lead, starting from the entrance of Piazza Venezia
Piazza Venezia () is a central hub of Rome, Italy, in which several thoroughfares intersect, including the Via dei Fori Imperiali and the Via del Corso. It takes its name from the Palazzo Venezia, built by the Venetian Cardinal, Pietro Barbo (l ...
, to the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland, then to the terrace of the Italian irredentism, redeemed cities (the one immediately below the colonnade
In classical architecture, a colonnade is a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, or part of a building. Paired or multiple pairs of columns are normally employed in a colonnade which can be straight or cur ...
of the portico), and finally to the terraces of the two propylaea flanked by the portico constituting the two entrances.
At the entrance is a staircase leading to the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland and of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy), Italian Unknown Soldier, which represent the first raised platform of the Vittoriano, as well as its symbolic centre. The path along the staircase continues beyond the tomb of the Unknown Soldier to symbolically represent a continuous and uninterrupted procession of Italians, continuing up to the highest point of the construction, the portico and the propylaea.
The artistic gate of access to the Vittoriano, which is the work of Manfredo Manfredi, is able to slide vertically underground on tracks. The plant that allows the lowering of the railing, originally hydraulic, was considered at the time of its construction among the most technologically advanced in the world. The entrance gate has a length of and a weight of 10,500 tons.
On both sides of the entrance stairway are a series of sculptures that accompany the visitor towards the Altar of the Fatherland. The first sculptures are two groups in gilded bronze, with subjects inspired by the thought of Giuseppe Mazzini, ''The Thought'' and ''The Action'' (respectively, to the left and right of the staircase for those coming from Piazza Venezia), followed by two sculptural groups (also in this case one on each side) depicting as many ''Winged lions'' and finally, on the top of the staircase, before the beginning of the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland, two ''Victoria (mythology), Winged Victorys''. ''The Action'' has a triangular and angular profile, while ''The Thought'' has a circular shape.Roberto Quarta, ''Roma massonica'', Edizioni Mediterranee, 2009, . The ''Winged Victories'', in addition to recalling the military and cultural successes of the Roman era, symbolize Allegory, allegorically the Augury, good luck of national unity.
At the end of the entrance stairway, immediately after the statues of the ''Winged Victories'', opens the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland, the first raised platform of the Vittoriano, which is dominated centrally by the statue of the Roma (mythology), goddess Rome and the shrine of the Unknown Soldier. On the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland are also the Botticino marble sculptural groups that symbolize the moral values of the Italians, or the ideal principles that make the nation firm. The four groups have a height of and are to the right and left of the entrance to the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland (two on each side), sideways to the statues of ''The Thought'' and of ''The Action'' and in correspondence of the fountains of two seas, along the parapets that overlook Piazza Venezia. The concepts expressed by these four sculptural groups, ''The Force'', ''The Concord'', ''The Sacrifice'' and ''The Right'', are the tangible emanation of ''The Thought'' and ''The Action''.
At the sides of the Altar of the Fatherland, the staircase resumes dividing into two symmetrical ramps parallel to the tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Both reach a pronaos where two large doors open (one on each side, both positioned symmetrically and laterally to the Unknown Soldier, and each in correspondence with one of the two propylaea) that lead to the interior spaces of the Vittoriano. Above each door are two statues; on the left door are ''The Politics'' and ''The Philosophy'', while on the right door are two statues depicting ''The War'' and ''The Revolution''.
From the two shelves where the doors open to give access to the interior spaces, two further flights of stairs start that converge, directly behind the Altar of the Fatherland, towards the base of the ''equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II'' – the latter is on the second large elevated platform, in order of height, of the Vittoriano. Behind it, the stairway resumes its ascent in the direction of the portico, reaching a small shelf, from which two staircases start laterally leading to the entrance of a propylaeum. Before reaching the entrances of the propylaea, each of the two staircases is interrupted, creating a small intermediate shelf, which allows access to the terrace of the redeemed cities—the third large and last elevated platform of the Vittoriano—directly behind the ''equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II'' and immediately below the colonnade of the portico.
The redeemed cities are those united to Italy following the Treaty of Rapallo (1920) and the Treaty of Rome (1924), peace agreements at the end of the First World War. These municipalities are Trieste, Trento, Gorizia, Pula, Pola, Rijeka, Fiume and Zadar, Zara. Following the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947, Paris treaties of 1947, Pola, Fiume and Zara Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947, moved on to Yugoslavia and, after the Yugoslav Wars, dissolution of the latter, to Croatia. After the conflict, Gorizia was divided into two parts—one part remained in Italy while the other, which was renamed "Nova Gorica", passed first to Yugoslavia and then to Slovenia. Each redeemed city is represented by an altar against the back wall, which bears the corresponding municipal coat of arms. The six altars were placed on the terrace between 1929 and 1930.
At the centre of the row of altars of the redeemed cities, engraved on the stylobate, is a monumental inscription carved on the occasion of the solemn ceremony of the Unknown Soldier (4 November 1921) which contains the text of the Bollettino della Vittoria, Victory Bulletin, an official document written after the Armistice of Villa Giusti with which the general Armando Diaz, Chief of Staff of the Italian Army, supreme commander of the Royal Army, announced, on 4 November 1918, the surrender of the Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the victory of Italy in the First World War.
At the base of the text of the Victory Bulletin are two other altars similar to those of the redeemed cities but which have, instead of the municipal coat of arms of the municipalities, a Combat helmet, helmet—these two altars bear the inscription "" on the left alter and "" on the right alter. They echo the List of Latin phrases, Latin phrase ''et facere et pati fortia Romanum est'' ("It is the attribute of a Roman to perform as well as to suffer mighty things") written by Livy in the ''Ab Urbe Condita Libri, History of Rome, book 11; in the work the phrase is pronounced by Gaius Mucius Scaevola, Scaevola towards Lars Porsena.
Altar of the Fatherland
The Altar of the Fatherland is the most famous part of the Vittoriano and is the one with which it is often identified. On the top of the entrance stairway, it was designed by the Brescian sculptor Angelo Zanelli, who won a competition specially held in 1906. It is formed from the side of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy), Tomb of Italian Unknown Soldier that faces the outside of the building (the other side, which faces inside the Vittoriano, is in a crypt), from the ''sacellum'' of the statue of the Roma (mythology), goddess Rome (which is exactly above the tomb of the Unknown Soldier) and two vertical marble reliefs that descend from the edges of the aedicula containing the statue of the goddess Rome and which run downwards laterally to the tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
The statue of the goddess Roma present at the Vittoriano interrupted a custom in vogue until the 19th century, by which the representation of this subject was with exclusively warlike traits. Angelo Zanelli, in his work, decided to further characterize the statue by also providing the reference to Athena, Greek mythology, Greek goddess of Sophia (wisdom), wisdom and the arts, as well as of war. The great statue of the deity emerges from a golden background. The presence of the goddess Roma in the Vittoriano underlines the irremissible will of the Unification of Italy patriots to have the Rome as the capital of Italy, an essential concept, according to the common feeling, from the history of the peninsula and the islands of Italian culture.
The general conception of the bas-reliefs, beside the statue of the goddess Roma, one to her left and the other to her right, recalls Virgil's ''Eclogues, Bucolics'' and ''Georgics'', which complete the triptych of the Altar of the Fatherland with the statue of the Roman divinity.
The Allegory, allegorical meaning of the bas-reliefs that are inspired by the works of Virgil is linked to the desire to conceptually render the Italian soul. In the ''Georgics'', the reference to the ''Aeneid'' is in fact present, and in both the works the industriousness in the work of the Italians is recalled.
The bas-relief on the left of the Altar of the Fatherland represents the ''Triumph of Labour'' and the one on the right symbolizes the ''Triumph of the Patriotic Love'' where both converge scenically towards the statue of the goddess Rome.
Equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II
After the Altar of the Fatherland is the ''equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II'', a bronze work by Enrico Chiaradia and architectural centre of the Vittoriano. The personifications of the noble List of cities in Italy, Italian cities are carved on the marble base of the statue. The statue is bronze, high, long, and weighs 50 tons. Including the marble base, the entire sculptural group is high.
The ''equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II
Victor Emmanuel II ( it, Vittorio Emanuele II; full name: ''Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia''; 14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878) was King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title o ...
'' is the only non-symbolic representation of the Vittoriano, given that it is the representation of the homonymous monarch. In classical antiquity the equestrian statues were aimed at the exaltation of the portrayed subject, whose warlike virtues were emphasized. Furthermore, riding and controlling a steed, the character's ability to control primordial instincts was communicated—in this way, the subject was also recognized as civic virtues.
The statue being at the architectural centre of the Vittoriano, above the Altar of the Fatherland and in front of the colonnade
In classical architecture, a colonnade is a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, or part of a building. Paired or multiple pairs of columns are normally employed in a colonnade which can be straight or cur ...
of the portico, is not fortuitous – in classical antiquity such equestrian statues were often in front of colonnades, public squares, temples or along the triumphal streets; in places, therefore, stressing centrality. The presence of the basement on which the personifications of the noble cities are carved is linked to the same archaic traditions.
Statues of noble cities
On the base of the ''equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II'' are sculptural depictions of 14 List of cities in Italy, Italian noble cities, or rather the capitals of List of historic states of Italy, Italian states founded before the County of Savoy, Savoy monarchy. They aren't the statues of the most important cities in Italy, but of those that were once capitals of List of historic states of Italy, ancient Italian pre-unification monarchies, all of which are precedent and therefore historically converging towards the Savoy monarchy—for this reason they are considered "mothers noble"s of Unification of Italy. The 14 sculptural representations of the noble cities are deliberately placed at the base of the ''equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II'', which metaphorically symbolizes the nature of historical foundations of Italy. In a broader sense, they also represent the concept that the unity of the homeland, as a whole, rests on a basis constituted by the municipalities. Unlike those dedicated to the regions of Italy, the statues depicting the 14 cities are all the work of the same sculptor, Eugenio Maccagnani.Portico and propylaea
Continuing to climb the stairway beyond the equestrian statue of Victor Emmnauel II, is the most imposing and striking architectonic element—the large portico with Corinthian order, Corinthian-style columns, slightly curved, on the top of the monument, and inserted between two temple propylaea called "sommoportico" due to its elevated position. The propylaea are the two small porticos projecting from the portico, at its lateral (side) ends, that constitute the entrances.
The portico is long and is centrally supported by 16 tall columns surmounted by Corinthian Capital (architecture), capitals, embellished by the face of the ''Italia turrita'' (at centre) and Acanthus (plant), acanthus leaves. The cornice above the colonnade is instead decorated with statues representing the 16 Allegory, allegorical personifications of the Regions of Italy, Italian regions where each statue corresponds to a column. Giuseppe Sacconi was inspired by the Temple of Castor and Pollux in the Roman Forum nearby.
Each propylaeum has a bronze statue depicting quadrigae, each one hosting a ''Victoria (mythology), Winged Victory''. The architectural and expressive synergies of the triumphal arches are thus re-proposed—the allegorical meaning of the "quadriga", since ancient times, is in fact that of success. This concept is reinforced by the presence of the ''Victoria (mythology), Winged Victories'', messengers descended from heaven by the divinities who flank the winner of a military battle as their favourite.
The two quadrigae, as the Latin inscriptions placed on the pediments of the underlying propylaea expressly declare, symbolize the freedom of the citizens ("", right) and the unity of the homeland ("", left), the two concepts pivots that inform the entire monument and are attributed to the sovereign Victor Emmanuel II. The implicit message is that Italy, once again a single political group and gained independence, leaving behind the glories of Rome and the pomp of the papal court, is ready to spread a new Italian Renaissance articulated on the moral virtues represented allegorically in the Vittoriano.
The concepts "freedom of citizens" and "unity of the homeland" also summarize the fundamental themes that characterized the beginning and the end of the contribution given by Victor Emmanuel II to the Unification of Italy. Having ascended the throne for a few months, he published the proclamation of Moncalieri (20 November 1849) which confirmed the survival of the Liberalism, liberal regime even in the repressive period following the wave of revolutions of 1848. His political work had ended with the capture of Rome (20 September 1870), which became the capital, although the unification of Trentino-Alto Adige and Julian March (annexed only in 1919 after the First World War) were still missing. The quadrigas, already planned in the original project, were built and positioned in 1927. Inside the pediments of the two propylaea are sculptural groups that have the same theme as the respective quadrigas above.
The interiors of the portico and the propylaea can be accessed through two triumphal entrance stairways of each propylaeum. These are on a small shelf that can be reached via a short staircase that joins the terrace of the redeemed cities. At the base of the entrance stairway of the propylaea are four statues of ''Winged Victories'' on triumphal columns, made in 1911 – two are at the entrance to the right propylea, and two at the entrance to the left propylea.
Each entrance leads to a large quadrangular Vestibule (architecture), vestibule, in dialogue with the outside due to a colonnade
In classical architecture, a colonnade is a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, or part of a building. Paired or multiple pairs of columns are normally employed in a colonnade which can be straight or cur ...
, and from the vestibules one enters the interior spaces of the portico. These rooms are decorated with mosaics, important works of floral Art Nouveau, Liberty and pictorial Symbolism (arts), symbolism, which cover the lunettes and the two domes of the propylaea.Marco Pizzo, ''Il Vittoriano – guida storico-artistica'', Comunicare Organizzando (su concessione del Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali), 2002. Even the mosaics have as their subject the metaphorical representation of virtues and feelings, very often rendered as Allegory, allegorical personifications, which animated Italians during the unification of Italy. The interiors of the portico are decorated with the allegories of the sciences, while the doors that connect the propylaea and the portico are embellished with depictions on the arts.
The decoration of the ceiling of the left propylaeum was entrusted to Giulio Bargellini; in these mosaics he adopted innovative technical devices, such as the use of materials of various kinds and tiles of different sizes and inclined so as to create studied reflections of light, and where the lines of the mosaic Representation (arts), representations continue towards those of the columns below. The mosaics of Bargellini, along the highest part of the walls, represent figuratively ''The Faith'', ''The Force'', ''The Work'' and ''The Wisdom''. The decoration of the ceiling of the right propylaeum was instead entrusted to Antonio Rizzi. Rizzi dedicated himself, along the highest part of the vertical walls, to ''The Law'', ''The Value'', ''The Peace'', ''The Union'' and ''The Poetry''.
The internal doors leading from the two propylaea to the portico are decorated with allegorical sculptures representing ''The Architecture'' and ''The Music'', which are found in the vestibule on the left and which are the work of Antonio Garella, and ''The Painting'' and ''The Sculpture'', in the vestibule on the right and which were made by Lio Gangeri. The interior of the portico has a polychrome marble floorTouring Club Italiano, ''Guida rossa Italia centrale'', 1925 and a Coffered ceiling—the latter of which was designed by Gaetano Koch, is called the "ceiling of the sciences".
The ceiling owes its name to the bronze sculptures of Giuseppe Tonnini placed inside the portico, collectively known as ''The Allegories'' of ''The Sciences''. They are all made up of female personifications: ''The Geometry'', ''The Chemistry'', ''The Physics'', ''The Mineralogy'', ''The Mechanics'', ''The Astronomy'' and ''The Geography''. The vertical wall opposite the columns is decorated at the top with mosaics at gilded backgrounds, after 1925. Other sculptures present inside the portico are the trophy of arms—a vast set of shields, cuirasses, halberds, spears, flags, arrows and quivers in a trophy the crown of Italy is shown, along with the Eagle (heraldry), eagle with the Crosses in heraldry, crusader shield and the collar of the Annunciation (emblems of the House of Savoy).
Statues of the regions
The staircase leading to the terrace of the Italian irredentism, redeemed cities is the best point of observation of the statues of the Regions of Italy, Italian regions, since the latter are found on the cornice of the portico, each in correspondence of a column. The presence of metaphorically depicting statues of the Italian regions is inspired by the Allegory, allegorical personifications of the Roman provinces, often placed on commemorative monuments during the Roman Empire, imperial era. The number of statues placed on the top of the portico is equal to 16, given that at the time of the drafting of the construction project, 16 Italian regions were identified. Each statue is high and was entrusted to a different sculptor who were almost always native to the region of which he would have carved the image. The cornice is also embellished with friezes consisting of Eagle (heraldry), eagles and Lion (heraldry), lion heads.Internal crypt of the Unknown Soldier
The crypt of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy), Italian Unknown Soldier is under the ''equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II'' which can be accessed from the Shrine of the Flags museum, from where it is possible to see the side of the shrine of the Soldier that faces inwards. It is thus by the Altar of the Fatherland, from where the outward side of the tomb is seen.
The crypt of the Unknown Soldier is the work of the architect Armando Brasini. It is a room in the shape of a Greek cross with a domed vault which is accessed via two flights of stairs. A short tunnel starts from the crypt and reaches the niche of the chapel of the Unknown Soldier. The niche is inserted in an arcosolium inspired by the style of early Christian buildings, especially the catacombs. The ceiling of the crypt instead recalls the Ancient Roman architecture, Roman architecture, alternating Rib vault, cross vaults and barrel vaults. The room, built using bricks, is characterized by the presence of round arches and niches. There is also a small altar for religious services.
The walls of the crypt are decorated with a mosaic of Byzantine art, Byzantine style, by Giulio Bargellini, of a religious nature. The crucifixion of Jesus is above the tomb of the Unknown Soldier, where, on the walls, stand the patron saints of the Italian Armed Forces: Martin of Tours, Saint Martin patron of the infantry, Saint George of the cavalry, Saint Sebastian of the Territorial police force, local police and Saint Barbara of the Italian Navy, artillery and Military engineering, military engineers. Finally, in the dome, is the Mary, mother of Jesus, Madonna of Loreto, patron saint of the Italian Air Force.
Parts of the crypt and sepulcher were made with Rock (geology), stone materials from the mountains that were the scene of battles of the First World War, with the floor made of Karst Plateau (Italy-Slovenia), Karst marble, and the small altar made from a single block of stone from Monte Grappa.
Museums
Inside the Vittoriano are some museums dedicated to the history of Italy, especially the Unification of Italy ("Risorgimento"): the Central Museum of the Risorgimento ( it, Museo Centrale del Risorgimento) with an adjoining study institute, the Flag of Italy Memorial ( it, Sacrario delle bandiere) and an area that hosts temporary exhibitions of artistic interest, historical, sociological and cultural called "ala Brasini".
Access to the Central Museum of the Risorgimento is on the left side of the monument, at the back of the Santa Maria in Ara Coeli along via di San Pietro in Carcere. The period of Italian history between the end of the 18th century and the First World War is displayed by memorabilia, paintings, sculptures, documents (letters, diaries and manuscripts), drawings, engravings, weapons and prints.Augusta Busico, ''Il tricolore: il simbolo la storia'', Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Dipartimento per l'informazione e l'editoria, 2005.
On the entrance stairway of the Central Museum of the Risorgimento are visible engravings related to some significant episodes for the birth of the Risorgimento movement, from the seed thrown by the French Revolution to the Napoleonic Wars, to better frame and remember the national history included between the reform of the List of historic states of Italy, ancient Italian states and the end of the First World War. Along the walls, other marble engravings show some pieces of texts enunciated by prominent personalities, which better testify and describe this part of Italian history.
The Central Museum of the Risorgimento also includes the Shrine of the Flags, a museum where the war flags of dissolved military units and decommissioned ships from the Italian Army, Italian Air Force, Italian Navy, Carabinieri, ''Polizia di Stato'', Penitentiary Police and ''Guardia di Finanza'' are collected and temporarily stored. In case a unit is reformed, the flags are retrieved by the unit. Access to the shrine is along Via dei Fori Imperiali, where memorabilia, relating mainly to the Risorgimento wars, in which the Italian Armed Forces took part, are also kept.
The "ala Brasini", reserved for temporary exhibitions, is dedicated to Armando Brasini, the main promoter of the Central Museum. The wing has three exhibition rooms: the "large exhibition hall", with a surface area of , generally hosts art exhibitions, and those that require more space, the "central hall" of and the "jubilee hall" of , are used.
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Maps and aerial photos
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