Tulul adh-Dhahab and Jabbok in spring.jpg

In archaeology, a tell or tel (borrowed into English from ar, تَلّ, ', 'mound' or 'small hill'), is an artificial topographical feature, a species of mound consisting of the accumulated and stratified debris of a succession of consecutive settlements at the same site, the refuse of generations of people who built and inhabited them, and of natural sediment. (Very limited snippet view).Matthews (2020)
Introduction and Definition
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Tells are most commonly associated with the ancient Near East, but they are also found elsewhere, such as Southern and parts of Central Europe, from Greece and Bulgaria to Hungary and SpainBlanco-González & Kienlin, eds (2020), 6th page of chapter 1, see map. and in North Africa. Within the Near East, they are concentrated in less arid regions, including Upper Mesopotamia, the Southern Levant, Anatolia and Iran, which had more continuous settlement. Eurasian tells date to the Neolithic,Blanco-González & Kienlin, eds (2020), 2nd page of chapter 1, "Introduction: Learning from Prehistoric Tells", by the editors, the Neolithic/Chalcolithic, and the Bronze Age/Iron Age era.Chapman, John. In Blanco-González & Kienlin (2020), chapter 14, "Then, Now, to Come - A Commentary", 4th page. In the Southern Levant the time of the tells ended with the conquest by Alexander the Great, which ushered in the Hellenistic period with its own, different settlement-building patterns. Many tells across the Near East continue to be occupied and used today.

Etymology

The word ''tell'' is first attested in English in an 1840 report in the ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society''. It is derived from the Arabic () meaning 'mound' or 'hillock'. Variant spellings include ''tall'', ''tel'', ''til'', and ''tal''.

The Arabic word has many cognates in other Semitic languages, such as Akkadian language, Akkadian , Ugaritic language, Ugaritic , and Biblical Hebrew, Hebrew (). The Akkadian form is similar to Sumerian language, Sumerian , which can also refer to a 'pile' of any material, like grain, but it is not known whether the similarity reflects a borrowing from that language, or if the Sumerian term itself was a loanword from an earlier Semitic Stratum (linguistics), substrate language. If Akkadian is related to another word in that language, , meaning 'woman's breast', there exists a similar term in South Semitic languages, the South Semitic classical Ethiopian language of Geʽez, namely , 'breast'. Hebrew first appears in the biblical book of Book of Deuteronomy, Deuteronomy (ca. 500–700 BCE), describing a heap or small mound, and appearing in the books of Book of Joshua, Joshua and Book of Ezekiel, Ezekiel with the same meaning.


There are lexically unrelated equivalents for this geophysical concept of a town-mound in other Southwest Asian languages, including in Egyptian Arabic, or (Turkish language, Turkish/), or (Turkish), and ''Chogha (disambiguation), chogha'' (, from Turkish and derivatives etc.). These often appear in place names, and the word itself is one of the most common prefixes for Palestinian toponyms. The Arabic word ''Khirbet (disambiguation), khirbet'', also spelled ''khirbat'' (), meaning 'ruin', also occurs in the names of many archaeological tells, such as Et-Tell, Khirbet et-Tell (roughly meaning 'heap of ruins').

Formation

A tell can only be formed if natural and man-produced material accumulates faster than it is removed by erosion and Truncation (archaeology), human-caused truncation, which explains the limited geographical area they occur in.

Tells are formed from a variety of remains, including organic and cultural refuse, collapsed mudbricks and other building materials, water-laid sediments, residues of biogenic and geochemical processes, and Aeolian processes, aeolian sediment. A classic tell looks like a low, truncated cone with sloping sides and a flat, mesa-like top. They can be more than high.

Occurrence

Southwest Asia

It is thought that the earliest examples of tells are to be found in the Jordan Valley, such as at the 10 meter-high mound, dating back to the Neolithic, proto-Neolithic period, at Jericho in the West Bank. Upwards of 5,000 tells have been detected in the area of ancient Israel and Jordan. Of these Nancy Lapp, Paul Lapp calculated in the 1960s that 98% had yet to be touched by archaeologists.

In Syria, tells are abundant in the Upper Mesopotamia region, in which they scatter along the Euphrates, including Tell al-'Abr, Tall Bazi, Tell Bazi, Tell Kabir, Tell Mresh, Tell Saghir and Tell Banat. The latter is thought to be the site of the oldest war memorial (known as the White Monument), dated back to the 3rd millennium BC.

Europe

Tells can be found in Europe in countries like Spain, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, and Greece.

Northeastern Bulgaria has a rich archaeological heritage of Chalcolithic, eneolithic tells from the 5th millennium BCE.

In Neolithic Greece, there is a contrast between the northern Thessaly, Thessalian plain where rainfall was sufficient to permit densely populated settlements based on dry-farming and the more dispersed sites in southern Greece, such as the Peloponesus, where early villages sprang up around the smaller arable tracts close to springs, lakes and marshes. There are two models to account for the tell structures of this part of southern Europe, one developed by Paul Halstead and the other by John Chapman. Chapman envisaged the tell as witness to a nucleated communal society, whereas Halstead emphasized the idea that they arose as individual household structures. Thessalian tells often reflect small hamlets with a small population of around 40–80.

The Toumbas of Macedonia and the Magoulas of Thessaly are the local names for tell sites in these regions of Greece.

See also

* List of tells
* Acropolis
* Archaeological site
* Midden

Notes and references

Explanatory notes

References

Bibliography

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External links

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{{Ancient Mesopotamia

Ancient Near East
Archaeological sites in the Near East
Mounds
Tells (archaeology),