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9K114 ''Shturm''
- Weaponsystems.net
(russian: 9К114 «Штурм» - "Assault", borrowed from German "Sturm" - Storm/Assault) - is a SACLOS radio guided anti-tank missile system of the Soviet Union. Its
GRAU The Main Missile and Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (), commonly referred to by its transliterated Russian acronym GRAU (), is a department of the Russian Ministry of Defense. It is subordinate to the ...
designation is 9K114. Its
NATO reporting name NATO reporting names are code names for military equipment from Russia, China, and historically, the Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union and other nations of the Warsaw Pact). They provide unambiguous and easily understood English words in a uniform manne ...
is AT-6 ''Spiral''. The missile itself is known as the 9M114 Kokon (Cocoon).


Development

The missile called 9M114 Kokon (Cocoon) was developed by the Kolomna Machine Design Bureau, which was also responsible for the
3M6 Shmel The 3M6 ''Shmel'' (russian: 3М6 «Шмель»; en, bumblebee) is an MCLOS wire-guided Anti-tank missile of the Soviet Union. Its GRAU designation is "3M6" and its NATO reporting name is AT-1 Snapper. Too large to be manportable, it was typic ...
and 9M14 Malyutka. Work on the missile began in 1967, with the hope of using the missile on Mi-24s. However, delays forced the design of an upgraded Falanga system (
9M17 Skorpion The 3M11 ''Fleyta'' (flute, NATO reporting name AT-2 ''Swatter'') is a Soviet MCLOS radio command anti-tank missile. Various improved versions were designated 9M17 ''Falanga'' Development The missile was developed by the Nudelman OKB-16 desig ...
) using SACLOS guidance as a stopgap. Testing of the missile was completed in 1974, and it was accepted into service in 1976. The missile has no direct western counterpart; in role it is similar to the TOW and
HOT Hot or the acronym HOT may refer to: Food and drink *Pungency, in food, a spicy or hot quality *Hot, a wine tasting descriptor Places * Hot district, a district of Chiang Mai province, Thailand **Hot subdistrict, a sub-district of Hot Distric ...
missiles which entered service around the same time, though the Shturm has greater weight, speed, and range. It was originally given the NATO designation AS-8, before being redesignated as AT-6.


Description

The missile can be deployed on a variety of platforms, including the
Mi-24 The Mil Mi-24 (russian: Миль Ми-24; NATO reporting name: Hind) is a large helicopter gunship, attack helicopter and low-capacity troop transport with room for eight passengers. It is produced by Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant and has been o ...
V and from 1979-onwards the MT-LB based 9P149
tank destroyer A tank destroyer, tank hunter, tank killer, or self-propelled anti-tank gun is a type of armoured fighting vehicle, armed with a direct fire artillery gun or missile launcher, designed specifically to engage and destroy enemy tanks, often wi ...
. There is also a shipborne version of the missile, with the launcher holding six missiles. The missile is transported and launched from a glass-reinforced plastic tube. The missile uses a Soyuz NPO solid-rocket sustainer, with a small booster stage to launch the missile from its tube. The missile is SACLOS with a radio command link. The use of a radio link allows the missile to travel much faster and further than if it were wire guided. The radio link is a
VHF Very high frequency (VHF) is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves (radio waves) from 30 to 300 megahertz (MHz), with corresponding wavelengths of ten meters to one meter. Frequencies immediately below VHF ...
system with five frequency bands and two codes to minimize the risk of jamming. The system comprises a KPS-53AV 8× daylight-only direct vision sight with an integrated
laser rangefinder A laser rangefinder, also known as a laser telemeter, is a rangefinder that uses a laser beam to determine the distance to an object. The most common form of laser rangefinder operates on the time of flight principle by sending a laser pulse in ...
. After the missile is launched, the gunner has to keep the sight's crosshairs on the target until impact. Appropriate steering commands are transmitted to the missile via the radio link. The missile flies above the gunner's line of sight to the target. With the range of the target determined by the laser rangefinder, the missile descends onto the target just before impact. This is done primarily to clear obstacles, instead of achieving a top-attack, and can be switched off. It is possible to engage low and slow moving helicopters with the system; however, since the missile only has a contact
fuze In military munitions, a fuze (sometimes fuse) is the part of the device that initiates function. In some applications, such as torpedoes, a fuze may be identified by function as the exploder. The relative complexity of even the earliest fuze d ...
, a direct hit would be needed. The first use of the missile was during the
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
, where it was employed in the later stages of the war. By this time the Mujahideen got access to more advanced anti aircraft weapons that forced Mi-24 pilots to adopt standoff tactics using the missile to increase survivability. Sources report kill ratios of 75–85% during the war. Also a Mil demonstration in Sweden in late 1995 using an Mi-28A firing Shturm and
Ataka Ataka may refer to: * Attack (political party), Bulgarian nationalist political party *Ataka (play), a Japanese play used as a source for the film ''The Men Who Tread On the Tiger's Tail'' *9M120 Ataka, a Russian-made anti-tank guided missile * Japa ...
missiles also showed good results: from a hovering helicopter, a Shturm was fired at a target 900 m away; and from level flight at 200 km/h an Ataka was fired at a target 4,700 m away. Both missiles passed within 1 m of their aiming point. Other countries such as Iraq and
Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
attempted to procure the missile in the 1980s but the Soviet Union did not export the system outside of the Warsaw Pact, fearing it might fall into western hands via Iran or Israel. In 2014, a modernized variant, the 9K132 Shturm-SM, was adopted by the Russian army, featuring a sight with television and thermal channels as well as a new missile with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead and a proximity fuse.


General characteristics (9M114 Kokon)

* Length: * Wingspan: * Diameter: * Launch weight: * Speed: * Range: * Guidance: Radio command link Semi-automatic command to line of sight * Warhead: HEAT, penetration 560–600 mm vs RHA


Variants

* 9M114 Kokon / AT-6 Spiral Entered service in 1976. ** 9M114V Shturm-V – Air to surface version for helicopters. ** 9M114 Shturm / AT-6A Spiral SACLOS *** 9M114M HEAT warhead. *** 9M114F Thermobaric warhead. ** 9M114M1 Shturm / AT-6B Spiral SACLOS, heavier warhead penetrating 600–650 mm, longer range. ** 9M114M2 Shturm / AT-6C Spiral SACLOS, further increased range. *9K113M Shturm-VM / AT-9 Spiral-2 – see
9M120 Ataka-V The 9M120 ''Ataka'' (russian: Атака; ''Attack'') is an anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) originating from the Soviet Union. The NATO reporting name of the 9M120 missile is the AT-9 ''Spiral-2''. It is the next major generation in the 9K114 Sh ...


Operators


Current operators

* * * * * * - installed in
Mi-35 The Soviet and later Russian Mil Mi-24 helicopter has been produced in many variants, as described below. History In 1966, Soviet aircraft designer Mikhail Mil created a mock-up design of a new helicopter (derived from the Mil Mi-8) which was m ...
M attack helicopters * * * * – installed in
Mi-17 The Mil Mi-17 (NATO reporting name: Hip) is a Soviet-designed Russian military helicopter family introduced in 1975 (Mi-8M), continuing in production at two factories, in Kazan and Ulan-Ude. It is known as the Mi-8M series in Russian service. ...
sh helicopters * – installed in
Mi-35 The Soviet and later Russian Mil Mi-24 helicopter has been produced in many variants, as described below. History In 1966, Soviet aircraft designer Mikhail Mil created a mock-up design of a new helicopter (derived from the Mil Mi-8) which was m ...
P attack helicopters * * * – installed in
Mi-17 The Mil Mi-17 (NATO reporting name: Hip) is a Soviet-designed Russian military helicopter family introduced in 1975 (Mi-8M), continuing in production at two factories, in Kazan and Ulan-Ude. It is known as the Mi-8M series in Russian service. ...
V5 helicopters * * * * * * * * (The separatists forces battling the Ukrainian army in the
War in Donbass War is an intense armed conflict between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents, and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, destruction, and mortality, using regular ...
have also been documented to have used the weapon.)


Former operators

* (former user) * ''(former user)'' * ''(former user on Mi-24P)'' * – Retired. *


References

* Hull, A.W., Markov, D.R., Zaloga, S.J. (1999). ''Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices 1945 to Present''. Darlington Productions. . * Article "Fire in the Hills", AirEnthusiast magazine, Volume 104, March 2003
Shturm





External links



{{DEFAULTSORT:9k114 Shturm Anti-tank guided missiles of the Cold War Anti-tank guided missiles of the Soviet Union Military equipment introduced in the 1970s