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Sheikh (pronounced or ; ar, شيخ ' , mostly pronounced , plural ' )—also transliteration of Arabic, transliterated sheekh, sheyikh, shaykh, shayk, shekh, shaik and Shaikh, shak—is an honorific title in the Arabic language. It commonly designates a tribal chief, chief of a tribe or a royal family member in Arabian countries, in some countries it is also given to those of great knowledge in religious affairs as a surname by a prestige religious leader from a chain of Sufi scholars. It is also commonly used to refer to a Muslim ulama, religious scholar. It is also used as an honorary title by people claiming to be descended from Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali both patrilineal and matrilineal who are grandsons of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Islam, Muhammad. The term is literally translated to "Elder (administrative title), Elder" (is also translated to "Lord/wikt:Master, Master" in a monarchical context). The word 'sheikh' is mentioned in the 23rd verse of Surah Al-Qasas in the Quran.
The word in Arabic stems from a Semitic root, triliteral root connected with age and aging: , ''shīn-yā'-khā. The title carries the meaning leader, Elder (administrative title), elder, or nobility, noble, especially in the Arabian Peninsula within the Tribes of Arabia, where ''Shaikh'' became a traditional title of a Bedouin tribal leader in recent centuries. Due to the cultural impact of Arab people, Arab civilization, and especially through the spread of Islam, the word has gained currency as a religious term or general honorific in many other parts of the world as well, notably in Islamic culture, Muslim cultures in Africa and Asia.
In the Arabian Peninsula, the title is used for tribal chief, chiefs of tribes. This also includes royal family, royalty in most of Culture of Eastern Arabia, Eastern Arabia, where the royal families were traditionally considered tribal chiefs. For example, it is used by the UAE Al Nahyan family, Al-Nahyan dynasty and Al Maktoum, Al Maktoum dynasty, who are considered the chiefs of the Bani Yas tribe, and by Kuwait's House of Al-Sabah, Al Sabah dynasty and Bahrain's House of Khalifa, Al Khalifa dynasty of the Bani Utbah tribal confederation. The term is used by almost every male and female (Sheikha) member of the royal houses of the UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, and Kuwait. The title is not used by members of House of Saud, Al Saud of Saudi Arabia, where the title "Prince" ( ar, أمير, translit=ʾAmīr) is used instead.
The title is also used to refer to Ulama, religious leaders for both Sunni and Shia Muslims. For example, the Saudi Arabian family Al ash-Sheikh (literally ''House of the Sheikh'') is named after the religious leader and eponymous founder of Wahhabism, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.
In the Muslim parts of the Horn of Africa, "sheikh" is often used as a noble title. In Somali people, Somali society, it is reserved as an honorific for senior Muslim leaders and clerics (''wadaad''), and is often abbreviated to "Sh". Famous local sheikhs include Ishaaq bin Ahmed, an early Muslim scholar and Islamic preacher, Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti, an early Muslim leader in Somaliland; Abadir Umar Ar-Rida, the patron saint of Harar; Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, Sheikh of the Riwaq (arcade), riwaq in Cairo who recorded the French campaign in Egypt and Syria, Napoleonic invasion of Egypt; Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla'i, scholar who played a crucial role in the spread of the Qadiriyyah movement in Somalia and East Africa; Shaykh Sufi, Sheikh Sufi, 19th century scholar, poet, reformist and astrologist; Abdallah al-Qutbi, polemicist, theologian and philosopher best known for his five-part ''Al-Majmu'at al-mubaraka'' ("The Blessed Collection"); and Muhammad Al-Sumaalee, teacher in the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca who influenced many of the prominent Islamic scholars of today.
In the Multiculturalism, cosmopolitan hub of the South Asian sub-continent, it is not just an ethnic title but also often an occupational title attributed to Muslim trading families. After the advent of Islam in South Asia, many pagan Hindu clans from different castes converted to Islam and adopted the title. In the Punjab region, Ismaili Pir (Sufism), Pirs gave some converts, as well as Muslims who emigrated from Central Asia, especially after the barbaric Mongol conquests , the hereditary title of Ismaili Shaikhs.
Etymology and meaning
The word in Arabic stems from a Semitic root, triliteral root connected with age and aging: , ''shīn-yā'-khā. The title carries the meaning leader, Elder (administrative title), elder, or nobility, noble, especially in the Arabian Peninsula within the Tribes of Arabia, where ''Shaikh'' became a traditional title of a Bedouin tribal leader in recent centuries. Due to the cultural impact of Arab people, Arab civilization, and especially through the spread of Islam, the word has gained currency as a religious term or general honorific in many other parts of the world as well, notably in Islamic culture, Muslim cultures in Africa and Asia.
Sufi term
In Sufism, the word ''sheikh'' is used to represent a spiritual guide who initiates a particular ''tariqa'' which leads to Muhammad, although many saints have this title added before their names out of respect from their followers. A couple of prominent examples are Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani, who initiated the Qadiriyya order, and Sheikh Ahmad al-Tijani, who initiated the Tijaniyyah Sufi order.Regional usage
Arabian Peninsula
In the Arabian Peninsula, the title is used for tribal chief, chiefs of tribes. This also includes royal family, royalty in most of Culture of Eastern Arabia, Eastern Arabia, where the royal families were traditionally considered tribal chiefs. For example, it is used by the UAE Al Nahyan family, Al-Nahyan dynasty and Al Maktoum, Al Maktoum dynasty, who are considered the chiefs of the Bani Yas tribe, and by Kuwait's House of Al-Sabah, Al Sabah dynasty and Bahrain's House of Khalifa, Al Khalifa dynasty of the Bani Utbah tribal confederation. The term is used by almost every male and female (Sheikha) member of the royal houses of the UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, and Kuwait. The title is not used by members of House of Saud, Al Saud of Saudi Arabia, where the title "Prince" ( ar, أمير, translit=ʾAmīr) is used instead.
The title is also used to refer to Ulama, religious leaders for both Sunni and Shia Muslims. For example, the Saudi Arabian family Al ash-Sheikh (literally ''House of the Sheikh'') is named after the religious leader and eponymous founder of Wahhabism, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.
Lebanon
In Mount Lebanon, the title had the same princely and royal connotation as in the Arabian peninsula until the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman invasion in 1516, since it represented an indigenous peoples, indigenous autonomous "sui iuris" ruler or tribal chief. Examples of some ancient families that hold the title of "sui iuris" sheikh is the Al-Chemor family, ruling since 1211 CE in Koura District, Koura and Zgharta until 1747 CENational News Agency - Ministry of Information Lebanese Republic, 2014 http://nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/show-report/371/ and the Boudib Family (descendants of the Hashemite Family) who were Ehdenian rulers of Hadath El Jebbeh, Jebbeh since 1471 CE until 1759 CE. Descendants of this royal family now live in Miziara, Mexico and Nigeria. Even the Abu Harmoush family heads, which ruled the Chouf region until the Battle of Ain Dara in 1711 CE, were "sui iuris" sheikhs. After the Ottoman rule and the implementation of the Iltizam system, the title gained a Nobility, noble instead of royal connotation, since it was bestowed by a higher authority; in this case the Ottoman appointed Emir, who was nothing more than a mültezim or tax collector for the empire. Some very influential Maronite families, who had the title bestowed upon them, are (in chronological order): El Hachem of Akoura (descendants of the Hashemite Family, since 1523), El-Khazen (since 1545), Hubaysh of Kisrawan and Douaihy of Zgharta. Other families who are nowadays addressed or known as "sheikhs" were not traditionally rulers of provinces, but instead they were high-ranking officials at the service of the Emir at that time.Maghreb
In the Maghreb, during the Almohad dynasty, the caliph was also counseled by a body of sheikhs. They represented all the different tribes under their rules, including Arabs, (Bedouins), al-Andalus, Andalusians and Berbers and were also responsible for mobilizing their kinsmen in the event of war.Horn of Africa
In the Muslim parts of the Horn of Africa, "sheikh" is often used as a noble title. In Somali people, Somali society, it is reserved as an honorific for senior Muslim leaders and clerics (''wadaad''), and is often abbreviated to "Sh". Famous local sheikhs include Ishaaq bin Ahmed, an early Muslim scholar and Islamic preacher, Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti, an early Muslim leader in Somaliland; Abadir Umar Ar-Rida, the patron saint of Harar; Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, Sheikh of the Riwaq (arcade), riwaq in Cairo who recorded the French campaign in Egypt and Syria, Napoleonic invasion of Egypt; Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla'i, scholar who played a crucial role in the spread of the Qadiriyyah movement in Somalia and East Africa; Shaykh Sufi, Sheikh Sufi, 19th century scholar, poet, reformist and astrologist; Abdallah al-Qutbi, polemicist, theologian and philosopher best known for his five-part ''Al-Majmu'at al-mubaraka'' ("The Blessed Collection"); and Muhammad Al-Sumaalee, teacher in the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca who influenced many of the prominent Islamic scholars of today.
South Asia
In the Multiculturalism, cosmopolitan hub of the South Asian sub-continent, it is not just an ethnic title but also often an occupational title attributed to Muslim trading families. After the advent of Islam in South Asia, many pagan Hindu clans from different castes converted to Islam and adopted the title. In the Punjab region, Ismaili Pir (Sufism), Pirs gave some converts, as well as Muslims who emigrated from Central Asia, especially after the barbaric Mongol conquests , the hereditary title of Ismaili Shaikhs.
Southeast Asia
In Indonesia and other parts of Southeast Asia, sheikhs are respected by local Muslims. In Indonesia, the term is usually spelled "syech", and this is usually attributed to elderly ulama. Higher knowledgeable people of Islamic studies in Indonesia are usually referred to as "ustad" or "kyai".Iran
From the perspective of Iran, the word or title of sheikh possesses diverse meanings, among individuals who are aged and wise, it has been an honorific title used for elders and learned scholars, such as: Sheikh al-Rayees Avicenna, Abu Ali Sina, Sheikh Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, Mufid, Sheikh Morteza Ansari. In the past, Islamic scholars who were the Islamic prophet Muhammad's descendants, were called Sayyid/Sayyid, Seyyed instead of sheikh.For women
Historically, ulema, female scholars in Islam were referred to as ''shaykhah'' (Arabic: ) (alt. ''shaykhat''). Notable ''shaykha'' include the 10th-century Fakhr-un-Nisa, Shaykhah Fakhr-un-Nisa Shuhdah and 18th-century scholar Fatima al-Fudayliya, Al-Shaykha Fatima al-Fudayliyya. In 1957, Indonesian education activist Rahmah el Yunusiyah was awarded the title of ''syeikah'' by the faculty of Al-Azhar University, the first time the university had granted the title to a woman. A daughter or wife or mother of a sheikh is also called a ''shaykhah''. Currently, the term ''shaykhah'' is commonly used for women of ruling families in the Arab states of the Arabian Peninsula.See also
Notes
External links
* {{Authority control Arabic honorifics Islamic honorifics Religious leadership roles Titles of national or ethnic leadership Noble titles