San Juan, Metro Manila (2344411253).jpg

San Juan, officially the City of San Juan ( fil, Lungsod ng San Juan), is a Cities of the Philippines#Legal classification, highly urbanized city in the Metro Manila, National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 126,347 people. It is geographically located at Metro Manila's approximate center and is also the country's Cities of the Philippines#List of cities, smallest city in terms of land area.

The city is known historically for the site of the first battle of the Katipunan, the organization which led the 1896 Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire. Notable landmarks today such as Pinaglabanan Shrine and heritage homes are located in the city. Other locations include Greenhills (mixed-use development), Greenhills and Bonny Serrano Avenue, Santolan Town Plaza, making the city a major shopping hub with a range of upscale, boutique and bargain retail.

Etymology

"San Juan" is a contraction of the city's traditional name of "San Juan del Monte" (). As with numerous other places in the Philippines, the name combines a patron saint and a toponym; in this case Saint John the Baptist with the locale's hilly terrain and relatively higher elevation compared to surrounding areas.

The city's official name is "Dakilang Lungsód ng San Juan" ().

History

Early history

During the History of the Philippines (900-1521), pre-Hispanic period, the area of what is now San Juan was a part of the Kingdom of Namayan, whose last recorded rulers were King Lakan Tagkan and his Queen consort, consort, Bouan.

Spanish colonial era

In the late 16th century, the kingdom and other polities in the islands were absorbed into the Spanish Crown, with the realm of Namayan christened as the parish of ''Santa Ana de Sapa''. (present-day Santa Ana, Manila, Santa Ana, Manila) The present area of San Juan was meanwhile re-classified as the small ''encomienda'' (town) of San Juan del Monte in 1590.

In 1602, along the Camino de Mandaluyong (now F. Blumentritt Street), the Dominican Order built a novitiate house in the town for their immediate use, where ageing or convalescing friars stayed. Within the area, the Dominicans also constructed a convent and a stone church, the Santuario del Santo Cristo, dedicating it to the Christian cross, Holy Cross. To this day, the thrice-rebuilt church stands on the same site, adjacent to Aquinas School and Dominican College.

Given the isolation that the town had from the city of Manila#Spanish period, Manila, the Captaincy General of the Philippines, colonial government decided to establish a heavily fortified gunpowder magazine called the ''Almacén de Pólvora'' (also known as ''El Polvorín'') in San Juan del Monte in 1771. The gunpowder magazine (located at present-day San Juan Elementary School) was situated along the banks of the Salapang River (now known as San Juan River (Metro Manila)#Tributaries, Salapán Creek), with access provided by the Camino de Mariquina (now N. Domingo Street), which connected Manila and the nearby barrio of Santa Mesa across the San Juan River Bridge to the ''pueblo'' of Mariquina (now Marikina).

Municipality established

In 1783, San Juan del Monte was promoted to a Municipalities of the Philippines, municipality, separating it from the Santa Ana parish and giving it its own local government as a barrio of the Manila (province), Province of Manila. As a result, the old ''poblacion'' at Santuario del Santo Cristo was moved to the Camino de Mariquina, where a new municipal hall (now the San Juan Medical Center) and a town plaza (now the San Juan Plaza Mayor) was constructed.

In 1892, Father :es:Bernardino Nozaleda, Bernardino Nozaleda, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila, Archbishop of Manila, approved the creation of a new parish for the municipality of San Juan del Monte, with the Franciscans establishing the San Juan Bautista Church (now Pinaglabanan Church) and a Clergy house, parochial house in the area now known as Pinaglabanan Street.

The Philippine revolution

When the Philippine Revolution against Spain broke out in August 1896, the Katipunan revolutionaries led by Andrés Bonifacio and his aide Emilio Jacinto made their way from Cry of Pugad Lawin, Pugad Lawin in Caloocan (now part of Quezon City) to attack the ''El Polvorín'' and its military garrison in San Juan del Monte on the morning of August 30, 1896. Defended by a hundred Spanish troops consisting of infantry and artillery, the Katipuneros were able to eliminate the garrison commander and an artilleryman, forcing the remaining Spanish troops to retreat to the nearby El Deposito water reservoir near the San Juan Bautista Church. Sustaining heavy losses, the Katipuneros were unable to capture El Polvorín, and retreated south towards Mandaluyong, where Bonifacio reorganized the surviving Katipuneros and issued a war manifesto, leading Katipuneros in other places to organize Filipinos to rise up in arms against the colonial government as revolts spread all across the archipelago.

American invasion and Philippine Commonwealth

Following the end of the Philippine Revolution and the Treaty of Paris (1898), Treaty of Paris in 1898 that seceded the Philippines to the United States, the First Philippine Republic that succeeded the Katipunan distrusted the occupying American forces that were arriving in droves, with both sides wanting to engage in combat. On the morning of February 4, 1899, Filipino troops from the 4th Company of the Morong Command, Morong Battalion under Captain Serapio Narvaez were fired upon by American troops of the 1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment (1898), 1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment from their defense line on the Santa Mesa side (now part of Sampaloc, Manila, Sampaloc).

The first shot was exchanged by Private William W. Grayson, an American sentry from the 1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment (1898), 1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment of the United States Volunteers, United States Volunteer Army, who killed Filipino corporal Anastacio Felix and another Filipino soldier of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, firing the first shot of the Philippine–American War. This prompted lines of Filipino troops in San Juan del Monte to open fire at the line of American troops in Santa Mesa. The first shot was previously believed to have been exchanged at the San Juan River Bridge until studies by Filipino historian Benito J. Legarda concluded that the shot was not fired at the bridge, but was instead fired at what is now the corner of Sociego Street and Silencio Street in Santa Mesa. Later, a study done by Ronnie Miravite Casalmirhttp://www.philamwar.com/thefirstshotofthephilamwarwasnotonsociegosilencio.html that came out in 2023 solidly debunked the Sociego-Silencio location, and instead placed the event at the turn towards Blockhouse 7 along Sociego Street, currently the corner of Sociego Street and Tomas Arguelles Street in the present-day Quezon City.

Throughout the war, various regiments of the United States Volunteer Army carried out multiple skirmishes against militias and soldiers of the First Philippine Republic in towns along the Camino de Mariquina, where they had cleared out Filipino forces at the ''El Deposito'' reservoir, its pumping station road (now Pinaglabanan Street, part of Bonny Serrano Avenue, Santolan Road), and the santuario.

Both the revolution and the war caused many of the original residents of San Juan del Monte to evacuate en masse, permanently settling in neighboring towns. This led to many lots becoming abandoned. From 1898 to 1899, some residents returned to the town, resettling in shacks. However, due to unsanitary conditions, a malaria epidemic broke out in the area, with many casualties.

Following the end of the Philippine-American War, the municipality was repopulated by families coming from Mariquina and San Mateo, Rizal, San Mateo. The Dominicans had also returned to the municipality to establish their ownership of the Santo Cristo hacienda before the new American Insular Government of the Philippine Islands, colonial government. As a result, much of San Juan del Monte was being leased to the municipal government by Dominican hacienda owners until these lands were eventually purchased by the municipal government.

In 1901, the municipality was incorporated into the new Rizal (province), province of Rizal through Act No. 137, with former Katipunan San Juan chapter ''sanggunian'' Andres Soriano serving as its first municipal president. In 1903, it was merged into the municipality of San Felipe Neri (present-day Mandaluyong) through Act No. 942 of the Taft Commission. San Felipe Neri later became the capital of Rizal for several months in 1904. In 1907, San Juan del Monte was reconstituted as an independent municipality through Act No. 1625.

In 1916, the municipal government purchased the land along the intersection of N. Domingo and F. Blumentritt Streets, where the town market (present-day Agora Market) was located. Likewise, in 1919, businessmen Eusebio Orense and Florencio G. Diaz purchased a great bulk of the remaining hacienda lands, selling it to a Filipino-American consortium developing the San Juan Heights, a series of new Subdivision (land), subdivision developments all across the area. It was around this time that the municipality's name was contracted to San Juan.

A report made by the Rizal provincial government in 1933 noted that San Juan increased in population due to the development of residential subdivisions, such as San Juan Heights, Manila Heights, San Francisco del Monte, San Francisco del Monte Heights, Addition Hills, Mariana, Quezon City, New Manila, and Rosario Heights. At the time, the municipality consisted of the nine barrios of Poblacion, Andres Bonifacio, Ermitaño, N. Domingo, Rincon, San Francisco del Monte, Sapang Camias, Sulapan, and Tibagan.

Between 1939 and 1941, the barrios of Cubao, Diliman, and San Francisco del Monte, as well as Camp Crame, were ceded from San Juan to the newly established Quezon City.

Japanese occupation era

On January 1, 1942, San Juan was one of the municipalities of Rizal merged alongside Manila and Quezon City to form the City of Greater Manila as an emergency measure by President Manuel L. Quezon. It became a municipality of Rizal once again when the City of Greater Manila was dissolved by President Sergio Osmeña effective August 1, 1945.

Philippine independence

Martial law era

San Juan, especially its exclusive subdivisions in Greenhills, San Juan, Greenhills, was home to many prominent personalities during the country's Martial Law era under President of the Philippines, President Ferdinand Marcos. This included several Armed Forces of the Philippines generals, including Romeo Espino, Alfredo Montoya, and Romeo Gatan, who would later be tagged as members of the "Rolex 12"; Imelda Marcos’ secretary Fe Jimenez Roa; Presidential Assistant on Legal Affairs Ronaldo Zamora, who would later become a congressman for the lone congressional district of San Juan; San Juan Mayor Joseph Estrada, who would later become President of the Philippines; and prominent journalist Maximo Soliven, who was imprisoned when President Marcos first declared Martial Law in September 1972.

Incorporation into Metro Manila

When Presidential Decree No. 824 establishing the Metro Manila, National Capital Region was signed on November 7, 1975, San Juan was among the towns excised from Rizal Province into the newly created metropolitan area.

People Power Revolution

Club Filipino, which had relocated to San Juan in 1970 from its original location in Santa Mesa, became an important part of the establishment of the Fifth Philippine Republic when Corazon Aquino was inaugurated there on February 25, 1986, the last day of the civilian-led 1986 People Power Revolution.

Contemporary

In 1992, San Juan had the fewest Squatting, informal settler families out of all the municipalities and cities in Metro Manila based on data from the National Housing Authority (Philippines), National Housing Authority.

Cityhood

Residents ratified the conversion of the municipality into a highly urbanized city on June 17, 2007, pursuant to Republic Act No. 9388 ("An Act Converting the Municipality of San Juan into a Highly Urbanized City to be known as the City of San Juan"). Then-House of Representatives of the Philippines, Representative Ronaldo Zamora sponsored the Cityhood Bill in the House of Representatives and worked for its approval.

Presidential ties

Although not officially designated as such, San Juan is noted to be the "City of Philippine Presidents." Five presidents were official residents of San Juan. They were the Macapagal ''père et fille'', Diosdado Macapagal, Diosdado (1961–1965) and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–2010); Marcos ''père et fils'', Ferdinand Marcos, Ferdinand Sr. (1965–1986) and Bongbong Marcos, Ferdinand Jr. (2022–present); and Joseph Estrada (1998–2001), who also served as Mayor when San Juan was still a municipality.

Geography

San Juan is the least-extensive city in the Philippines with a total area of just .

San Juan is bounded by Quezon City on the north and east, Mandaluyong on the south, and the Manila, City of Manila in the west.

The territory of San Juan was once much larger than it is now, having been adjacent to Caloocan and Marikina prior to the creation of Quezon City. Parts of the present-day Districts Quezon City's 1st congressional district, 1, Quezon City's 3rd congressional district, 3, and Quezon City's 4th congressional district, 4 of Quezon City, as well as areas of Mandaluyong, were originally within the town's colonial-era borders. This also explains why San Juan Reservoir is in nearby Horseshoe Village, a subdivision now part of Quezon City.

Climate

Barangays

San Juan is politically subdivided and comprises into 21 barangays organized into two city council districts:

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Demographics

Religion

The city also has several notable places of worship. Pinaglabanan Church, Archdiocesan Shrine of Saint John the Baptist, more commonly known as "''Pinaglabanan'' Church", is where the city's patron saint, John the Baptist, is enshrined. The Santuario del Santo Cristo is the settlement's oldest existing church, while Mary the Queen Parish in West Greenhills serves the local Filipino-Chinese community.

From 1925 to 1971, the Iglesia ni Cristo once headquartered in the town at its former Central Office Complex, now known as the Locale of F. Manalo. It features Art-Deco designed ensembles, crafted by National Artist of the Philippines, National Artist for Architecture Juan Nakpil. The chapel is the centerpiece of the Complex, which also contains the old Central Office and Pastoral House that was the home of the church's first Executive Minister of the Iglesia ni Cristo, Executive Minister, Felix Manalo, along with other Ministers and Evangelical Workers. When Manalo died in 1963, a mausoleum was constructed on the grounds of the Complex by architect Carlos Santos-Viola. INC adherents in San Juan comprise 4.2% of the city population.

San Juan also has a number of Evangelical churches. Through the APOI (Association of Pastors for Outreach and Intercession), they have contributed to the spiritual atmosphere of the city. Every January, the city celebrates the National Bible Week, where the reading of the Scripture happens during the flag raising ceremony in the City Hall. Through the blessing of the mayor, a bible was planted in the heart of the new city hall during its construction. Major evangelical churches like Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide, Jesus is Lord and Victory (church), Victory Greenhills are also found in the city of San Juan.

San Juan is also home to two Islamic mosques, namely: Masjid Hamza Bin Ahmed in Balong-Bato and Greenhills Masjid at Greenhills (mixed-use development), Greenhills.

On the 2024 Calendar of saints, feast of St. John the Baptist, the local government declared him as patron saint of San Juan City.

Economy

San Juan is predominantly residential, mixed with commercial and manufacturing businesses.

The Greenhills (mixed-use development), Greenhills shopping district is the hub of trade and commerce in San Juan. The shopping complex housed shopping malls, the Virra Mall, Shoppesville, Greenhills Theatre Mall, Promenade Mall, the former Greenhills Bowling Alley, and Unimart.

As of 2022, San Juan had the labor force participation rate of 67%, the most in the Philippines.

Culture

Wattah Wattah Festival

Since 2003, San Juan celebrates the Nativity of John the Baptist, feast of its patron saint, St. John the Baptist every June 24 with its Wattah Wattah Festival, a festival with dancing, parades, and its traditional ''basaan'' or water dousing along the city streets. The festival and its activities are usually held along N. Domingo Street and Pinaglabanan Street as the procession of the image of St. John the Baptist goes down the streets.

San Juan City Ordinance No. 51 series of 2018 prohibits dirty water, ice, water in glass bottles, and water or ice in other materials that will incite pain or injury upon impact from being used in the festival. Physical violence, inciting of threats, and deliberately entering public transport vehicles to douse commuters is also not allowed.

However, in 2020 and 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, COVID-19 pandemic, the festival was reduced to a parade of the image of St. John the Baptist with social distancing and Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic, mask mandates in place. In 2022, due to a lower number of COVID-19 cases, the traditional ''basaan'' was included again in the Wattah! Wattah! Festival, accompanied by a street dancing competition, a free concert, and a fireworks display.

Sports

San Juan has a long history with sports, the Filoil EcoOil Centre has hosted numerous sporting events, including the Philippine Basketball Association, Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League, Premier Volleyball League, and the Filoil EcoOil Preseason Cup.

The city is also home to the San Juan Knights, which started in the now-defunct Metropolitan Basketball Association and now competes in the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League. The Knights have won three league championships in its entire franchise history.

Transportation

Modes of public transportation in San Juan include jeepneys and buses. Jeepney routes ply the Aurora Boulevard (R-6). The city is serviced by J. Ruiz station of the LRT Line 2 in the city proper and indirectly served by Santolan station (MRT), Santolan-Annapolis station of the MRT Line 3 (Metro Manila), MRT Line 3, at the city's eastern boundary with Quezon City.
The Circumferential Road 3, C-3 (Araneta Avenue) also passes through San Juan. Secondary routes include Nicolas Domingo (abbreviated N. Domingo), which heads towards Quezon City#Cubao, Cubao in Quezon City, and Pinaglabanan Street (which continues as Bonny Serrano Avenue, Santolan Road) leading towards Ortigas Avenue and eventually the southern reaches of Quezon City near Camp Crame, the headquarters of the Philippine National Police.

Education

The Schools Divisions Office (SDO) of San Juan oversees 9 public elementary schools, 2 public high schools, and a science high school within the city. The SDO also recognizes 24 Independent school, private schools in San Juan City, seven of which are preschools, four of which are elementary schools, and 13 of which are high schools.

Public higher education is offered by the state Polytechnic University of the Philippines, San Juan, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, which maintains its San Juan campus in Barangay Addition Hills. Private higher education is offered by the Dominican College in Barangay Tibagan, one of the oldest schools in the city, having been established in 1924.

The city also has two Cooking school, culinary schools, namely the Center for Asian Culinary Studies in Barangay Pasadena and the Instituto Culinario in Barangay Greenhills.

Notable personalities

*Alfred Vargas, actor and Legislative districts of Quezon City, Quezon City 5th district councilor
* Amanda Zamora, former ''Pinoy Big Brother: Connect'' housemate
*Bongbong Marcos, 17th President of the Philippines, former senator, former Ilocos Norte governor, and former representative of Ilocos Norte 2nd District
*Chris Tiu, TV host and basketball player
*Don Allado, basketball player and coach, San Juan councilor
*Edu Manzano, former Makati vice mayor, actor and former US Military officer
*Eraño Manalo, Iglesia ni Cristo Executive Minister (1963–2009)
*Ferdinand Marcos, 10th President of the Philippines, 3rd Prime Minister of the Philippines, 11th President of the Senate of the Philippines, former representative of Ilocos Norte 2nd District
*Francis Zamora, former San Juan Vice Mayor and incumbent San Juan Mayor (since 2019)
*Franklin Drilon, senator
*Gabby Concepcion, actor, singer, businessman
* Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, 14th President of the Philippines, 10th Vice President of the Philippines, 25th Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines (the first woman to hold the position), deputy speaker of the 17th Congress and a member of the House of Representatives representing the 2nd District of Pampanga.
*Grace Poe, senator and former Movie and Television Review and Classification Board, MTRCB chairperson
*Imee Marcos, senator, former Ilocos Norte 2nd District representative
*Irene Marcos, daughter of Ferdinand Marcos Sr. and Imelda Marcos
*Imelda Marcos, former First Ladies and Gentlemen of the Philippines, First Lady and former Governor of Metro Manila
*Jake Ejercito, actor
*James Yap, basketball player, San Juan councilor
*Janella Salvador, actress singer artist
*Jaymee Joaquin, former TV host
*Jinggoy Estrada, senator, former San Juan Mayor, and actor
*Joross Gamboa, actor
*Joseph Estrada, 13th President of the Philippines, 9th Vice President of the Philippines, 26th Mayor of Manila, 14th San Juan Mayor, actor
*JV Ejercito, senator, former San Juan Mayor
*Krissy and Ericka, Ericka Villongco, singer and actress
*Krissy and Ericka, Krissy Villongco, singer
*Luis Manzano, actor and TV host
*Max Soliven, journalist, newspaper publisher, founder of The Philippine Star
*Ophelia Dimalanta, poet, editor, author, and teacher
*Paul Artadi, basketball player and San Juan District 1 councilor
*Philip Cezar, PBA Player aka "Tapal King", San Juan vice mayor (1992–2001), and current basketball coach
*Ronaldo Zamora, former congressman of Legislative districts of San Juan, lone district of San Juan and Legislative district of San Juan–Mandaluyong, San Juan–Mandaluyong
*Teofisto Guingona Jr., 11th Vice President of the Philippines
*Yasmien Kurdi, actress
*Diego Loyzaga, actor
*Bayani Fernando, ex politician
*E.R. Ejercito, actor
*Janella Salvador, actress, singer

Sister cities

Local

*Davao City
*Iloilo City

International

* Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada
* San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States
* Maui, Hawaii, United States
* Santa Barbara, California, United States

Gallery

City of San Juan Government Center - side view (Pinaglabanan, San Juan; 12-09-2019).jpg, The San Juan Government Center along Pinaglabanan Street corner Doctor P. A. Narciso Street in Barangay Corazon de Jesus
San Juan, Metro Manila (2344411253).jpg, Santuario del Santo Cristo
02076jfSan Juan Del Monte Presidencia Hospital Barangays Progeso Rivera San Juan Cityfvf 04.jpg, The old municipal hall of San Juan, with the San Juan Medical Center in the background.
Vmalljf.JPG, Virra Mall, one of many shopping areas in the Greenhills mixed-use development.
Greenhills Shopping Center (35106417321).jpg, The Flea market, ''tiangge'' area of the Greenhills Shopping Center in Barangay Greenhills.
01793jfMuseo Katipunan Pinaglabanan Shrine Barangays City of San Juanfvf 01.jpg, The Museo ng Katipunan located at Pinaglabanan Shrine.
02052jfErmitaño Linear Park Creek N. Domingo Street San Juan Metro Manilafvf 24.jpg, Commercial establishments along the city's main road, Nicolas Domingo Street.
Xavier School Greenhills - panoramio.jpg, A panoramic view of San Juan from Xavier School Greenhills.
San Juan-Mandaluyong boundary, close-up (Kalentong, Mandaluyong; 05-31-2019).jpg, San Juan City Welcome Arch on General Kalentong Street.

References

External links

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*[ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
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{{Authority control

San Juan, Metro Manila,
Cities in Metro Manila
1623 establishments in the Philippines
Highly urbanized cities in the Philippines
Populated places established in 1623