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Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes (regional unit), Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the South Aegean Administrative regions of Greece, administrative region. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Rhodes (city), Rhodes. The city of Rhodes had 50,636 inhabitants in 2011. In 2022 the island has population of 124,851 people. It is located northeast of Crete, southeast of Athens. Rhodes has several nicknames, such as "Island of the Sun" due to its patron sun god Helios, "The Pearl Island", and "The Island of the Knights", named after the Knights Hospitaller, Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem, who ruled the island from 1310 to 1522.
Historically, Rhodes was famous for the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Fortifications of Rhodes, The Medieval Old Town of the City of Rhodes has been declared a World Heritage Site. Today, it is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.
The island of Rhodes is shaped like a spearhead, long and wide, with a total area of approximately and a coastline of approximately . Limestone is the main bedrock. The Rhodes, Greece, city of Rhodes is located at the northern tip of the island, as well as the site of the ancient and modern commercial harbours. The main airport is the Diagoras Airport, Diagoras International Airport (IATA code: RHO), located to the southwest of the city in Paradisi, Greece, Paradisi. The road network radiates from the city along the east and west coasts.
Outside the city of Rhodes, the island is dotted with small villages of whitewashed homes and spa resorts, among them Faliraki, Lindos, Kremasti, Haraki, Pefkos, Archangelos, Rhodes, Archangelos, Afantou, Koskinou, Embona (Attavyros), Paradisi, Greece, Paradisi, and Trianta (Ialysos).
Rhodes is situated east-southeast from the Greek mainland, and from the southern shore of Turkey. Mount Attavyros, at , is the island's highest point of elevation.
In the 15th century BCE, Mycenaean Greece, Mycenaean Greeks invaded. After the Bronze Age collapse, the first renewed outside contacts were with Ancient history of Cyprus, Cyprus.
In the ''Digest (Roman law), Digesta seu Pandectae'' (533), the second volume of the Corpus Juris Civilis, codification of laws ordered by Justinian I (527–565) of the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire, a legal opinion written by the Roman law, Roman jurist Julius Paulus Prudentissimus, Paulus at the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century in 235 AD was included about the ''List of Roman laws, Lex Rhodia'' ("Rhodian law") that articulates the General average, general average principle of marine insurance established on the island of Rhodes in approximately 1000 to 800 BC as a member of the Doric Hexapolis, plausibly by the Phoenicians during the proposed Dorian invasion and emergence of the purported Sea Peoples during the Greek Dark Ages (c. 1100–c. 750) that led to the proliferation of the Doric Greek Ancient Greek dialects, dialect. The law of general average constitutes the fundamental principle that underlies all insurance.
Homer mentions that Rhodes participated in the Trojan War under the leadership of Tlepolemus.
In the 8th century BC, the island's settlements started to form, with the coming of the Dorians, who built the three important cities of Lindos, Ialyssos and Kameiros, which together with Kos, Knidos, Cnidus and Halicarnassus (on the mainland) made up the so-called Doric hexapolis, Dorian Hexapolis (Greek for six cities).
In Pindar's ode, the island was said to be born of the union of Helios the sun god and the nymph Rhodos, and the cities were named for their three sons. The ''rhoda'' is a pink hibiscus, native to the island. Diodorus Siculus added that Actis (mythology), Actis, one of the sons of Helios and Rhode, travelled to Egypt. He built the city of Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt), Heliopolis and taught the Egyptians astrology.
In the second half of the 8th century BC, the sanctuary of Athena received votive gifts that are markers for cultural contacts: small ivories from the Near East and bronze objects from Syria. At Kameiros on the northwest coast, a former Bronze Age site, where the temple was founded in the 8th century BC, there is another notable contemporaneous sequence of carved ivory figurines. The cemeteries of Kameiros and Ialyssos yielded several exquisite exemplars of the Orientalizing Rhodian jewelry, dated in the 7th and early 6th centuries BC.
The Achaemenid Empire, Persians invaded and overran the island, but they were in turn defeated by forces from Classical Athens, Athens in 478 BC. The Rhodian cities joined the Delian League, Athenian League. When the Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 BC, Rhodes remained largely neutral, although it remained a member of the League. The war lasted until 404 BC, but by this time Rhodes had withdrawn entirely from the conflict and decided to go her own way.
In 408 BC, the cities Synoecism, united to form one territory. They built the city of Rhodes, a new capital on the northern end of the island. Its regular plan was, according to Strabo, superintended by the Athenian architect Hippodamus.
In 357 BC, the island was conquered by the king Mausolus of Caria; then it fell again to the Persians in 340 BC. Their rule was also short.
Following the death of Alexander, his generals (Diadochi) vied for control of the kingdom. Three — Ptolemy I Soter, Ptolemy, Seleucus I Nicator, Seleucus, and Antigonus I Monophthalmus, Antigonus — succeeded in dividing the kingdom among themselves. Rhodes formed strong commercial and cultural ties with the Ptolemies in Alexandria, and together formed the Rhodo-Egyptian alliance that controlled trade throughout the Aegean in the 3rd century BC.
The city developed into a maritime, commercial and cultural center; its coins circulated nearly everywhere in the Mediterranean. Its famous schools of philosophy, science, literature and rhetoric shared masters with Alexandria: the Athenian rhetorician Aeschines, who formed a school at Rhodes; Apollonius of Rhodes, who wrote about Jason and Medea in the ''Argonautica''; the observations and works of the astronomers Hipparchus and Geminus; and the rhetorician Dionysius Thrax. Its school of sculptors developed, under Pergamon, Pergamese influence, a rich, dramatic style that can be characterized as "Hellenistic civilization, Hellenistic Baroque". Agesander of Rhodes, with two other Rhodian sculptors, carved the famous ''Laocoön and His Sons, Laocoön group'', now in the Vatican Museums, and the Sperlonga sculptures, large sculptures rediscovered at Sperlonga in the villa of Tiberius, probably in the early Roman Empire, Imperial period.
In 305 BC, Antigonus directed his son, Demetrius I of Macedon, Demetrius, to Siege of Rhodes (305 BC), besiege Rhodes in an attempt to break its alliance with Egypt. Demetrius created huge siege engines, including a battering ram and a siege tower called Helepolis that weighed . Despite this engagement, in 304 BC after only one year, he relented and signed a peace agreement, leaving behind a huge store of military equipment. The Rhodians sold the equipment and used the money to erect a statue of their sun god, Helios, the statue since called the Colossus of Rhodes. The Rhodians celebrated in honour of Helios a grand festival, the Halieia.
Throughout the 3rd century BC, Rhodes attempted to secure her independence and her commerce, most especially her virtual control over the grain trade in the eastern Mediterranean. Both of these goals were dependent upon no one of the three great Hellenistic states achieving dominance, and consequently the Rhodians pursued a policy of maintaining a balance of power among the Antigonids, Seleucids and Ptolemies, even if that meant going to war with her traditional ally, Egypt. To this end they employed as leverage their economy and their excellent navy, which was manned by proverbially the finest sailors in the Mediterranean world: "If we have ten Rhodians, we have ten ships."
The Rhodians also established their dominance on the shores of Caria across from their island, which became known as the "Rhodian Peraia". It extended roughly from the modern city of Muğla (ancient ''Mobolla'') in the north and Kaunos bordering Lycia in the south, near the present-day Dalyan, Turkey.
Rhodes successfully carried on this policy through the course of the third century BC, an impressive achievement for what was essentially a democratic state. By the end of that period, however, the balance of power was crumbling, as declining Ptolemaic power made Egypt an attractive target for Seleucid ambitions. In 203/2 BC the young and dynamic kings of Antigonid Macedon and Seleucid Asia, Philip V of Macedon, Philip V and Antiochus III, agreed to accept—at least temporarily—their respective military ambitions: Philip's Cretan War (205–200 BC)#War against Pergamum and Rhodes, campaign in the Aegean and Cretan War (205–200 BC)#Asia Minor campaign, western Anatolia and Antiochus' plan for Egypt. Heading a coalition of small states, the Rhodians Battle of Chios (201 BC), checked Philip's navy, but not his superior army. Without a third power to which to turn, the Rhodians (along with ambassadors from Pergamum, Egypt, and Athens) appealed in 201 BC to the Roman Republic.
Despite being exhausted by the Second Punic War against Hannibal (218–201 BC) the Romans agreed to intervene, still angry over the Macedonian alliance with Carthage that had led to the First Macedonian War from 214–205 BC. The Senate saw the appeal from Rhodes and her allies as the opportunity to pressure Philip. The result was the Second Macedonian War (200–196 BC), which Rome won and greatly reduced Macedon's power, prestige, and territory. Rhodian independence was preserved. Rhodian influence in the Aegean was cemented through the organization of the Cyclades into the Second Nesiotic League under Rhodian leadership.
The Romans withdrew from Greece after the end of the conflict, but the resulting power vacuum quickly drew in Antiochus III and subsequently the Romans. The Roman–Seleucid War lasted from 192–188 BC with Rome, Rhodes, Pergamon, and other Roman-allied Greek states defeated the Seleucids and their allies, the last Mediterranean power that might even vaguely threaten Roman dominance. Having provided Rome with valuable naval help in her first foray into Asia, the Rhodians were rewarded with territory and enhanced status by the Treaty of Apamea (188 BC). The Romans once again evacuated the east – the Senate preferred clients to provinces – but it was clear that Rome now ruled the Mediterranean and Rhodian autonomy was ultimately dependent upon good relations with them.
Those good graces soon evaporated in the wake of the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC). In 169 BC, during the war against Perseus of Macedon, Perseus, Rhodes sent Agepolis as ambassador to the consul Quintus Marcius Philippus (consul 186 BC), Quintus Marcius Philippus, and then to Rome in the following year, hoping to turn the Senate against the war.
Rhodes remained scrupulously neutral during the war, but in the view of hostile elements in the Senate she had been a bit too friendly with the defeated King Perseus. Some actually proposed declaring war on the island republic, but this was averted. In 164 BC, Rhodes became a "permanent ally" of Rome, which was essentially a reduction to client state of nominal but meaningless independence. It was said that the Romans ultimately turned against the Rhodians because the islanders were the only people they had encountered who were more arrogant than themselves.
After surrendering its independence, Rhodes became a cultural and educational center for Roman noble families. It was especially noted for its teachers of rhetoric, such as Hermagoras of Temnos, Hermagoras and the unknown author of ''Rhetorica ad Herennium''. At first, the state was an important ally of Rome and enjoyed numerous privileges, but these were later lost in various machinations of Roman politics. Gaius Cassius Longinus, Cassius eventually invaded the island and sacked the city. In the early Imperial period Rhodes became a favorite place for political exiles.
In the 1st century AD, the Emperor Tiberius spent a brief term of exile on Rhodes. By tradition, Paul the Apostle evangelized and helped establish an Early Christianity, early Christian church on the island during the first century.
In ancient times there was a Roman saying: "Wiktionary:hic Rhodus, hic salta, Hic Rhodus, hic salta!"—"Here is Rhodes, jump here!" (as translated from Ancient Greek "Αὐτοῦ γὰρ καὶ Ῥόδος καὶ πήδημα"), an admonition to prove one's idle boasts by deed, rather than boastful talk. It comes from an Aesop's fable called "The Boastful Athlete" and was cited by Hegel, Marx, and Kierkegaard.
As Byzantine central power weakened under the Angeloi emperors (1185–1204), in the first half of the 13th century, Rhodes became the centre of an independent domain under Leo Gabalas and his brother John Gabalas, John, until it was Genoese occupation of Rhodes, occupied by the Republic of Genoa, Genoese in 1248–1250. The Genoese were evicted by the Empire of Nicaea, after which the island became a regular province of the Nicaean state (and after 1261 of the restored Byzantine Empire). In 1305, the island was given as a fief to Andrea Morisco, a Genoese adventurer who had entered Byzantine service.
In 1306–1310, the Byzantine era of the island's history came to an end when Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes, the island was occupied by the Knights Hospitaller. Under the rule of the newly named "Knights of Rhodes", the city was rebuilt into a model of the European medieval ideal. Many of the city's famous monuments, including the Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, Palace of the Grand Master, were built during this period.
The strong walls which the knights had built withstood the attacks of the Sultan of Egypt in 1444, and a Siege of Rhodes (1480), siege by the Ottomans under Mehmed II in 1480. Eventually, however, Rhodes Siege of Rhodes (1522), fell to the large army of Suleiman the Magnificent in December 1522. The Sultan deployed 400 ships delivering 100,000 men to the island (200,000 in other sources). Against this force the Knights, under Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, had about 7,000 men-at-arms and their fortifications. The siege lasted six months, at the end of which the surviving defeated Hospitallers were allowed to withdraw to the Kingdom of Sicily. Despite the defeat, both Christians and Muslims seem to have regarded the conduct of Villiers de L'Isle-Adam as extremely valiant, and the Grand Master was proclaimed a Defender of the Faith by Pope Adrian VI (see Knights Hospitaller#Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes, Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes). The knights would later move their base of operations to History of Malta under the Order of Saint John, Malta.
Rhodes was thereafter a possession of the Ottoman Empire (see Sanjak of Rhodes) for nearly four centuries.
In the 19th century the island was populated by ethnic groups from the surrounding nations, including Jews, whose presence goes back 2,300 years. Under Ottoman rule, they generally did fairly well, but discrimination and bigotry occasionally arose. In February 1840, the Jews of Rhodes were falsely accused by the Greek Orthodox community of ritually murdering a Christian boy. This became known as the Rhodes blood libel.
Austria opened a post-office at ''RHODUS'' (Venetian name) before 1864, as witnessed by stamps with Franz Joseph I of Austria, Franz Joseph's head.
On 8 May 1945, the Germans under Otto Wagener surrendered Rhodes as well as the Dodecanese as a whole to the British, who soon after then occupied the islands as a military protectorate.
At the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947#Italy, Paris Peace Treaties, Rhodes, together with the other islands of the Dodecanese, was united with Greece in February 1947. 6,000 Italian colonists were forced to abandon the island and returned to Italy.
The Colossus of Rhodes was considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. This giant bronze statue was documented as once standing at the harbour. It was completed in 280 BC and destroyed in an 226 BC Rhodes earthquake, earthquake in 224 BC. No trace of the statue remains today.
Historical sites on the island of Rhodes include the Lindos, Acropolis of Lindos, the Acropolis of Rhodes with the Temple of Pythian Apollo and an ancient theatre and stadium, ancient Ialysos, ancient Kamiros, the Governor's Palace on Rhodes, Governor's Palace, Fortifications of Rhodes, Rhodes Old Town (walled medieval city), the Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, Palace of the Grand Masters, Kahal Shalom Synagogue in the La Juderia, Jewish Quarter, the Archaeological Museum of Rhodes, Archaeological Museum, the ruins of the Monolithos, Greece, castle of Monolithos, the Kritinia, castle of Kritinia, St. Catherine Hospice and Rhodes Footbridge.
The present municipality Rhodes was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 10 former municipalities, that became municipal units (constituent communities in parentheses):
*Afantou (Afantou, Archipoli)
*Archangelos, Rhodes, Archangelos (Archangelos, Malonas, Masari)
*Attavyros (municipality), Attavyros (Embonas, Kritinia, Monolithos, Siana, Agios Isidoros)
*Ialysos
*Kallithea, Rhodes, Kallithea (Kalythies, Koskinou, Psinthos)
*Kameiros (municipality), Kameiros (Soroni, Apollona, Dimylia, Kalavarda, Platania, Salakos, Fanes)
*Lindos (Lindos, Kalathos, Laerma, Lardos, Pylona)
*Petaloudes (Kremasti, Pastida, Maritsa, Paradeisi, Theologos, Damatria)
*Rhodes (city), Rhodes
*South Rhodes (Gennadi, Apolakkia, Arnitha, Asklipieio, Vati, Istrios, Kattavia, Lachania, Mesanagros, Profilia)
The municipality has an area of 1400.681 km2. It covers the island of Rhodes and a few uninhabited offshore islets. Rhodes city was the capital of the former Dodecanese Prefecture. Rhodes is the most populated island of the South Aegean Region.
The economy is tourist-oriented, and the most developed sector is service. Tourism has elevated Rhodes economically, compared to the rest of Greece.
Small industries process imported raw materials for local retail, though other industry includes agricultural goods production, stockbreeding, fishery and winery.
Rhodes has two airports, but only one is public. Diagoras Airport, southwest of Rhodes City, is the fourth biggest by passenger volume in Greece, and the main entrance/exit point to the island for both locals and tourists. The island is well connected with other major Greek cities and islands as well as with major European capitals and cities via charter flights. Until 1977, Rhodes Maritsa Airport, built in 1938, was a public airport; it is now used by the Hellenic Air Force and occasionally for car races.
There are also two inoperative airfields. Kalathos Airfield, north of Lindos, and Kattavia Airstrip, to the south of the island, were built by the Italians during the Second World War. Neither remain operational.
Two pilot schools offer aviation services (small plane rental and island hopping).
Rhodes has five ports, three of them in Rhodes City, one in the west coast near Kamiros and one in east coast near Lardos.
*Central Port: located in the city of Rhodes serves exclusively international traffic consisting of scheduled services to/from Turkey, cruise ships and yachts. Since Summer 2012, the port is also a homeport for Costa Cruises during the summer period.
*Kolona Port: opposite and north of the central port, serves intra-Dodecanese traffic and all sizes yachts.
*Akandia Port: the new port of the island, south and next to the central port, being built since the 1960s, for domestic, cargo and general purpose traffic. Since 2017 summer a passenger terminal is finally in use hosting a cafe and waiting lounges.
*Mandraki Port: the oldest port of the island, in the center of Rhodes city. Many cruise boats begin their daily trips to Symi island or to the southern east coast until Lindos.
*Kamiros Skala Dock: south west of the city near Ancient Kamiros ruins serves mainly the island of Halki (Greece), Halki
*Lardos Dock: formerly servicing local industries, now under development as an alternative port for times when the central port is inaccessible due to weather conditions. It is situated in a rocky shore near the village of Lardos in south east Rhodes.
*Football: AS Rodos and Diagoras F.C. are the island's biggest teams and rivals. The latter competed in the 2018–19 season at the national level third tier (Gamma Ethniki) along with GAS Ialysos 1948 F.C., GAS Ialysos and both achieved promotion to (Greek Football League). AS Rodos competed in 1st tier of the local league and ranking 1st achieved promotion and is returning after one year to (Gamma Ethniki) which from 2019–20 season becomes tier 4. Local football leagues (organized at the prefecture-level) contain three divisions with more than 50 teams. Many stadiums are grass-covered.
*Basketball: Kolossos Rodou BC, Colossus BC sponsors professional basketball and after more than a decade of presence in the top-level Greek Basket League was relegated to Greek A2 Basket League. The local league includes a single division with two groups, one for Rhodes and the other for the other islands, with 7 and 5 teams respectively. Three indoor courts exist in Rhodes City, and one each in Ialysos, Kremasti, and Faliraki. Archangelos, Rhodes, Archangelos town will also get an indoor court according to Rhodes municipality planned works and regional government's approved funds.
*Volleyball: Rodion Athlisis managed to escape local obscurity and until 2018–19 season competed at the national level second-tier failing to achieve promotion to the first level in playoffs for three consecutive seasons. This unlucky streak caused team sponsors to withdraw from the men's team and focus solely on developing youth academies.
*Water polo: mostly amateur-based. There is not any single public indoor pool on the island.
*Rugby: introduced in 2007. Teams compete at the national level.
*Tennis: Rhodes Tennis Club (Ροδιακός Όμιλος Αντισφαίρισης) promotes officially tennis since 1949. Club operates on two separate locations, one downtown next to the casino and one next to Kallipateira National Athletic Centre.
*Sailing: Island has competed at the international level
*Cycling: For a long period of time Rhodes had the only velodrome in Greece. For the moment, the island is the seat of the Dodecanissos Local Cycling Committee. Most notable cycling clubs are Rodilios CC, Diagoras GC, Elafos CC, Iviskos CC, all based in the city of Rhodes, plus Antaios SC of Kremasti and Athlos SC of Paradeisi. In Rhodes, the International Tour of Rhodes, part of UCI Europe Tour Cycling Calendar, is annually organized.
*Rhodes competed in the bi-annual International Island Games Association, Island Games, which it hosted in 2007.International Island Games Association website
. Retrieved 27 June 2018. Since 2019 is suspended from competition.
Rhodian tradition in cuisine is rich. Koriantolino and Souma (Greek cuisine), Souma (colorless alcoholic beverage produced from grape distillation) are the main alcoholic drinks of Rhodes. Local foods include:
*Escharitis, type of bread
*Pitaroudia
*Milla and Tsiriggia, meat fat
*Pougia pie
*Lakani, goat meat with chickpeas
*Lópia (beans) with goat
*Matsi, hand made pasta used to make Koulouría, a traditional recipe
*Synoro, traditional cheese
*Tahinopita
*Zvigoi, type of loukoumades
*Melekouni
*Fanouropita
*Takakia (Mantinades)
*Katimeria (tiganites, pancakes)
*Amygdalota, white almond cookies
*Moschopougia
*Agesander of Rhodes, Agesander (1st century BC), sculptor
*Apollonius Molon (fl. 70s BC), Greek rhetorician had a celebrated school on the island; his students included Marcus Tullius Cicero
*Apollonius of Rhodes, Apollonius (3rd century BC), epic poet
*Chares of Lindos (3rd century BC), sculptor
*Cleobulus of Lindos (6th century BC), philosopher and one of the Seven Sages of Ancient Greece
*Diagoras of Rhodes, Diagoras (5th century BC), boxer, multiple Olympic winner
*Dinocrates (4th century BC), architect and technical adviser for Alexander the Great
*Hecato of Rhodes, Hecato (c. 100 BC), Stoic philosopher
*Hieronymus of Rhodes, Hieronymus, (c.290-c.230 BC), Peripatetic philosopher
*Hipparchus, (2nd century BC), astronomer, mathematician, geographer, founder of trigonometry
*Joannicius II of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
*Leonidas of Rhodes, Leonidas (2nd century BC), athlete
*Memnon of Rhodes, Memnon (380–333 BC), commander of mercenary army
*Mentor of Rhodes, Mentor (385–340 BC), mercenary soldier, brother of Memnon
*Panaetius (c. 185 – c. 110/109 BC), Stoic philosopher
*Timocreon (5th century BC), poet
*Braith Anasta, rugby league player and NRL premiership winner (ancestral ties to the island through his father, Petros ("Peter") Anastasakis)
*Lawrence Durrell, writer and poet, author of The Alexandria Quartet, resided on Rhodes 1945–1947. In 1953 his travel book about Rhodes – Reflections on a Marine Venus – was published.
*Stergos Felegakis, professional football player
*Reşit Galip, Turkish politician, one of the first ministers of education of the Republic of Turkey
*Nick Galis, basketball player, FIBA Hall of Fame and Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame member (his father was born in a small village called Agios Isidoros, Rhodes, Agios Isidoros)
*Ferruccio Lamborghini (1916–1993), Italian automobile designer, was stationed on the island as an air-force mechanic in WW2
*George Marshall (gunner), George Marshall (1781-1855) author and Master Gunner, United States Navy
*Murat Reis the Elder, Murat Reiz Plaku Albanian Navy Commander
*:el:Παναγιώτης Ρόδιος, Panagiotis Rodios, revolutionary and Hellenic Army officer
*Niki Xanthou, long jumper
*:el:Ιωάννης Ζίγδης, Ioannis Zigdis (1913–1997), politician and economist
Official website
{{Authority control Rhodes, Dodecanese Dorian colonies Greek city-states Hellenic Navy bases Islands of the South Aegean Landforms of Rhodes (regional unit) Mediterranean islands Mediterranean port cities and towns in Greece Municipalities of the South Aegean Phoenician colonies in Greece Populated places in Rhodes
Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes (regional unit), Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the South Aegean Administrative regions of Greece, administrative region. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Rhodes (city), Rhodes. The city of Rhodes had 50,636 inhabitants in 2011. In 2022 the island has population of 124,851 people. It is located northeast of Crete, southeast of Athens. Rhodes has several nicknames, such as "Island of the Sun" due to its patron sun god Helios, "The Pearl Island", and "The Island of the Knights", named after the Knights Hospitaller, Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem, who ruled the island from 1310 to 1522.
Historically, Rhodes was famous for the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Fortifications of Rhodes, The Medieval Old Town of the City of Rhodes has been declared a World Heritage Site. Today, it is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.
Name
The island has been known as (Ródos) in Greek throughout its history. It was also called Lindos ( grc, Λίνδος). In addition, the island has been called in Italian language, Italian, in Turkish language, Turkish, and or in Ladino language, Ladino. Other ancient names were Ρόδη (Rodē), Τελχινίς (Telchinis) and Ηλιάς (Helias). ''The Travels of Sir John Mandeville'' incorrectly reports that Rhodes was formerly called "Collosus", through a conflation of the Colossus of Rhodes and Paul the Apostle, Paul's ''Epistle to the Colossians'', which refers to Colossae. The island's name might be derived from ''erod'', Phoenician language, Phoenician for snake, since the island was home to many snakes in antiquity.Geography
The island of Rhodes is shaped like a spearhead, long and wide, with a total area of approximately and a coastline of approximately . Limestone is the main bedrock. The Rhodes, Greece, city of Rhodes is located at the northern tip of the island, as well as the site of the ancient and modern commercial harbours. The main airport is the Diagoras Airport, Diagoras International Airport (IATA code: RHO), located to the southwest of the city in Paradisi, Greece, Paradisi. The road network radiates from the city along the east and west coasts.
Outside the city of Rhodes, the island is dotted with small villages of whitewashed homes and spa resorts, among them Faliraki, Lindos, Kremasti, Haraki, Pefkos, Archangelos, Rhodes, Archangelos, Afantou, Koskinou, Embona (Attavyros), Paradisi, Greece, Paradisi, and Trianta (Ialysos).
Rhodes is situated east-southeast from the Greek mainland, and from the southern shore of Turkey. Mount Attavyros, at , is the island's highest point of elevation.
Flora
The interior of the island is mountainous, sparsely inhabited and covered with forests of pine (''Pinus brutia'') and Cupressus sempervirens, cypress (''Cupressus sempervirens''). While the shores are rocky, the island has arable strips of land where citrus fruit, wine grapes, vegetables, olives and other crops are grown. Many flowering plants for which the island is named are abundant.Fauna
The Rhodian population of fallow deer was found to be genetically distinct in 2005, and to be of urgent conservation concern. In Petaloudes Valley (Greek for "Valley of the Butterflies"), large numbers of Euplagia quadripunctaria, tiger moths gather during the summer months.Earthquakes
Earthquakes include the 226 BC Rhodes earthquake, 226 BC earthquake that destroyed the Colossus of Rhodes; 1481 Rhodes earthquake, one on 3 May 1481 which destroyed much of the city of Rhodes; and one on 26 June 1926. On 15 July 2008, Rhodes was struck by a 2008 Dodecanese earthquake, 6.3 magnitude earthquake causing minor damage to a few old buildings and one death.Climate
Rhodes has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (''Csa'' in the Köppen climate classification) with mild winters and hot summers. The South East of the island experiences a significantly warmer climate with Lindos registering for the period 2010-2019 a mean annual temperature of , making it the warmest area in Greece. Moreover, according to the Hellenic National Meteorological Service, South East Rhodes records the highest mean annual sunshine in Greece with over 3,100 hours.History
Prehistory
The island was inhabited in the Neolithic period although little remains of this culture.Minoan Era
In the 16th century BC, the Minoan civilization, Minoans came to Rhodes. Later Greek mythology recalled a Rhodian race called the Telchines and associated the island of Rhodes with Danaus; it was sometimes nicknamed ''Telchinis''.Mycenaean Era
In the 15th century BCE, Mycenaean Greece, Mycenaean Greeks invaded. After the Bronze Age collapse, the first renewed outside contacts were with Ancient history of Cyprus, Cyprus.
In the ''Digest (Roman law), Digesta seu Pandectae'' (533), the second volume of the Corpus Juris Civilis, codification of laws ordered by Justinian I (527–565) of the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire, a legal opinion written by the Roman law, Roman jurist Julius Paulus Prudentissimus, Paulus at the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century in 235 AD was included about the ''List of Roman laws, Lex Rhodia'' ("Rhodian law") that articulates the General average, general average principle of marine insurance established on the island of Rhodes in approximately 1000 to 800 BC as a member of the Doric Hexapolis, plausibly by the Phoenicians during the proposed Dorian invasion and emergence of the purported Sea Peoples during the Greek Dark Ages (c. 1100–c. 750) that led to the proliferation of the Doric Greek Ancient Greek dialects, dialect. The law of general average constitutes the fundamental principle that underlies all insurance.
Homer mentions that Rhodes participated in the Trojan War under the leadership of Tlepolemus.
Archaic Era
In the 8th century BC, the island's settlements started to form, with the coming of the Dorians, who built the three important cities of Lindos, Ialyssos and Kameiros, which together with Kos, Knidos, Cnidus and Halicarnassus (on the mainland) made up the so-called Doric hexapolis, Dorian Hexapolis (Greek for six cities).
In Pindar's ode, the island was said to be born of the union of Helios the sun god and the nymph Rhodos, and the cities were named for their three sons. The ''rhoda'' is a pink hibiscus, native to the island. Diodorus Siculus added that Actis (mythology), Actis, one of the sons of Helios and Rhode, travelled to Egypt. He built the city of Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt), Heliopolis and taught the Egyptians astrology.
In the second half of the 8th century BC, the sanctuary of Athena received votive gifts that are markers for cultural contacts: small ivories from the Near East and bronze objects from Syria. At Kameiros on the northwest coast, a former Bronze Age site, where the temple was founded in the 8th century BC, there is another notable contemporaneous sequence of carved ivory figurines. The cemeteries of Kameiros and Ialyssos yielded several exquisite exemplars of the Orientalizing Rhodian jewelry, dated in the 7th and early 6th centuries BC.
Classical Era
The Achaemenid Empire, Persians invaded and overran the island, but they were in turn defeated by forces from Classical Athens, Athens in 478 BC. The Rhodian cities joined the Delian League, Athenian League. When the Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 BC, Rhodes remained largely neutral, although it remained a member of the League. The war lasted until 404 BC, but by this time Rhodes had withdrawn entirely from the conflict and decided to go her own way.
In 408 BC, the cities Synoecism, united to form one territory. They built the city of Rhodes, a new capital on the northern end of the island. Its regular plan was, according to Strabo, superintended by the Athenian architect Hippodamus.
In 357 BC, the island was conquered by the king Mausolus of Caria; then it fell again to the Persians in 340 BC. Their rule was also short.
Hellenistic and Roman periods
Rhodes then became a part of the growing empire of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after he defeated the Persians.
Following the death of Alexander, his generals (Diadochi) vied for control of the kingdom. Three — Ptolemy I Soter, Ptolemy, Seleucus I Nicator, Seleucus, and Antigonus I Monophthalmus, Antigonus — succeeded in dividing the kingdom among themselves. Rhodes formed strong commercial and cultural ties with the Ptolemies in Alexandria, and together formed the Rhodo-Egyptian alliance that controlled trade throughout the Aegean in the 3rd century BC.
The city developed into a maritime, commercial and cultural center; its coins circulated nearly everywhere in the Mediterranean. Its famous schools of philosophy, science, literature and rhetoric shared masters with Alexandria: the Athenian rhetorician Aeschines, who formed a school at Rhodes; Apollonius of Rhodes, who wrote about Jason and Medea in the ''Argonautica''; the observations and works of the astronomers Hipparchus and Geminus; and the rhetorician Dionysius Thrax. Its school of sculptors developed, under Pergamon, Pergamese influence, a rich, dramatic style that can be characterized as "Hellenistic civilization, Hellenistic Baroque". Agesander of Rhodes, with two other Rhodian sculptors, carved the famous ''Laocoön and His Sons, Laocoön group'', now in the Vatican Museums, and the Sperlonga sculptures, large sculptures rediscovered at Sperlonga in the villa of Tiberius, probably in the early Roman Empire, Imperial period.
In 305 BC, Antigonus directed his son, Demetrius I of Macedon, Demetrius, to Siege of Rhodes (305 BC), besiege Rhodes in an attempt to break its alliance with Egypt. Demetrius created huge siege engines, including a battering ram and a siege tower called Helepolis that weighed . Despite this engagement, in 304 BC after only one year, he relented and signed a peace agreement, leaving behind a huge store of military equipment. The Rhodians sold the equipment and used the money to erect a statue of their sun god, Helios, the statue since called the Colossus of Rhodes. The Rhodians celebrated in honour of Helios a grand festival, the Halieia.
Throughout the 3rd century BC, Rhodes attempted to secure her independence and her commerce, most especially her virtual control over the grain trade in the eastern Mediterranean. Both of these goals were dependent upon no one of the three great Hellenistic states achieving dominance, and consequently the Rhodians pursued a policy of maintaining a balance of power among the Antigonids, Seleucids and Ptolemies, even if that meant going to war with her traditional ally, Egypt. To this end they employed as leverage their economy and their excellent navy, which was manned by proverbially the finest sailors in the Mediterranean world: "If we have ten Rhodians, we have ten ships."
The Rhodians also established their dominance on the shores of Caria across from their island, which became known as the "Rhodian Peraia". It extended roughly from the modern city of Muğla (ancient ''Mobolla'') in the north and Kaunos bordering Lycia in the south, near the present-day Dalyan, Turkey.
Rhodes successfully carried on this policy through the course of the third century BC, an impressive achievement for what was essentially a democratic state. By the end of that period, however, the balance of power was crumbling, as declining Ptolemaic power made Egypt an attractive target for Seleucid ambitions. In 203/2 BC the young and dynamic kings of Antigonid Macedon and Seleucid Asia, Philip V of Macedon, Philip V and Antiochus III, agreed to accept—at least temporarily—their respective military ambitions: Philip's Cretan War (205–200 BC)#War against Pergamum and Rhodes, campaign in the Aegean and Cretan War (205–200 BC)#Asia Minor campaign, western Anatolia and Antiochus' plan for Egypt. Heading a coalition of small states, the Rhodians Battle of Chios (201 BC), checked Philip's navy, but not his superior army. Without a third power to which to turn, the Rhodians (along with ambassadors from Pergamum, Egypt, and Athens) appealed in 201 BC to the Roman Republic.
Despite being exhausted by the Second Punic War against Hannibal (218–201 BC) the Romans agreed to intervene, still angry over the Macedonian alliance with Carthage that had led to the First Macedonian War from 214–205 BC. The Senate saw the appeal from Rhodes and her allies as the opportunity to pressure Philip. The result was the Second Macedonian War (200–196 BC), which Rome won and greatly reduced Macedon's power, prestige, and territory. Rhodian independence was preserved. Rhodian influence in the Aegean was cemented through the organization of the Cyclades into the Second Nesiotic League under Rhodian leadership.
The Romans withdrew from Greece after the end of the conflict, but the resulting power vacuum quickly drew in Antiochus III and subsequently the Romans. The Roman–Seleucid War lasted from 192–188 BC with Rome, Rhodes, Pergamon, and other Roman-allied Greek states defeated the Seleucids and their allies, the last Mediterranean power that might even vaguely threaten Roman dominance. Having provided Rome with valuable naval help in her first foray into Asia, the Rhodians were rewarded with territory and enhanced status by the Treaty of Apamea (188 BC). The Romans once again evacuated the east – the Senate preferred clients to provinces – but it was clear that Rome now ruled the Mediterranean and Rhodian autonomy was ultimately dependent upon good relations with them.
Those good graces soon evaporated in the wake of the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC). In 169 BC, during the war against Perseus of Macedon, Perseus, Rhodes sent Agepolis as ambassador to the consul Quintus Marcius Philippus (consul 186 BC), Quintus Marcius Philippus, and then to Rome in the following year, hoping to turn the Senate against the war.
Rhodes remained scrupulously neutral during the war, but in the view of hostile elements in the Senate she had been a bit too friendly with the defeated King Perseus. Some actually proposed declaring war on the island republic, but this was averted. In 164 BC, Rhodes became a "permanent ally" of Rome, which was essentially a reduction to client state of nominal but meaningless independence. It was said that the Romans ultimately turned against the Rhodians because the islanders were the only people they had encountered who were more arrogant than themselves.
After surrendering its independence, Rhodes became a cultural and educational center for Roman noble families. It was especially noted for its teachers of rhetoric, such as Hermagoras of Temnos, Hermagoras and the unknown author of ''Rhetorica ad Herennium''. At first, the state was an important ally of Rome and enjoyed numerous privileges, but these were later lost in various machinations of Roman politics. Gaius Cassius Longinus, Cassius eventually invaded the island and sacked the city. In the early Imperial period Rhodes became a favorite place for political exiles.
In the 1st century AD, the Emperor Tiberius spent a brief term of exile on Rhodes. By tradition, Paul the Apostle evangelized and helped establish an Early Christianity, early Christian church on the island during the first century.
In ancient times there was a Roman saying: "Wiktionary:hic Rhodus, hic salta, Hic Rhodus, hic salta!"—"Here is Rhodes, jump here!" (as translated from Ancient Greek "Αὐτοῦ γὰρ καὶ Ῥόδος καὶ πήδημα"), an admonition to prove one's idle boasts by deed, rather than boastful talk. It comes from an Aesop's fable called "The Boastful Athlete" and was cited by Hegel, Marx, and Kierkegaard.
Byzantine period
In 395 with the division of the Roman Empire, the long Byzantine Empire, Byzantine period began for Rhodes. In Late Antiquity, the island was the capital of the Roman province of the Islands (Roman province), Islands, headed by a ''praeses'' (''hegemon'' in Greek), and encompassing most of the Aegean islands, with twenty cities. Correspondingly, the island was also the Metropolis of Rhodes, metropolis of the ecclesiastical province of Cyclades, with eleven suffragan sees. Beginning from ca. 600 AD, its influence in maritime issues was manifested in the collection of Admiralty law, maritime laws known as "Rhodian Sea Law" (''Nomos Rhodion Nautikos''), accepted throughout the Mediterranean and in use throughout Byzantine times (and influencing the development of Admiralty law#History, admiralty law up to the present). In 622/3, during the climactic Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, Rhodes was captured by the Sasanian navy. Rhodes was occupied by the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad forces of Caliph Muawiyah I in 654, who carried off the remains of the Colossus of Rhodes. The island was again captured by the Arabs in 673 as part of their Siege of Constantinople (674–678), first attack on Constantinople. When their fleet was destroyed by Greek fire before Constantinople and by storms on its return trip, however, the Umayyads evacuated their troops in 679/80 as part of the Byzantine–Umayyad peace treaty. In 715 the Byzantine fleet dispatched against the Arabs launched a rebellion at Rhodes, which led to the installation of Theodosios III on the Byzantine throne. From the early 8th to the 12th centuries, Rhodes belonged to the Cibyrrhaeot Theme of the Byzantine Empire, and was a centre for shipbuilding and commerce. In 1090, it was occupied by the forces of the Seljuk dynasty, Seljuk Turks, after the long period of chaos resulting from the Battle of Manzikert. Rhodes was recaptured by the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos during the First Crusade.
As Byzantine central power weakened under the Angeloi emperors (1185–1204), in the first half of the 13th century, Rhodes became the centre of an independent domain under Leo Gabalas and his brother John Gabalas, John, until it was Genoese occupation of Rhodes, occupied by the Republic of Genoa, Genoese in 1248–1250. The Genoese were evicted by the Empire of Nicaea, after which the island became a regular province of the Nicaean state (and after 1261 of the restored Byzantine Empire). In 1305, the island was given as a fief to Andrea Morisco, a Genoese adventurer who had entered Byzantine service.
Crusader and Ottoman rule
In 1306–1310, the Byzantine era of the island's history came to an end when Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes, the island was occupied by the Knights Hospitaller. Under the rule of the newly named "Knights of Rhodes", the city was rebuilt into a model of the European medieval ideal. Many of the city's famous monuments, including the Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, Palace of the Grand Master, were built during this period.
The strong walls which the knights had built withstood the attacks of the Sultan of Egypt in 1444, and a Siege of Rhodes (1480), siege by the Ottomans under Mehmed II in 1480. Eventually, however, Rhodes Siege of Rhodes (1522), fell to the large army of Suleiman the Magnificent in December 1522. The Sultan deployed 400 ships delivering 100,000 men to the island (200,000 in other sources). Against this force the Knights, under Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, had about 7,000 men-at-arms and their fortifications. The siege lasted six months, at the end of which the surviving defeated Hospitallers were allowed to withdraw to the Kingdom of Sicily. Despite the defeat, both Christians and Muslims seem to have regarded the conduct of Villiers de L'Isle-Adam as extremely valiant, and the Grand Master was proclaimed a Defender of the Faith by Pope Adrian VI (see Knights Hospitaller#Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes, Knights of Cyprus and Rhodes). The knights would later move their base of operations to History of Malta under the Order of Saint John, Malta.
Rhodes was thereafter a possession of the Ottoman Empire (see Sanjak of Rhodes) for nearly four centuries.
Modern history
In the 19th century the island was populated by ethnic groups from the surrounding nations, including Jews, whose presence goes back 2,300 years. Under Ottoman rule, they generally did fairly well, but discrimination and bigotry occasionally arose. In February 1840, the Jews of Rhodes were falsely accused by the Greek Orthodox community of ritually murdering a Christian boy. This became known as the Rhodes blood libel.
Austria opened a post-office at ''RHODUS'' (Venetian name) before 1864, as witnessed by stamps with Franz Joseph I of Austria, Franz Joseph's head.
Italian occupation
In 1912, Italy seized Rhodes from the Ottomans during the Italo-Turkish War. The island's population was spared the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey, "exchange of the minorities" between Greece and Turkey. Rhodes and the rest of the Dodecanese Islands were assigned to Italy in the Treaty of Ouchy. Turkey ceded them officially to Italy with the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. It then became the core of their possession of the ''Isole Italiane dell'Egeo''. The island was greatly improved (mainly the capital, called "Rodi" in Italian) under the more than thirty years of the Kingdom of Italy's rule. Thousands of Italian colonists in the Dodecanese, Italian colonists settled in the island, mainly in the capital "Rodi", while some of them founded farm villages (like "Peveragno Rodio" (1929), "Campochiaro" (1935), "San Marco" (1936) and "Savona" (1938): in the Dodecanese islands was officially proposed the creation in 1940 of the "Italian Islands of the Aegean, Provincia italiana di Rodi". In the late 1930s, Mussolini embarked on a program of Italianization, attempting to make the island of Rhodes a transportation hub that would facilitate the spread of Italian culture in Greece and the Levant. The Italian Fascism, Fascist program coincided with improvements to infrastructure. Following the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces, Italian Armistice of 8 September 1943, the British attempted to get the Italian garrison on Rhodes to change sides. This was anticipated by the German Army (Wehrmacht), German Army, which succeeded in occupying the island with the Battle of Rhodes (1943), Battle of Rhodes. In great measure, the German occupation caused the British failure in the subsequent Dodecanese Campaign. After September 1943, the Jews, who had been protected by the Italian government, were persecuted by the Nazi Germans and sent to concentration camps. However, the Turkey, Turkish Consul Selahattin Ülkümen succeeded, at considerable risk to himself and his family, in saving 42 Jewish families, about 200 persons in total, who had Turkish citizenship or were members of Turkish citizens' families.
On 8 May 1945, the Germans under Otto Wagener surrendered Rhodes as well as the Dodecanese as a whole to the British, who soon after then occupied the islands as a military protectorate.
At the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947#Italy, Paris Peace Treaties, Rhodes, together with the other islands of the Dodecanese, was united with Greece in February 1947. 6,000 Italian colonists were forced to abandon the island and returned to Italy.
Contemporary period
In 1949, Rhodes was the venue for negotiations between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, concluding with the 1949 Armistice Agreements.Archaeology
The Colossus of Rhodes was considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. This giant bronze statue was documented as once standing at the harbour. It was completed in 280 BC and destroyed in an 226 BC Rhodes earthquake, earthquake in 224 BC. No trace of the statue remains today.
Historical sites on the island of Rhodes include the Lindos, Acropolis of Lindos, the Acropolis of Rhodes with the Temple of Pythian Apollo and an ancient theatre and stadium, ancient Ialysos, ancient Kamiros, the Governor's Palace on Rhodes, Governor's Palace, Fortifications of Rhodes, Rhodes Old Town (walled medieval city), the Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, Palace of the Grand Masters, Kahal Shalom Synagogue in the La Juderia, Jewish Quarter, the Archaeological Museum of Rhodes, Archaeological Museum, the ruins of the Monolithos, Greece, castle of Monolithos, the Kritinia, castle of Kritinia, St. Catherine Hospice and Rhodes Footbridge.
Religion
Christianity
The predominant religion is Greek Orthodox; the island is the seat of the Metropolis of Rhodes. There is a Roman Catholic Church, Latin Catholic minority on the island of 2,000, many of whom are descendants of Italians who remained after the end of the Italian occupation, pastorally served by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rhodes.Islam
Rhodes has a Turkish people, Turkish Muslim minority, which includes Greek Muslims whose ancestors from Crete and the Dodecanese converted to Islam in the Ottoman period. Although a remnant from Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turkish times they were not required in the population exchange of 1923–24 to resettle in Turkey like the Turkish, Greek, and other Muslim communities living mainly in Macedonia (Greece), Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece because unlike these areas the Dodecanese Islands were under Italian administration at the time. They are organized around the Turkish Association of Rhodes ( tr, Rodos Türk Derneği), which gives the figure 3,500 for the population they bring together and represent for the island. The number of the Turks in Rhodes could be as many as 4,000.Judaism
The Jewish community of Rhodes goes back 2,300 years. ''Kahal Shalom Synagogue'', established in 1557, during the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman era, is the oldest synagogue in Greece and still stands in the Jewish quarter (''La Juderia'') of the old town of Rhodes. At its peak in the 1920s, the Jewish community was one-third of the town's total population. In the 1940s, there were about 2000 Jews of various ethnic backgrounds. The Nazis deported and killed most of the community during the The Holocaust, Holocaust. ''Kahal Shalom'' has been renovated with the help of foreign donors but few Jews live year-round in Rhodes today, so services are not held on a regular basis. The Jewish Museum of Rhodes was established in 1997 to preserve the Jewish history and culture of the Jews of Rhodes. It is adjacent to the Kahal Shalom Synagogue.Government
The present municipality Rhodes was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 10 former municipalities, that became municipal units (constituent communities in parentheses):
*Afantou (Afantou, Archipoli)
*Archangelos, Rhodes, Archangelos (Archangelos, Malonas, Masari)
*Attavyros (municipality), Attavyros (Embonas, Kritinia, Monolithos, Siana, Agios Isidoros)
*Ialysos
*Kallithea, Rhodes, Kallithea (Kalythies, Koskinou, Psinthos)
*Kameiros (municipality), Kameiros (Soroni, Apollona, Dimylia, Kalavarda, Platania, Salakos, Fanes)
*Lindos (Lindos, Kalathos, Laerma, Lardos, Pylona)
*Petaloudes (Kremasti, Pastida, Maritsa, Paradeisi, Theologos, Damatria)
*Rhodes (city), Rhodes
*South Rhodes (Gennadi, Apolakkia, Arnitha, Asklipieio, Vati, Istrios, Kattavia, Lachania, Mesanagros, Profilia)
The municipality has an area of 1400.681 km2. It covers the island of Rhodes and a few uninhabited offshore islets. Rhodes city was the capital of the former Dodecanese Prefecture. Rhodes is the most populated island of the South Aegean Region.
Towns and villages
Rhodes has 43 towns and villages:Economy
The economy is tourist-oriented, and the most developed sector is service. Tourism has elevated Rhodes economically, compared to the rest of Greece.
Small industries process imported raw materials for local retail, though other industry includes agricultural goods production, stockbreeding, fishery and winery.
Transportation
Air
Rhodes has two airports, but only one is public. Diagoras Airport, southwest of Rhodes City, is the fourth biggest by passenger volume in Greece, and the main entrance/exit point to the island for both locals and tourists. The island is well connected with other major Greek cities and islands as well as with major European capitals and cities via charter flights. Until 1977, Rhodes Maritsa Airport, built in 1938, was a public airport; it is now used by the Hellenic Air Force and occasionally for car races.
There are also two inoperative airfields. Kalathos Airfield, north of Lindos, and Kattavia Airstrip, to the south of the island, were built by the Italians during the Second World War. Neither remain operational.
Two pilot schools offer aviation services (small plane rental and island hopping).
Sea
Rhodes has five ports, three of them in Rhodes City, one in the west coast near Kamiros and one in east coast near Lardos.
*Central Port: located in the city of Rhodes serves exclusively international traffic consisting of scheduled services to/from Turkey, cruise ships and yachts. Since Summer 2012, the port is also a homeport for Costa Cruises during the summer period.
*Kolona Port: opposite and north of the central port, serves intra-Dodecanese traffic and all sizes yachts.
*Akandia Port: the new port of the island, south and next to the central port, being built since the 1960s, for domestic, cargo and general purpose traffic. Since 2017 summer a passenger terminal is finally in use hosting a cafe and waiting lounges.
*Mandraki Port: the oldest port of the island, in the center of Rhodes city. Many cruise boats begin their daily trips to Symi island or to the southern east coast until Lindos.
*Kamiros Skala Dock: south west of the city near Ancient Kamiros ruins serves mainly the island of Halki (Greece), Halki
*Lardos Dock: formerly servicing local industries, now under development as an alternative port for times when the central port is inaccessible due to weather conditions. It is situated in a rocky shore near the village of Lardos in south east Rhodes.
Road network
The road network of the island is mostly paved and consists of 3 national roads plus one planned, 40 provincial and numerous local. These are the four major island arteries: *Rhodes-Kamiros Province Avenue: Province road 2 till Kalavarda village and 21 from there till Kamiros with two lane that runs through the west coast north to south and connects Rhodes City with Diagoras Airport and Kamiros. *Rhodes-Lindos National Avenue (Greek National Road 95): Four and two lane, runs mainly inland north to south and connects Rhodes City with Lindos. Part from Rhodes Town until Kolympia is now 4 lanes, the rest until Lindos is 2 lanes. *Rhodes-Kallithea-Faliraki Province Avenue 4: Two lanes, runs through the east coast north to south and connects Rhodes City with Kallithea monument and Faliraki Resort. *Tsairi-Airport National Avenue (Greek National Road 100): Four and two lane, runs inland east to west and connects the east coast with the west and the airport. *Lindos-Katavia Province Road 1: Two lane, begins just before Lindos and though villages and resorts leads to Katavia village, the southernmost of the island, from where a further deviation leads to Prasonissi. *Rhodes Town Ring Road (Phase 1): Beginning from the new marina and ending to Rhodes-Kallithea province avenue is a four lane expressway. Future roads: *Further widening of Rhodes-Lindos National Avenue (Greek National Road 95) from Kolympia to Lindos. This is to be four lane with a jersey barrier in the middle. A tender is expected to take place by end of 2019 so as constructions can begin. *Ring Road phases 2, 3, and 4 pending; phase 2 will extend the expressway to Greek National Road 95 and then to Rhodes General Hospital where it supposedly will connect to also planned new Rhodes City-Airport expressway. In June 2018 Rhodes municipality stated that plans for the final 700 meters of the ring road leading to Akandia Port are pending approval. Phases 3 and 4 which plan to run the ring road from hospital hill down to Ixia and then through Kritika back to the town will most probably never occur. *Plans also exist for a new four lane express road connecting Rhodes Town with Diagoras Airport. The road, recognised as National back in 2014, will follow existing Provincial Road 3 routing with a total length of 8.6 km and including 3 main junctions and is intended to relieve congestion on the coastal west avenue. The so-called Leoforos Mesogeion is vastly anticipated and is a top priority for local authorities.Bus
Bus services are handled by two operators: *RODA: Municipal bus company that serves Rhodes city as well suburban areas (Koskinou, Faliraki, Ialysos, Kremasti, Airport, Pastida, Maritsa, Paradeisi) and the west coast of the island *KTEL: Limited liability private transport company that serve villages and resorts in the east coast of the islandCars and motorbikes
Families in Rhodes often own more than one car, along with a motorbike. Traffic jams are common particularly in the summer months as vehicles more than double while parking spots downtown and around the old town are limited and can't cope with demand. Moreover, the island is served by 450 taxis and some 200 public and private buses adding to the traffic burden.Sports
*Football: AS Rodos and Diagoras F.C. are the island's biggest teams and rivals. The latter competed in the 2018–19 season at the national level third tier (Gamma Ethniki) along with GAS Ialysos 1948 F.C., GAS Ialysos and both achieved promotion to (Greek Football League). AS Rodos competed in 1st tier of the local league and ranking 1st achieved promotion and is returning after one year to (Gamma Ethniki) which from 2019–20 season becomes tier 4. Local football leagues (organized at the prefecture-level) contain three divisions with more than 50 teams. Many stadiums are grass-covered.
*Basketball: Kolossos Rodou BC, Colossus BC sponsors professional basketball and after more than a decade of presence in the top-level Greek Basket League was relegated to Greek A2 Basket League. The local league includes a single division with two groups, one for Rhodes and the other for the other islands, with 7 and 5 teams respectively. Three indoor courts exist in Rhodes City, and one each in Ialysos, Kremasti, and Faliraki. Archangelos, Rhodes, Archangelos town will also get an indoor court according to Rhodes municipality planned works and regional government's approved funds.
*Volleyball: Rodion Athlisis managed to escape local obscurity and until 2018–19 season competed at the national level second-tier failing to achieve promotion to the first level in playoffs for three consecutive seasons. This unlucky streak caused team sponsors to withdraw from the men's team and focus solely on developing youth academies.
*Water polo: mostly amateur-based. There is not any single public indoor pool on the island.
*Rugby: introduced in 2007. Teams compete at the national level.
*Tennis: Rhodes Tennis Club (Ροδιακός Όμιλος Αντισφαίρισης) promotes officially tennis since 1949. Club operates on two separate locations, one downtown next to the casino and one next to Kallipateira National Athletic Centre.
*Sailing: Island has competed at the international level
*Cycling: For a long period of time Rhodes had the only velodrome in Greece. For the moment, the island is the seat of the Dodecanissos Local Cycling Committee. Most notable cycling clubs are Rodilios CC, Diagoras GC, Elafos CC, Iviskos CC, all based in the city of Rhodes, plus Antaios SC of Kremasti and Athlos SC of Paradeisi. In Rhodes, the International Tour of Rhodes, part of UCI Europe Tour Cycling Calendar, is annually organized.
*Rhodes competed in the bi-annual International Island Games Association, Island Games, which it hosted in 2007.. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Cuisine
Rhodian tradition in cuisine is rich. Koriantolino and Souma (Greek cuisine), Souma (colorless alcoholic beverage produced from grape distillation) are the main alcoholic drinks of Rhodes. Local foods include:
*Escharitis, type of bread
*Pitaroudia
*Milla and Tsiriggia, meat fat
*Pougia pie
*Lakani, goat meat with chickpeas
*Lópia (beans) with goat
*Matsi, hand made pasta used to make Koulouría, a traditional recipe
*Synoro, traditional cheese
*Tahinopita
*Zvigoi, type of loukoumades
*Melekouni
*Fanouropita
*Takakia (Mantinades)
*Katimeria (tiganites, pancakes)
*Amygdalota, white almond cookies
*Moschopougia
Notable people
*Agesander of Rhodes, Agesander (1st century BC), sculptor
*Apollonius Molon (fl. 70s BC), Greek rhetorician had a celebrated school on the island; his students included Marcus Tullius Cicero
*Apollonius of Rhodes, Apollonius (3rd century BC), epic poet
*Chares of Lindos (3rd century BC), sculptor
*Cleobulus of Lindos (6th century BC), philosopher and one of the Seven Sages of Ancient Greece
*Diagoras of Rhodes, Diagoras (5th century BC), boxer, multiple Olympic winner
*Dinocrates (4th century BC), architect and technical adviser for Alexander the Great
*Hecato of Rhodes, Hecato (c. 100 BC), Stoic philosopher
*Hieronymus of Rhodes, Hieronymus, (c.290-c.230 BC), Peripatetic philosopher
*Hipparchus, (2nd century BC), astronomer, mathematician, geographer, founder of trigonometry
*Joannicius II of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
*Leonidas of Rhodes, Leonidas (2nd century BC), athlete
*Memnon of Rhodes, Memnon (380–333 BC), commander of mercenary army
*Mentor of Rhodes, Mentor (385–340 BC), mercenary soldier, brother of Memnon
*Panaetius (c. 185 – c. 110/109 BC), Stoic philosopher
*Timocreon (5th century BC), poet
*Braith Anasta, rugby league player and NRL premiership winner (ancestral ties to the island through his father, Petros ("Peter") Anastasakis)
*Lawrence Durrell, writer and poet, author of The Alexandria Quartet, resided on Rhodes 1945–1947. In 1953 his travel book about Rhodes – Reflections on a Marine Venus – was published.
*Stergos Felegakis, professional football player
*Reşit Galip, Turkish politician, one of the first ministers of education of the Republic of Turkey
*Nick Galis, basketball player, FIBA Hall of Fame and Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame member (his father was born in a small village called Agios Isidoros, Rhodes, Agios Isidoros)
*Ferruccio Lamborghini (1916–1993), Italian automobile designer, was stationed on the island as an air-force mechanic in WW2
*George Marshall (gunner), George Marshall (1781-1855) author and Master Gunner, United States Navy
*Murat Reis the Elder, Murat Reiz Plaku Albanian Navy Commander
*:el:Παναγιώτης Ρόδιος, Panagiotis Rodios, revolutionary and Hellenic Army officer
*Niki Xanthou, long jumper
*:el:Ιωάννης Ζίγδης, Ioannis Zigdis (1913–1997), politician and economist
Tourism
Rhodes is one of the most attractive tourist destinations in Greece. After Crete, the island is the most visited destination in Greece, with arrivals standing at 1,785,305 in 2013. In 2014 they stood at 1,931,005, while in 2015 the arrival number reduced slightly and stood at 1,901,000. The average length of stay is estimated at 8 days. Guests from Great Britain, Israel, France, Italy, Sweden and Norway are the ones that constitute the biggest portion in terms of the arrivals by country. In Rhodes, the supply of available rooms is high, since more than 550 hotels are operating in the island, the majority of which are two star hotels.In popular culture
*"Wikt:hic Rhodus, hic salta, Hic Rhodus, hic salta!", a phrase from antiquity *Movies shot on the island include ''The Guns of Navarone (film), The Guns of Navarone'' (1961), ''Kiss the Girls (1965 film), Kiss the Girls'' by Giannis Dalianidis (1965), and ''Escape to Athena'' (1979). Rhodes was also the setting of Agatha Christie's "Triangle at Rhodes."Panoramas
See also
*95th National Guard Higher Command (Greece) *Ancient regions of Anatolia *Brygindara *Medieval RoseCitations
General and cited sources
*John Boardman (art historian), Boardman, John ed., ''The Oxford History of Classical Art'', 1993, OUP, * * * *External links
Official website
{{Authority control Rhodes, Dodecanese Dorian colonies Greek city-states Hellenic Navy bases Islands of the South Aegean Landforms of Rhodes (regional unit) Mediterranean islands Mediterranean port cities and towns in Greece Municipalities of the South Aegean Phoenician colonies in Greece Populated places in Rhodes