Poti ( ka, ფოთი ; Mingrelian language, Mingrelian: ფუთი; Laz language, Laz: ჶაში/Faşi or ფაში/Paşi) is a port city in Georgia (country), Georgia, located on the eastern Black Sea coast in the mkhare, region of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti in the west of the country. Built near the site of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek colony of Phasis (town), Phasis and deriving its name from the same, the city has become a major port city and industrial center since the early 20th century. It is also home to a main naval base and the headquarters of the Georgian Navy.

Etymology

The name Poti is linked to Phasis, but the etymology is a matter of a scholarly dispute. "Phasis" () is first recorded in Hesiod's ''Theogony'' (c. 700 BC) as a name of the Phasis (river), river, not a town. Since Erich Diehl, 1938, first suggested a non-Hellenic origin of the name and asserted that Phasis might have been a derivative of a local hydronym, several explanations have been proposed, linking the name to the Proto-Georgian-Zan language, Proto-Georgian-Zan ''*Poti'', Svan language, Svan ''*Pasid'', and even to a Semitic languages, Semitic word, meaning "a gold river".

History

Ancient and medieval history

The recorded history of Poti and its environments spans over 26 centuries. In Classical antiquity and the early Middle Ages, the area was occupied by the Ancient Greece, Greek polis of Phasis (town), Phasis which was established by the colonists from Miletus led by one Themistagoras at the very end of the 7th, and probably at the beginning of the 6th century BC. The famed Greek semi-mythological voyage of Jason and the Argonauts in search of the Golden Fleece would have entered Georgia at this port and traveled up the river to what is today Kutaisi. After many years of uncertainty and academic debate, the site of this settlement now seems to be established, thanks to underwater archaeology under tough conditions. Apparently, the lake which the well-informed Ancient Greek author Strabo reported as bounding one side of Phasis has now engulfed it, or part of it. Yet, a series of questions regarding the town’s exact location and identification of its ruins remain open due largely to the centuries-long geomorphological processes of the area as the lower reaches of the Rioni are prone to changes of course across the wetland. Phasis appears to have been an important center of trade and culture in Colchis throughout the Classical period. The section along the river Phasis was a vital component of the presumed trade route from India to the Black Sea, attested by Strabo and Pliny the Elder, Pliny. Between the 6th and 2nd centuries BC, the town played an active role in these contacts. During the Third Mithridatic War, Phasis came under Ancient Rome, Roman control. It was where the Roman commander-in-chief Pompey, having crossed into Colchis from Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity), Iberia, met the legatus, legate Servilius, the admiral of his Euxine fleet in 65 BC. After the introduction of Christianity, Phasis was a seat of a Greek diocese, one of whose bishops, Cyrus, became a Patriarch of Alexandria between 630 and 641 AD. During the Lazic War between the Eastern Roman Empire, Eastern Roman and Sassanid dynasty, Sassanid Iranian empires (542-562) Phasis was attacked, unsuccessfully, by Iranian soldiers. In the 8th century, the name Poti entered Georgian written sources. It remained a place of maritime trade within the Kingdom of Georgia and was known to medieval European travelers as Fasso. In the 14th century, the Republic of Genoa, Genoese established a trading factory, which proved to be short-lived.

Modern history

In 1578, Poti was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Turks, who knew the town as Faş, heavily fortified it and made it into one of their Caucasian outposts which were also home to a great slave market. A combined army of the western Georgian princes recovered Poti in 1640, but the town fell under the Ottoman sway again in 1723. Another futile attempt to dispossess the Ottomans of Poti was made by Imperial Russia, Russo-Georgian forces in 1770 and 1771. Once Russia took control of most of the principal Georgian lands in the 1800s, it again attempted to evict the Turkish garrison from Poti and succeeded in doing so with the help of Georgian auxiliaries under the command of Nino, Princess of Mingrelia in 1809, but was coerced to return the fortress to the Ottomans in the Treaty of Bucharest (1812). The next Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829), Russo-Turkish War resulted in the capture of Poti by Russia in 1828. (See Russian conquest of the Caucasus#Black Sea Coast.) The town was subordinated to the Kutais Governorate, Governorate of Kutais and granted the status of a port town in 1858. The seaport was reconstructed between 1863 and 1905. In 1872, the town became the terminus of the Caucasian railway, whence the line led directly to Tiflis (Tbilisi). Poti particularly grew in size and importance during the mayorship of Niko Nikoladze between 1894 and 1912. Considered to be the founding father of modern Poti, Nikoladze presided over a series of modernizing and construction projects, including a theatre, a Poti Cathedral, large cathedral, two gymnasia, a power station, an oil refinery, etc. By 1900, Poti had become one of the major ports on the Black Sea, exporting most of Georgia’s manganese and coal. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, First Russian Revolution, Poti became a scene of workers' strikes and barricade fighting in December 1905. At the beginning of World War I, on November 7, 1914, the Ottoman SMS Breslau, SMS ''Breslau'' appeared off the port of Poti and subjected the railway yards there to a bombardment that lasted three-quarters of an hour, without any direct results. During a brief period of independence in 1918–1921, Poti was Georgia’s principal window to Europe, also serving as the portal of entry for successive German and British expeditionary forces. On May 28, 1918, a German-Georgian preliminary Treaty of Poti, treaty of alliance was signed at Poti. On March 14, 1921, Poti was occupied by the Red Army invasion of Georgia, invading Red Armies of Russian SFSR, Soviet Russia which installed a Soviet government in Georgia. During the Soviet era, Poti retained its principal function as a seaport and the town was further industrialized and militarized. During the South Ossetia War (2008), 2008 war with Russia Russian warplanes attacked the port. Although a ceasefire was declared on August 12, the Russian troops continued to Occupation of Poti, occupy the environs of the city until being withdrawn the next month.

Politics

Poti City Assembly (Georgian language, Georgian: ფოთის საკრებულო) is the representative body in Poti City, consisting of 35 members, which is elected every four years. The last election was held in 2021 Georgian local elections, October 2021. Beka Vacharadze of Georgian Dream was elected mayor through the 2nd round against a candidate of the United National Movement (Georgia), United National Movement.

Geography and climate

Poti is situated west of Georgia’s capital, Tbilisi, in a marshy delta created by the major river of western Georgia, the Rioni River, Rioni, at its entrance into the Black Sea. The city lies at an altitude of Above mean sea level, above sea level. A portion of Poti's environs recovered from the marshes now accommodate citrus plantation. The city is surrounded by the Kolkheti National Park. It is flanked by the small river Kaparchina to the south-east and Lake Paliastomi to the south-west. Some to the south is the village Maltaqva, a local beach resort. The city's climate is humid subtropical with cool winters and warm summers. The average annual temperature is , in January, and in July. Average annual precipitation is .

Economy

The service and food industries represent the most important sectors of the economy. The Poti Sea Port (7.7 million tons per annum) is operational. The railway to Tbilisi makes this a more useful port than the natural harbor at Batumi. In April 2008, Georgia sold a 51% stake of the Poti port to the Investment Authority of the UAE’s Ras Al Khaimah (RAK) emirate to develop a free industrial zone (FIZ) in a 49-year management concession, and to manage a new port terminal. The creation of a new FEZ was officially inaugurated by the President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili on April 15, 2008. As of November 2009, there were plans for a Kerch–Poti ferry route.

Sport

The town's main association football , football team is FC Kolkheti-1913 Poti, Kolkheti 1913 Poti who play at the multi-use Fazisi Stadium.

Fiber optic network

A long haul submarine communications cable - Bulgaria–Georgia communications cable - stretching from Varna, Bulgaria, Varna, Bulgaria across the Black Sea to Poti Georgia was laid during the month of July 2008 onboard the American cable ship CS ''Tyco Decisive'', just a couple of weeks prior to the South Ossetia War. This cable system will be Georgia's first privately owned fiber-optic system for the citizens of Georgia. Instead of paying high prices for internet/TV/phone usage through Turkey, Georgians will now be able to pay much less for their own private high-speed fiber optic cable internet cable system usage.

Military

The Poti naval base was organized by the Soviet government in July 1941, a month after the Nazi Germany, German Operation Barbarossa, invasion during World War II. Commanded by Major-General Mikhail Kumanin, the base operated as a part of the Black Sea Fleet and included two submarine divisions, a torpedo boat division, coastal guard boat division, two minesweeper (ship), minesweepers, four coastal and six missile batteries, etc. After the German capture of Siege of Sevastopol (1941-1942), Sevastopol and Novorossiysk in 1942, several destroyers were transferred to be based at Poti which, together with another Georgian port city, Batumi, functioned as a secondary harbor in the Black Sea Campaigns (1941–44). By the early 1990s, the Poti base had accommodated several smaller units of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, but became essentially defunct after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In December 1992, Russia withdrew all its vessels and ammunition from the Poti naval base, but an ethnic Georgian commander of one landing ship refused to obey Moscow’s order and displayed a Georgian flag. At almost the same time, the Georgian government created a Joint Naval Brigade, consisting of several boats, a battalion of marines, an artillery division, and a communication detachment. Since then, the Brigade has been enlarged and reequipped with the help of the NATO-member states. On October 9, 1993, a Georgian Civil War, war-torn Georgia had to legalize the Russian military presence in the country, and lease, among other military facilities, the Poti base to the Russian navy. However, Georgia continued, though fruitlessly, to claim the vessels formerly stationed at Poti as a part of a tripartite Black Sea Fleet#Partition of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, Russo-Ukrainian-Georgian dispute over the Soviet Black Sea Fleet shares. By September 1998, the Russian military personnel had been withdrawn from Poti to the Russian base at Batumi under a Russo-Georgian agreement signed earlier that year. Georgian Border Guards pressure Russian counterparts to leave.
''RFE/RL NEWSLINE'' Vol. 2, No. 172 Part I, 7 (September 1998). Accessed on April 20, 2008. Currently, Poti is a garrison, military facility assignment to several of Georgia’s units. These are the headquarters and main Military base, base of the Georgian navy, a primary naval logistic support base, a station of a naval squadron, and barracks for a separate light infantry battalion of the Georgian Armed Forces.

International relations

Twin towns—Sister cities

* Berdyansk, Ukraine * Chornomorsk, Ukraine * Kiryat Yam, Israel * LaGrange, Georgia, LaGrange, United States * Larnaca, Cyprus * Nafplio, Greece * Östhammar Municipality, Östhammar, Sweden * Pazar, Rize, Pazar, Turkey */ Sevastopol,Disputed territory Russia/Ukraine Russia/Ukraine * Shanwei, China * Yazd, Iran (1990)

References

Notes

Sources

* Otar Lordkipanidze (2000), ''Phasis: The River and City in Colchis''. Franz Steiner Verlag, . * Stephen F. Jones (2005), ''Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy, 1883-1917''. Harvard University Press, . * Richard J. A. Talbert ''et al.'' (ed., 2000), ''Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World''. Princeton University Press, .

External links

www.poti.ge (Poti city Portal)

Poti city web site

Poti Sea Port Authority

Chart of Poti port

@bbc
- The Georgian foreign ministry said the Black Sea port of Poti, which is the site of a major oil shipment facility, had been "devastated" by a Russian aerial bombardment.
New fiber optic cable connected to Europe
{{Authority control Poti, Cities and towns in Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti Self-governing cities in Georgia (country) Greek colonies in Colchis Port cities in Europe Port cities of the Black Sea Georgian Black Sea coast Russian and Soviet Navy bases