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Porridge is a food made by heating or boiling ground, crushed or chopped starchy plants, typically grain, in milk or water. It is often cooked or served with added flavourings such as sugar, honey, (dried) fruit or syrup to make a sweet cereal, or it can be mixed with spices, meat or vegetables to make a savoury dish. It is usually served hot in a bowl, depending on its consistency. Oat porridge, or oatmeal, is one of the most common types of porridge. Gruel is a thinner version of porridge.

Type of grains

The term "porridge" is often used specifically for oat porridge (oatmeal), which is typically eaten for breakfast with salt, sugar, fruit, milk, cream or butter and sometimes other flavourings. Oat porridge is also sold in ready-made or partly cooked form as an instant breakfast.

Other grains used for porridge include rice, wheat, barley, corn, triticale and buckwheat. Many types of porridge have their own names, such as congee, polenta, grits and kasha.

Conventional uses

Porridge is eaten for any meal of the day and porridge is also eaten in many cultures as a common snack and is often eaten by athletes.

Nutrition

Unenriched porridge (as oatmeal), cooked by boiling or microwave, is 84% water, and contains 12% carbohydrates, including 2% dietary fiber and 2% each of protein and fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, cooked porridge provides 71 Calories and contains 29% of the Daily Value (DV) for manganese and moderate content of phosphorus and zinc (11% DV each), with no other micronutrients in significant content (table).

Health effect

A 2014 review found that daily intake of at least 3 grams of oat beta-glucan lowers total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 5–10% in people with normal or elevated blood cholesterol levels. Beta-glucan lowers cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol production, although cholesterol reduction is greater in people with higher total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in their blood. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration issued a final ruling in 2015 stating that food companies can make health claims on food labels for products containing soluble fiber from whole oats (oat bran, oat flour and rolled oats), noting that 3.0 grams of soluble fiber daily from these foods may reduce the risk of heart disease. To qualify for the health claim, the food that contains the oats must provide at least 0.75 grams of soluble fiber per serving.

Varieties

Maize

* Maize porridge:
**Atole, a Mexican dish of corn flour in water or milk.
** Champurrado (a chocolate-based atole), a Mexican blend of sugar, milk, chocolate and corn dough or corn flour. The Philippine dish tsampurado is similar, with rice instead of maize.
** ''Cir'', ''păsat'' or (when firmer) ''mămăligă'' are all Romanian maize porridges.
** ''Colada'', a hot dish prepared with corn starch, milk, sugar and cinnamon in Colombia and Ecuador.
** Cornmeal mush, a traditional dish in southern and mid-Atlantic US states.
** Cornmeal porridge (parrige), a traditional dish served for breakfast throughout the Caribbean and among Rastafarians. A blend of fine semolina with milk or water and often with all spice and sugar.
** Farina or ''papilla'', a traditional Dominican dish of porridge maize or grass peas.
** Gachas, a Spanish porridge of maize or grass peas. Often garnished with roasted almonds and croutons of bread fried in olive oil.
** Gofio, a Canary Islands porridge of toasted coarse-ground maize. Made from roasted sweetcorn and other grains (e.g., wheat, barley or oats), used in many ways in parts of the world from which Canary Islanders have emigrated.
** Grits, ground hominy, is common in the southern United States, traditionally served with butter, salt and black pepper. Sometimes, it is also served with cheese.
** Kačamak, a maize porridge from the Balkans.
** Kānga pirau, a fermented corn porridge dish that is made and consumed by the Māori people of New Zealand
** Mazamorra, a maize porridge from Colombia's Paisa region made with whole maize grains that can be sweet or salty.
** Polenta, an Italian maize porridge which is cooked to a solidified state and sliced for serving.
** Rubaboo is made from dried maize and peas with animal fat and was a staple food of the Voyageurs.
** Shuco, a Salvadoran dish of black, blue or purple corn flour, ground pumpkin seeds, chili sauce and red cooked kidney beans, which was traditionally drunk out of a hollowed-out gourd at early morning, especially coming from a hunting or drinking trip.
** ''Suppawn,'' also called, and better known as, hasty pudding, was common in American colonial times and consisted of cornmeal boiled with milk into a thick porridge. Still eaten in modern times, it is no longer necessarily corn-based.
** ''Uji'', a thick East African porridge made most commonly from corn flour mixed with sorghum and many other different ground cereals, with milk or butter and sugar or salt. Ugali, a more solid meal, is also made from maize flour, likewise often mixed with other cereals. These two, under various names, are staple foods over a wide part of the African continent, e.g., pap in South Africa, sadza in Zimbabwe, nshima in Zambia, tuwo or ogi in Nigeria, etc., though some of these may also be made from sorghum.
** '' Žganci'', a maize porridge prepared in the Kajkavian countries and Slovenia.
** '' Mielie pap'' is a maize porridge staple in South African cuisine.

Millet

* Millet porridge:
** Foxtail millet porridge is a staple food in northern China.
** A porridge made from pearl millet is the staple food in Niger and surrounding regions of the Sahel.
** Oshifima or otjifima, a stiff pearl millet porridge, is the staple food of northern Namibia.
** Middle Eastern millet porridge, often seasoned with cumin and honey.
** Munchiro sayo, a millet porridge eaten by the Ainu, a native people of northern Japan.
** Milium in aqua was a millet porridge made with goat's milk that was eaten in ancient Rome.
** A ragi porridge, by name 'jaava' is consumed as a breakfast item during summer season in the Telugu speaking region of India
** Koozh is a millet porridge commonly sold in Tamil Nadu.

Oat

* Oat porridge, traditional and common in the English-speaking world, Germany and the Nordic countries. Oat porridge has been found in the stomachs of 5,000-year-old Neolithic bog bodies in Central Europe and Scandinavia. Varieties of oat porridge include:
** Groats, a porridge made from unprocessed oats or wheat.
** Gruel, very thin porridge, often drunk rather than eaten.
** Yod Kerc'h, a traditional oat porridge from the north-west of France, primarily Brittany, made with oats, butter and water or milk.
** Owsianka, an east European (Russia, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine) traditional breakfast made with hot milk, oats and sometimes with sugar and butter.
** Porridge made from rolled oats or ground oatmeal is common in the UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, North America, Finland and Scandinavia. It is known as simply "porridge" or, more commonly in the United States and Canada, " oatmeal". In the US, oat and wheat porridge can both be called "hot cereal". Rolled oats are commonly used in England, oatmeal in Scotland and steel-cut oats in Ireland. In the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars, cooks made ''burgoo'' for the men for breakfast, from coarse oatmeal and water.
** Porridge (Parrige) – Anglophone Caribbean (Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad etc.) Also known as Pap. The most common type is corn meal, and they are always made with milk. Varieties include oatmeal, grated green plantain, barley, cream of wheat, sago (tapioca). Oatmeal porridge is often flavoured with cinnamon, nutmeg, brown sugar or almond essence.
** Stirabout – Irish porridge, traditionally made by stirring oats into boiling water
** ''Terci de ovăz'', traditional oatmeal in Romania.
** ''Zabkása'', traditional oatmeal in Hungary.

Types of oats

Oats for porridge may be whole (groats), cut into two or three pieces (called "pinhead", "steel-cut" or "coarse" oatmeal), ground into medium or fine oatmeal or steamed and rolled into flakes of varying sizes and thicknesses (called "rolled oats", the largest size being "jumbo"). The larger the pieces of oat used, the more textured the resulting porridge. It is said that, because of their size and shape, the body breaks steel-cut oats down more slowly than rolled oats, reducing spikes in blood sugar and making the eater feel full longer. The US '' Consumer Reports'' Web site found that the more cooking required, the stronger the oat flavor and the less mushy the texture.

Oats are a good source of dietary fibre; health benefits are claimed for oat bran in particular, which is part of the grain.

Preparation

The oats are cooked in milk, water or a mixture of the two. Scottish traditionalists allow only oats, water and salt.How to cook perfect porridge
Felicity Cloake, ''The Guardian'', 10 November 2011. There are techniques suggested by cooks, such as presoaking, but a comparative test found little difference in the end result. Various flavourings can be used and may vary widely by taste and locality. Demerara sugar, golden syrup, Greek yoghurt and honey are common. Cold milk or single cream may be used.

Rice

* Rice porridge:
** Champorado, a sweet chocolate rice porridge in Filipino cuisine. It is traditionally made by boiling sticky rice with cocoa powder, giving it a distinctly brown color and usually with milk and sugar to make it taste sweeter.
** Congee, a common East Asian, Southeast Asian and South Asian dish of boiled-down rice:
*** In Bangladesh congee is prepared simply as a porridge, Whole rice (not parboiled, scented or unscented) with a bit of salt, it is known as "Jao" eaten as wholesome diet for the sick. Added date tree sugar and garam masala it is called "Kheer", Or, cooked with Sugar, Milk, nuts & raisins, cardamom, Cassia, cinnamon, Indian bay leaf, etc. it is called "Paiesh". Both "Kheer" & "Paiesh" are eaten as Dessert.
*** In Sri Lanka congee is prepared with many ingredients. As a porridge, Sinhala people mainly use coconut milk with rice flour, it is known as "Kiriya."
*** Chinese congee, called '' zhou'' in Mandarin, and '' juk'' in Cantonese, can be served with a century egg, salted duck egg, pork, cilantro, fried wonton noodles or you tiao, deep-fried dough strips. Meiling porridge (''Meiling zhou'' 美齡粥) made of rice, yam and soya-milk, named after Soong Mei-ling, is a classic dish of Nanjing.
*** Indonesian and Malaysian congee, called ''bubur'', comes in many regional varieties, such as bubur sumsum, made from rice flour boiled with coconut milk then served with palm sugar sauce; and also bubur manado or tinutuan, a rice porridge mixed with various vegetables and eaten with fried salted fish and chili sauce. There is also congee made from mung beans, called bubur kacang hijau or congee with chicken called bubur ayam
*** Japanese congee, called ''kayu'', is mixed with salt and green onions. Often accompanied with variety of foods such as tsukemono (preserved vegetables), shiokara (preserved seafoods) and so on.
*** Korean congee, called '' juk'', can have added seafood, pine nuts, mushrooms, etc.
*** Thai congee, called "khao tom" (ข้าวต้ม), or "Jok" (โจ๊ก), can have added coriander, preserved duck eggs, fish sauce, sliced chili peppers, pickled mustard greens or salt cabbage preserves, red pepper flakes, etc.
*** Vietnamese congee, called ''cháo'', can be made with beef or chicken stock and contains fish sauce and ginger. It is often served with scallions and fried sticks of bread.
*** Filipino congee, called ''lugaw'' or ''arroz caldo'', contains saffron, ginger and sometimes meat. Less common ingredients include boiled eggs, pepper, chilies, puto, lumpiang toge, tofu, fish sauce, calamansi sauce, toyo and spring onions. It is common as a street food.
** Cream of Rice, a brand of American rice porridge, boiled in milk or water with sugar or salt.
** ''Ambrosia Creamed Rice'', a brand of UK rice pudding, made of rice and milk/cream, since 1937.
** Kheer (or Ksheer), a traditional Indian sweet dish, made of rice boiled in milk.
** ''Frescarelli'', an Italian dish made of overcooked rice and white flour, typical of Marche.
** ''Orez în lapte'' (Romania), a dessert made with rice boiled in milk with sugar, sometimes flavored with cinnamon, jam, cocoa powder, etc.
** Tejberizs (Hungary), made with milk

Sorghum

* Sorghum porridge:
** Mabela, a sorghum porridge eaten typically for breakfast in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Maltabella is a brand name for a sorghum porridge manufactured by Bokomo Foods
** Tolegi, a sorghum porridge eaten as a midday meal during the summer in New Guinea.
** Tuwo or ogi, a Nigerian sorghum porridge that may also be made from maize.

Wheat

* Wheat porridge:
** Cream of Wheat, a brand of American wheat porridge, boiled in milk or water with sugar or salt; also called farina or "hot cereal" (a term also applied to oat porridge).
** Dalia, a simple porridge made out of cracked wheat, is a common breakfast in northern India and Pakistan. It is cooked in milk or water and eaten with salt or sugar added.
** Frumenty, a boiled wheat porridge eaten in Roman times, sometimes with fruit or meat added.
** '' Gris cu lapte'' (Romania), dessert made with semolina boiled in milk with sugar added, sometimes flavored with jam, raisins, dried fruit, cinnamon powder, etc.
** Tejbegríz (Hungary), semolina dessert cooked with milk, usually with sugar and topped with cocoa or cinnamon powder, etc.
** Malt-O-Meal – a brand of American wheat porridge
** ''Mannapuuro'', a traditional Finnish dessert made with semolina.
** Semolina porridge, eaten in Czech Republic and Slovakia, is made of milk, semolina and sugar.
** Sour cream porridge, a Norwegian porridge of wheat flour in cooked sour cream with a very smooth and slightly runny texture. It is served with sugar, cinnamon, cured meats or even hard-boiled eggs depending on local custom.
** Upma, a fried semolina porridge traditional in southern India, flavored with clarified butter, fried onions, toasted mustard seeds and curry leaves and often mixed with vegetables and other foods, such as potatoes, fried dried red chilis, fried cauliflower and toasted peanuts or cashew nuts.
** Velvet porridge or butter porridge, a Norwegian dish: a generous amount of white roux is made from wheat flour and butter, adding milk until it can be served as a thick porridge.
** Wheatena, a brand name for a whole-wheat porridge.
** ''Ýarma'', a Turkmen wheat groat porridge.
** Harees, a Middle Eastern dish of boiled, cracked or coarsely-ground wheat and meat or chicken. Its consistency varies between a porridge and a dumpling. Harees is a popular dish in the Persian Gulf countries, Armenia and Pakistan.

Other

* Brenntar

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