Phaseolus vulgaris white beans, witte boon.jpg
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family
Fabaceae The Fabaceae or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomenc ...
containing about 70 plant species, all native to the
Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with th ...
, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically important legume genera. Five of the species have been domesticated since pre-Columbian times for their
bean A bean is the seed of several plants in the family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. They can be cooked in many different ways, including boiling, frying, and baking, and are used in many traditional dishes th ...
s: '' P. acutifolius'' (tepary bean), '' P. coccineus'' (runner bean), '' P. dumosus'' (year bean), '' P. lunatus'' (lima bean), and '' P. vulgaris'' (common bean). Most prominent among these is the common bean, ''P. vulgaris'', which today is cultivated worldwide in tropical, semitropical, and temperate climates.


Ecology

''Phaseolus'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some
Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...
species, including common swift,
garden dart The garden dart (''Euxoa nigricans'') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is distributed throughout much of the Palearctic. Temperate regions of Europe, Central Asia and North Asia, as well as the mountains of North Africa. Absent from polar re ...
, ghost moth ''
Hypercompe albicornis ''Hypercompe albicornis'' is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1865. It is found on Cuba. Larvae have been recorded feeding on ''Helianthus'', ''Luffa ''Luffa'' is a genus of tropical and subtropi ...
'', '' H. icasia'' and the nutmeg.


Etymology

The generic name ''Phaseolus'' was introduced by Linnaeus in 1753,Linnaeus, ''
Species Plantarum ' (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genera. It is the first work to consistently apply binomial names and was the ...
'' 2:623, cited in Oxford English Dictionarybr>''s.v.'' 'phaseolin'
/ref> from the Latin ''phaseolus'', a
diminutive A diminutive is a root word that has been modified to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, either to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment. A (abbreviated ) is a word-formati ...
of ''phasēlus'', in turn borrowed from Greek φάσηλος ' cowpea', of unknown origin. The Latin word ''phaseolus'' is often incorrectly glossed as 'kidney bean', a New World crop. Oxford English Dictionarybr>''s.v.'' 'phaseolin'
/ref>


Taxonomy

Previous classifications placed a number of other well-known
legume A legume () is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seed of such a plant. When used as a dry grain, the seed is also called a pulse. Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, for livestock f ...
species in this genus, but they were subsequently reassigned to the genus '' Vigna'', sometimes necessitating a change of species name. For example, older literature refers to the
mung bean The mung bean (''Vigna radiata''), alternatively known as the green gram, maash ( fa, ماش٫ )٫ mūng (), monggo, or munggo (Philippines), is a plant species in the legume family.Brief Introduction of Mung Bean. Vigna Radiata Extract G ...
as ''Phaseolus aureus'', whereas more modern sources classify it as ''Vigna radiata''. Similarly, the snail bean ''
Vigna caracalla ''Cochliasanthus caracalla'' is a leguminous flowering plant in the family Fabaceae that originates in tropical South America and Central America. The species is named ''caracalla'', a corruption of the Portuguese caracol, meaning snail. Th ...
'' was discovered in 1753 and in 1970 moved from ''Phaseolus'' to ''Vigna''. The modern understanding of ''Phaseolus'' indicates a genus endemic only to the New World.


Species

Species have been organized into eight groups based on phylogenetic clades: Filiformis group *''
Phaseolus angustissimus ''Phaseolus angustissimus'' (common name slimleaf bean) is a perennial, herbaceous vine of the Fabaceae (legume) family, native to the American Southwest (particularly, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Te ...
'' A. Gray *''
Phaseolus filiformis ''Phaseolus filiformis'' is a species of wild bean A bean is the seed of several plants in the family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. They can be cooked in many different ways, including boiling, frying, ...
''—slimjim bean *'' Phaseolus carterae'' Leptostachyus group *''
Phaseolus leptostachyus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus macvaughii ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *'' Phaseolus micranthus'' Lunatus group *''
Phaseolus augusti ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus bolivianus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *'' Phaseolus lunatus''—lima bean, butter bean *'' Phaseolus pachyrrhizoides'' *'' Phaseolus viridis'' *''
Phaseolus mollis ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' Pauciflorus group *'' Phaseolus pauciflorus'' *''
Phaseolus parvulus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus perplexus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus pluriflorus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus tenellus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' Pedicellatus group *''
Phaseolus altimontanus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus dasycarpus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus esperanzae ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus grayanus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically imp ...
'' *'' Phaseolus laxiflorus'' *''
Phaseolus neglectus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *'' Phaseolus pedicellatus'' *''
Phaseolus texensis ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' Polystachios group *''
Phaseolus albinervus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus jaliscanus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *'' Phaseolus juquilensis'' *''
Phaseolus maculatus ''Phaseolus maculatus'' (Metcalfe bean, prairie bean, spotted bean) is a plant native to Mexico and the southwestern United States from Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. It is found on dry, rocky hillsides in meadows and in wooded areas from 1500 t ...
''—spotted bean *''
Phaseolus marechalii ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus polystachios ''Phaseolus polystachios'', also known as the thicket bean or wild kidney bean, is a perennial, herbaceous vine that is native to North America. It is unique among the ''Phaseolus'' in that its native range extends across the eastern temperate U ...
'' *''
Phaseolus reticulatus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus ritensis ''Phaseolus ritensis'' is a plant species native to Arizona, Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa and Nuevo León. Common names include " Santa Rita Mountain bean" (in US) and " cocolmeca" in Mexico. It grows in forested areas in the mountains. ''Phas ...
'' *''
Phaseolus smilacifolius ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' Tuerckheimii group *''
Phaseolus chiapasanus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus gladiolatus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus hintonii ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus oligospermus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus tuerckheimii ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *'' Phaseolus xanthrotrichus'' *''
Phaseolus zimapanensis ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' Vulgaris group *''
Phaseolus acutifolius ''Phaseolus acutifolius'', also known as the tepary bean, is a legume native to the southwestern United States and Mexico and has been grown there by the native peoples since pre-Columbian times. It is more drought-resistant than the common bean ...
''—tepary bean *''
Phaseolus albescens ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically imp ...
'' *'' Phaseolus coccineus''—runner bean *'' Phaseolus costaricensis'' *''
Phaseolus dumosus ''Phaseolus dumosus'', the year bean or year-long bean, is an annual to perennial herbaceous vine in the family Fabaceae (legumes), native to a narrow region in the highlands of Guatemala. It is one of the five '' Phaseolus'' domesticates and i ...
''—year bean *'' Phaseolus parvifolius'' *''
Phaseolus persistentus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus vulgaris ''Phaseolus vulgaris'', the common bean, is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds or green, unripe pods. Its leaf is also occasionally used as a vegetable and the straw as fodder. Its botanical classification, alo ...
''—common bean, French bean, black bean, kidney bean, pinto bean, green bean Uncategorized *''
Phaseolus amblyosepalus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus anisotrichos ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus brevicalyx ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically imp ...
'' *''
Phaseolus chacoensis ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus cibellii ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically imp ...
'' *''
Phaseolus galactoides ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus glabellus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus leucanthus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus macrolepis ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically imp ...
'' *''
Phaseolus massaiensis ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *'' Phaseolus microcarpus'' *''
Phaseolus nelsonii ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus oaxacanus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *'' Phaseolus plagiocylix'' *''
Phaseolus polymorphus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus sonorensis ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
'' *''
Phaseolus vulcanicus ''Phaseolus'' (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically importan ...
''


Allergenicity

The ''Phaseolus'' plant has an OPALS plant allergy scale rating of 4 out of 10, indicating moderate potential to cause allergic reactions, exacerbated by over-use of the same plant throughout a garden. Leaves can cause skin rash and old plants often carry
Rust (fungus) Rusts are plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi of the order Pucciniales (previously known as Uredinales). An estimated 168 rust genera and approximately 7,000 species, more than half of which belong to the genus ''Puccinia'', are currently a ...
.


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q310438 Fabaceae genera Phaseoleae Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus