PODGORICA TERMINAL - panoramio.jpg

Podgorica ( Cyrillic: Подгорица, ; lit. 'under the hill') is the capital and largest city of Montenegro. The city was formerly known as Titograd ( Cyrillic: Титоград, ) between 1946 and 1992—in the period that Montenegro formed, as the Socialist Republic of Montenegro in honour of Marshal Josip Broz Tito. The city was largely destroyed during the bombing of Podgorica in World War II and accordingly the city is now dominated by architecture from the following decades of communism. Further but less substantial damage was caused by the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, 1999 bombing by NATO forces.

The surrounding landscape is predominantly Mountain range, mountainous terrain. The city is just north of the Lake Skadar and close to coastal destinations on the Adriatic Sea. Historically, it was Podgorica's position at the confluence of the Ribnica River, Ribnica and Morača River, Morača rivers and at the meeting-point of the fertile Zeta Plain and Bjelopavlići Valley that encouraged settlement.

Etymology

Podgorica is written in Cyrillic as Подгорица, ; , ; ''Podgorica'' literally means "area below Gorica". ''Gorica'' ( cyrl, Горица), a diminutive of the word Gora (Cyrillic: Гора) which is another word for Mountain or Hill, means "little/small hill", is the name of one of the cypress-covered hillocks that overlooks the city center. Some three kilometres () north-west of Podgorica lie the ruins of the Roman-era town of Doclea (city), Doclea, from which the Roman Emperor Diocletian, Diocletian's mother hailed. In later centuries, Romans "corrected" the name to , guessing wrongly that an ''i'' had been lost in vulgar speech. is the later South Slavic languages, South Slavic version of same word. At its foundation (some time before the 11th century), the town was called (In Illyrian or nowadays Albanian language means Black Hole). In the Middle Ages, it was known as Ribnica ( cyrl, Рибница, ). The name Podgorica was used from 1326. From 1946 to 1992, the city was List of places named after Tito, named Titograd ( cyrl, Титоград) in honour of Josip Broz Tito, the List of heads of state of Yugoslavia#SFR Yugoslavia, President of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1953 to 1980. In 1992 the city changed its name to "Podgorica", which it remains today.

History

Early history

Podgorica is at the Crossroads (culture), crossroads of several historically important routes, near the rivers Zeta River, Zeta, Morača, Cijevna, Ribnica (river), Ribnica, Sitnica (Morača), Sitnica and Mareza in the valley of Lake Skadar and near the Adriatic Sea, in fertile lowlands with favourable climate. The earliest human settlements were in prehistory: the oldest physical remains are from the late Stone Age.

In the Iron Age, the area between the Zeta plain, Zeta and Bjelopavlići plain, Bjelopavlići valleys was occupied by two Illyrian tribes, the Labeates and the Docleatae. The population of the town of Doclea was 8,000–10,000, in which all core urban issues were resolved. The high population density (in an area of about radius) was made possible by the geographical position, favorable climate, and economic conditions and by the defensive positions that were of great importance at that time.

Middle Ages

From the fifth century AD, with the arrival of the first Sclaveni, Slavic and Pannonian Avars, Avar tribes and the beginning of the break-up of the Roman Empire, the area bore witness to many noteworthy events. With time, the fortifications ceased their function, and new towns were built; a new settlement probably named after the Ribnica river, on whose banks it was built, Ribnica, was established. It was first mentioned during the reign of the Nemanjić dynasty, as part of the Kingdom of Serbia (medieval), Serbian kingdom. The importance of Ribnica was its position as crossroads in communications with the west.

The name Podgorica was first mentioned in 1326 in a court document of the Kotor archives. The city was economically strong: trade routes between the Republic of Ragusa and Serbia, well developed at that time, were maintained via the road that led to Podgorica through Trebinje and Nikšić. As a busy crossroads, Podgorica was a vibrant regional center of trade and communication. This boosted its development, economic power, military strength, and strategic importance.

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire captured Podgorica in 1474. Podgorica became a Qadaa, kaza of the Sanjak of Scutari (which was historically led by Albanian Pashas). In 1479, The Ottomans built a Depedogen, large fortress in Podgorica, and the existing settlement, with its highly developed merchant connections, became the main Ottoman defensive and attacking bastion in the region. At the beginning of 1474 the Ottoman sultan intended to rebuild Podgorica and Baleč and settle them with 5,000 Muslim families (most of them of Albanian or Slavic origin), in order to stop cooperation between the Principality of Zeta and Albania Veneta.

Podgorica fell again, but this time to the Ottomans in 1484, and the character of the town changed extensively. The Ottomans fortified the city, building towers, gates, and defensive ramparts that give Podgorica the appearance of an Ottoman military city.

Most of today's Montenegro and Podgorica fell under the rule of the Albanian Bushati Family of Shkodra between 1760 and 1831, which ruled independently from the Imperial authority of the Ottoman Sultan.

In 1864, Podgorica became a ''kaze'' of the Scutari Vilayet called Böğürtlen ("blackberry", also known as Burguriçe).

On 7 October 1874, in a violent reaction over the murder of a local named Juso Mučin Krnić, Ottoman forces killed at least 15 people in Podgorica. The massacre was widely reported outside of Montenegro and ultimately contributed to the buildup to the Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78), Montenegrin-Ottoman War.

The end of the Montenegrin-Ottoman War in 1878 resulted in the Congress of Berlin recognizing vast territories, including that of Podgorica, as part of the newly recognized Kingdom of Montenegro. At that time there were about 1,500 houses in Podgorica, with more than 8,000 people living there – of Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Muslim faiths flourishing together.

The Petrović and Karađorđević monarchies

After the Berlin Congress in 1878, when Podgorica was annexed to the Principality of Montenegro, marking the end of four centuries of Ottoman rule, and the beginning of a new era for Podgorica and Montenegro. The first forms of capital concentration were seen in 1902 when roads were built to all neighboring towns, and tobacco became Podgorica's first significant commercial product. Then in 1904, a savings bank named Zetska formed the first significant financial institution, and it would soon grow into Podgorička Bank.

Balkans Campaign (World War I), World War I marked the end of dynamic development for Podgorica, which by then was the largest city in the newly proclaimed Kingdom of Montenegro. On 10 August 1914, nine military personnel and 13 civilians were killed in Podgorica from an aerial bombardment by Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops. The city was bombed three more times in 1915. Podgorica was occupied, as was the rest of the country, by Austria-Hungary from 1916 to 1918.

After the liberation by the Allies of World War I, Allies in 1918, the controversial Podgorica Assembly marked the end of Montenegrin statehood, as Montenegro was merged with the Kingdom of Serbia and incorporated into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. The population of urban Podgorica during this interwar period was approximately 14,000.

During the interwar period (1918–1941), Podgorica had public bathrooms as most residents did not have their own. However, the ''Imperial'' hotel built in 1925 had two bathrooms, which was unprecedented at the time. It was one of at least six hotels built in the city during the interwar period.

World War II

After the Yugoslav coup d'état on 27 March 1941, demonstrations supporting the coup took place in Podgorica. As a result of the coup, Yugoslavia turned against its previous alliance with the Axis powers and was subsequently invaded. Podgorica was Bombing of Podgorica in World War II, bombed over 80 times throughout the course of the war. The city was first bombed by the Luftwaffe on 6 April 1941. On 5 May 1944, Podgorica was bombed by the United States Army Air Force, USAAF in an attack against Axis forces, although the bombardment that day killed approximately 400 civilians.Kovačević, Branislav. ''Savezničko bombardovanje Crne Gore 1943. – 1944. godine''. Svjedočanstvo. Podgorica, 2003. (pg. 57) The city was liberated on 19 December 1944. According to the Belgrade Museum of Genocide Victims, a total of 1,691 people were killed in Podgorica over the course of the war.

Socialist Yugoslavia

On 12 July 1946, Josip Broz Tito made one of his early visits to Podgorica from the ''Radovče'' hotel, where he spoke to a crowd. It was the first of fifteen total visits made by Tito to the city after World War II.

On 25 July 1948, the vice president of the People's Parliament of Montenegro, Andrija Mugoša, along with secretary Gavron Cemović, signed a law changing the name of Podgorica into "Titovgrad". The law was "retroactively" activated such that the name change applied to any records starting from 13 July 1946, when it became the capital of Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Montenegro within Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. However, in a glaring contradiction, the "Službeni list" or legal code of Yugoslavia recorded the name "Titograd" without the letter "v". Ultimately, "Titograd" was used over "Titovgrad".

In addition to the new name, Titograd saw the establishment of new factories. The Radoje Dakić factory, built-in 1946 for the production of heavy machinery, became one of the largest employers in Titograd. In 1964, Radoje Dakić guaranteed hired workers an apartment in the city. In the late 1960s, the cities of Titograd, Zadar, and Mostar competed to be selected as the location of Yugoslavia's expanding aluminum industry. In a highly politicized selection process, Titograd was ultimately chosen and the Aluminium Plant Podgorica, Kombinat was constructed in 1969. In 1974, the public University of Montenegro, Veljko Vlahović University was founded in Titograd. On 15 April 1979, the city suffered damage by a 1979 Montenegro earthquake, 6.9 magnitude earthquake.

Titograd was the site of massive protests during Anti-bureaucratic revolution, Yugoslavia's anti-bureaucratic revolution. On 10 January 1989, over 10,000 people protested in the city. By the turn of the decade, Titograd was recognized as the city with the most greenery in Yugoslavia, along with Banja Luka.

Contemporary history

As Breakup of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia began to break up, Titograd was renamed to Podgorica after a referendum on 2 April 1992. On 25 May 1992, Podgorica was the site of a Serbian Radical Party rally of approximately 10,000 supporters, during which a Bosniaks of Montenegro, Montenegrin Bosniak man named Adem Šabotić attempted to assassinate Vojislav Šešelj via hand bomb after his supporters chanted references to killing Muslims. Šešelj, his bodyguards, and a few bystanders were injured after the bomb detonated but no one was killed.

Otherwise, the Yugoslav wars largely bypassed Podgorica, but the entire country was greatly affected with severe economic stagnation and hyperinflation lasting throughout the 1990s due to Sanctions against Yugoslavia, international sanctions. In 1999, Podgorica was subject to airstrikes during the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.

On 13 July 2005, the newly constructed Millennium Bridge (Montenegro), Millennium Bridge opened for traffic. Following the results of the 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum, independence referendum in May 2006, Podgorica saw significant development as the capital of an independent state, including the reconstruction and renaming of the former Ivan Milutinović Square to Independence Square (Podgorica), Independence Square.

On 13 October 2008, at least 10,000 people 2008 Podgorica protest, protested 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, Kosovo's declaration of independence. On 19 December 2008, the Moscow Bridge opened for pedestrians.

On 7 August 2013, the 60-year old Hotel ''Crna Gora'' was demolished to make way for the new Hilton Hotels & Resorts, Hilton in its place, which opened in 2016. Construction of the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ, Podgorica, Cathedral of Christ's Resurrection finished after 20 years on 7 October 2013.

In October 2015, 2015–2016 Montenegrin crisis, protests took place in Podgorica ahead of Montenegro–NATO relations, Montenegro's accession into NATO. After a demonstration of at least 5,000 to 8,000 people, the police used tear gas to disperse demonstrators from the Parliament of Montenegro, parliament. Protests in the city continued through the 2016 Montenegrin parliamentary election. On 22 February 2018, a Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro, Yugoslav Army veteran 2018 United States embassy attack in Podgorica, killed himself at the US embassy in Podgorica.

Administration

The city administration consists of a mayor, city deliberative assembly, assembly, and a number of secretariats and administrative bodies which together act as a city local government. The city assembly has 61 members, elected directly for four-year terms. The mayor used to be directly elected for a five-year term, but since the new law was introduced in Montenegrin municipalities mayors will be elected by the city assembly and will have to maintain its support during the term. Separate elections are held for the local sub-division of Golubovci since it is part of their administrative autonomy inside Podgorica municipality. Constant questions are raised by various politicians over gaining separate municipality status for Golubovci. In 2018, Tuzi Municipality, Tuzi became its own municipality after a vote on the Montenegrin Parliament.

On local elections held on 25 May 2014, the Democratic Party of Socialists won 29 seats in the municipal assembly, one short of 30 needed to form a majority. Democratic Front (Montenegro), Democratic Front won 17 seats, Socialist People's Party of Montenegro, SNP won 8 seats, while coalition made of Positive Montenegro and Social Democratic Party of Montenegro, SDP won 5 seats. After lengthy negotiations, SDP dissolved coalition with Pozitivna and made an arrangement on forming a majority with DPS, similar to one they have in national government. While SDP is a longtime partner of DPS at the national level, it has been in opposition to Podgorica municipal assembly in 2010–2014 period.
Since October 2014, the position of the mayor is held by Democratic Party of Socialists, DPS official, Slavoljub Stijepović, replacing Podgorica mayor od 14 years, Miomir Mugoša. Since October 2018, the position of the Mayor is held by Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro, DPS Vicepredsident Ivan Vuković (politician), dr Ivan Vuković, replacing Slavoljub Stijepović.

City Assembly

Local subdivisions

The municipality of Podgorica consists of ''Podgorica City Proper'' and one subdivision (called ''city municipality,'' градске општине, ''gradske opštine''), which is Golubovci.

The entire municipality of Podgorica is further divided into 57 ''local community, local communities'' (мјесне заједнице, ''mjesne zajednice''), bodies in which the citizens participate in decisions on matters of relevance to the local community.

Geography

Podgorica is located in central Montenegro. The area is crossed with rivers and the city itself is only north of Lake Skadar. The Morača River, Morača and Ribnica River, Ribnica rivers flow through the city, while the Zeta River, Zeta, Cijevna River, Cijevna, Sitnica River, Sitnica and Mareza flow nearby. ''Morača'' is the largest river in the city, being wide near downtown, and having carved a deep canyon for the length of its course through the city. Except for the Morača and Zeta, other rivers have an appearance of small creeks. The richness in bodies of water is a major feature of the city.

In contrast to most of Montenegro, Podgorica lies in a mainly flat area at the northern end of the Zeta plain, at an elevation of . The only exceptions are hills which overlook the city. The most significant is high '
Gorica Hill
'' (), city's namesake, which rises above the city centre. The other hills include ''Malo brdo'' ("little hill", ), ''Velje brdo'' ("big hill", )
Ljubović
() and ''Dajbapska gora'' ().
Podgorica city proper has an area of , while actual urbanized area is much smaller.

Podgorica,_Montenegro_-_panoramio_(14).jpg, Morača river canyon.
02 - Maja Stosic - Pavlova Strana.jpg, Lake Skadar
Nijagara_-_panoramio.jpg, River Cijevna waterfalls near Podgorica
Zagoric.JPG, Podgorica panoramic view.

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Podgorica is transitional between a humid subtropical climate (''Cfa'') and a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (''Csa''), since the driest summer month gets slightly less than of precipitation, with summer highs around and winter highs around . Although the city is only some north of the Adriatic Sea, an arm of the Mediterranean, Rumija, Mount Rumija acts as a natural barrier, separating Skadar Lake basin and Podgorica area from the sea, thus limiting temperate maritime influence on the local climate.

The mean annual rainfall is , making Podgorica by far the wettest capital in Europe, Ljubljana being second with . The temperature exceeds on about 135 days each year and the median daily temperature is . The number of rainy days is about 120, and those with a strong wind around 60. An occasional strong northerly wind influences the climate in the winter, with a wind chill effect lowering the perceived temperature by a few degrees.

The all-time maximum snowfall record was beaten on 11 February 2012, when of snowfall were measured. Before that, the biggest snowfall in Podgorica was in 1954, when of snowfall was recorded. Maximum temperature was recorded on 24 August 2007, at , while all time minimum was , on 4 February 1956.

Demography

In the Ottoman defter of 1485, 40 households were listed.

In 1614, there was over 900 households.

Although medium-sized by European standards, Podgorica is by far the largest city in Montenegro: almost a quarter of Montenegrin citizens live there. According to the 2011 census, there are 185,937 people in Podgorica Capital City, which is analogous to the metropolitan area, and includes the small towns of Tuzi and Golubovci, while 150,977 people live within the city proper.

Out of the total population of Podgorica 48.73% are male and 51.27% are female. The average age of the population is 35.7.

Religion

Podgorica is home to three main religious groups: Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox Christians, Sunni Islam, Sunni Muslims and Catholicism, Catholic Christians.

The Orthodox Christian population mostly originates from the local Montenegrins (ethnic group), Montenegrin and Serb population, which accepted Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox Christianity in Middle Ages after a major split during East–West Schism, The Great Schism. They represent the major religious group. There are various Eastern Orthodox churches in the city including St. George Church which originates from the 13th century, and the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ (Podgorica), Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ which is the largest church in the city to have been recently erected.

The Muslims, Muslim population mostly originates from local Bosniaks, as well as Albanians. There are several mosques in Podgorica.

The Catholic population mainly consists of the local Albanian minority. The main religious site for the Catholic population located in the Konik, Montenegro, Konik neighbourhood is the Church of the Holy Heart of Jesus (Podgorica), Church of the Holy Heart of Jesus constructed in 1966, in Brutalist architecture, Brutalist style which makes this object unique. Other Catholic churches are located in eastern suburb Tuzi.

Economy

Podgorica is not only the administrative center of Montenegro but also its main economic engine. Most of Montenegro's industrial, financial, and commercial base is in Podgorica.

Before World War I, most of Podgorica's economy was in trade and small-scale manufacturing, which was an economic model established during the long rule of the Ottoman Empire. After World War II, Podgorica became Montenegro's capital and a focus of the rapid urbanization and industrialization of the SFRY era. Industries such as aluminium and tobacco processing, textile industry, textiles, engineering, vehicle production, and wine production were established in and around the city. In 1981, Podgorica's GDP per capita was 87% of the Yugoslav average.

In the early 1990s, the Breakup of Yugoslavia, dissolution of Yugoslavia, Yugoslav wars, and the United Nations Security Council Resolution 757, UN-imposed sanctions left Podgorica's industries without traditional markets, suppliers, and available funds. This, combined with typical Transition economy, transition pressures, led to a decline of the industrial base, where many industries collapsed leaving thousands of citizens unemployed. However, some of the industries, including Plantaže, managed to survive the turmoil of the 1990s, and are still major contributors to Montenegrin export and industrial output to this day.

As Montenegro began its push for independence from Serbia in the late 1990s, Podgorica greatly benefited from the increased concentration of government and service sectors. In addition to almost the entire country's government, Podgorica is home to the Montenegro Stock Exchange and other major Montenegrin financial institutions, along with telecommunications carriers, media outlets, Air Montenegro, Montenegrin flag carrier airline, and other significant institutions and companies.

The large presence of government and service sectors spared the economy of Podgorica from prolonged stagnation in the Great Recession, late 2000s recession, which hit Montenegro hard. Although in mid-2014, some 30% of Montenegro's citizens lived in Podgorica, the municipality accounted for 44% of the country's employed. Out of the entire mass of paid net salaries in Montenegro in that year, some 47% was paid in Podgorica. The average monthly net salary in December 2021 was €537 in Podgorica municipality.

Tourism

Further cultural and historic monuments in and around Podgorica are Sahat-kula Adzi-pasa Osmanagica, the ruins of the Ribnica fortress, remnants of the city of Doclea, Stara Varoš, and Vezirov. Podgorica has excellent transit connections with other centres.

At nine kilometres from the city is the International Airport, with railway and bus stations close to one another.

Media

Podgorica is the media hub of Montenegro. It is home to the headquarters of the state-owned public television broadcaster RTCG. Commercial broadcasters in Podgorica include RTV A1, TV Vijesti, Nova M, Nova M, Gradska TV and Prva TV. It was announced that the city's local television will be launched soon. Their programmes can be received in much of Montenegro.

All Montenegro's daily newspapers (oldest Montenegrin daily newspaper ''Pobjeda'', ''Vijesti'', ''Dnevne Novine'' and ''Dan (newspaper), Dan'') are published in Podgorica.

Transport

Public transport

Public transport in Podgorica consists of 11 urban and 16 suburban bus lines. The city-owned ''AD Gradski saobraćaj'' public transport company used to be the sole bus operator until the 1990s, when private carriers were introduced. The company went bankrupt in 2001, and buses were since operated solely by private carriers.

Public transport faces competition from very popular dispatched taxi services. De-regulation and stiff competition have made taxi services very affordable. Over 20 taxi companies are operating in Podgorica with close to 800 vehicles in service. Usually, taxi companies provide a high level of service, with relatively new and uniform car fleets and GPS-tracked vehicles.

Roads

Podgorica's location in central Montenegro makes it a natural hub for rail and road transport. Roads in Montenegro (especially those connecting Podgorica to northern Montenegro and Serbia) are usually inferior to modern European roads. Both major Montenegrin motorway projects, A-1 motorway (Montenegro), Bar-Boljare motorway and Adriatic–Ionian motorway#Montenegro, Nudo–Božaj motorway, will pass near Podgorica. The first phase of newly constructed motorway A-1 (Bar-Boljari) will be open on July 13. 2022. The newly built Sozina tunnel (4.2 km) shortened the journey from Podgorica to Bar, Montenegro, Bar (Montenegro's main seaport) to under 30 minutes. Also, a new road bypass has been constructed in 2011, to remove transport routes from north to south of the country, out of the city center. A south-western bypass has also been planned , with the same goal of moving heavy transport out of the city core. Podgorica is also characteristic of its extensive network of multi-lane boulevards which make inner-city transport quick and effective. Traffic over the Morača River also goes fluently since river banks are very well connected with 6 vehicular and 3 pedestrian bridges.

The main transit connections of Podgorica are:
* north (European route E65, E65, European route E80, E80), towards Belgrade and on to Central Europe
* west (European route E762, E762), towards Nikšić, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and on to Western Europe
* south (European route E65, E65, European route E80, E80) towards the Adriatic coast
* east (European route E762, E762), towards Albania

Rail

Podgorica is a hub of the X-shaped Railways of Montenegro, Montenegrin rail network. The Belgrade–Bar railway, Belgrade–Bar line converges with the Nikšić-Podgorica railway, line to Nikšić and Podgorica–Shkodër railway, line to Shkodër at the Podgorica Rail Station. The station itself is located to the southeast of the main city square. Podgorica's main railway link (for both passenger and freight traffic) is Belgrade–Bar. The link to Nikšić was recently under reconstruction (Railway electrification system, electrification); afterwards, passenger service started in October 2012. The rail link to Shkodër is used as freight-only.

Air

Podgorica Airport is located in Zeta Plain, south of Podgorica City centre, and is Montenegro's main international airport. The airport is locally known as Golubovci Airport (Аеродром Голубовци / Aerodrom Golubovci), as it is located within the administrative boundaries of the town of Golubovci. The IATA code of the airport is still TGD because Podgorica was named Titograd, during which time the airport opened. It is the main hub for Air Montenegro and Di Air.

Education

Most of Montenegro's higher education establishments are in Podgorica including the University of Montenegro, the country's most significant university. The university has the following faculties:

* University of Montenegro Faculty of Political Sciences, Faculty of Political Sciences
* University of Montenegro Faculty of Law, Faculty of Law
* University of Montenegro Faculty of Economics, Faculty of Economics
* University of Montenegro Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering
* University of Montenegro Faculty of Metallurgy and Technology, Faculty of Metallurgy and Technology
* Faculty for Information Technology, Podgorica, Faculty for Information Technology
* Faculty of Civil Engineering

* Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
* Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
* University of Montenegro Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
* University of Montenegro Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy
* University of Montenegro Faculty of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture
* University of Montenegro Faculty of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology

The university's scientific research institutes are also in the Podgorica: Institute of Foreign Languages, Institute of Biotechnology and the Institute of History

The Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts (CANU) is in Podgorica, as well as the parallel scholars' academy Doclean Academy of Sciences and Arts, DANU.

There are a number of private institutions for higher education including the Mediterranean University which was founded in 2006 as the first private university in Montenegro and the University of Donja Gorica. The municipality of Podgorica has 34 elementary schools and 10 secondary schools, including one Gymnasium (school), gymnasium. The first secondary school established in Podgorica is Gymnasium "Slobodan Škerović" which first opened in 1907. The rebuilt economic high school offers new features and higher quality education. The "Radosav Ljumović National Library" is considered the most comprehensive in Montenegro.

Culture

Podgorica is home to many Montenegrin cultural institutions and events. It hosts the Montenegrin National Theatre and a number of museums and galleries. The Montenegrin National Theatre is the most significant theatre not only in Podgorica but in all of Montenegro. Podgorica is also host to the City Theatre (''Gradsko pozorište''), which includes the Children's Theatre and the Puppet Theatre. Although not as rich in museums and galleries as the historic royal capital Cetinje, there are several noteworthy museums:
* The Podgorica City Museum (''Muzej grada Podgorice'') preserves Podgorica's rich heritage. Founded in 1950, it has four categories: archaeological, ethnographic, historical, and cultural-historical. It houses artifacts that date back to the Roman Empire, Roman and Illyrian eras.
* The Archaeological Research Centre (''Centar za arheološka istraživanja'') was founded in 1961. Its mission is to gather, classify, restore and display archaeological sites.
* The Marko Miljanov Museum (''Muzej Marka Miljanova'') in Medun shows life in 19th century Montenegro.
* The Natural History Museum (''Prirodnjački muzej'') displays specimens of Montenegrin flora and fauna. This museum has no exhibition space of its own, despite many proposals and initiatives to build one.
There is a notable art gallery in the ''Dvorak'' House of Petrović, ''Petrovića'' (Podgorica Royal Palace, Petrović Castle) complex in Podgorica's largest public park. Nicholas I of Montenegro, King Nicholas's castle, ''Perjanički Dom'' (House of the Honour Guard), castle chapel and surrounding buildings were converted to an art gallery in 1984. Since 1995, it has been part of the Modern Arts Centre (''Centar savremenih umjetnosti'') and houses approximately 1,500 works of art. The historic Cinema of Culture (''Kino Kultura''), which was founded in 1949, was closed in November 2008 due to continuous financial losses it generated. It was the only cinema in the city for 6 decades. The building of the former cinema will be converted to host the Podgorica City Theatre. Shortly after its closure, a Ster-Kinekor (later acquired by Cineplexx Cinemas, Cineplexx) 6-screen Multiplex (movie theater), multiplex cinema opened at BIG Podgorica shopping mall.

A significant cultural institution of over fifty years' standing is the Budo Tomović Cultural-Informational Centre (''KIC Budo Tomović''). It is a public institution that organizes various artistic events, including Podgorica Cultural Summer (''Podgoričko Kulturno Ljeto''), FIAT – International Alternative Theatre Festival (''Festival Internacionalnog Alternativnog Teatra''), DEUS – December Arts Scene (''Decembarska Umjetnička Scena'').

File:Novi_Grad,_Podgorica,_Montenegro_-_panoramio_(9).jpg, Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ, Podgorica, Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ interior.
File:Royal Garden in Podgorica.jpg, Former residence of King Nikola I Petrović, today an art gallery.
File: Montenegrin National Theatre.jpg , Montenegrin National Theatre
File:Podgorica, museo nazionale, esterno 01.JPG,

Sport

The most popular sports by far are association football, football and basketball. Basketball became especially popular with the success in the late 20th and early 21st centuries of KK Budućnost Podgorica, KK Budućnost, both in ABA League, Regional and European competitions.

Football in Podgorica has a long tradition associated with FK Budućnost Podgorica, Budućnost. World-famous players Predrag Mijatović and Dejan Savićević were born in Podgorica and made their debut in that team. The club FK Zeta from the Podgorica suburb of Golubovci has also reached the former first league of Serbia and Montenegro. These clubs, along with FK Sutjeska Nikšić, Sutjeska from Nikšić, usually compete with each other for leading position in the First League of Montenegro.
Other clubs from Podgorica and its surroundings play in the Montenegrin First League e.g. OFK Titograd & FK Kom, Kom. One of the most popular clubs from the suburbs is FK Ribnica from Konik, Montenegro, Konik, FK Zabjelo from Zabjelo and FK Podgorica from ''Donja Gorica''.

The volleyball team OK Budućnost Podgorica, OK Budućnost and the women's handball team ŽRK Budućnost T-Mobile have had significant success in European competition. Budućnost Podgorica is the most important sports club in Podgorica. Its name means ''Future''.

Chess is another popular sport and some famous global chess players, like Slavko Dedić, are born in Podgorica.

Sporting events like the annual Podgorica Marathon, Podgorica Marathon, Coinis no limits Triathlon, and the ''Morača River'' jumps attract international competitors.
Podgorica was the host of 2009 FINA Men's Water Polo World League.

Venues

Podgorica has a number of sporting venues; some are under reconstruction and expansion. The main ones are:
*Podgorica City Stadium. It has a capacity of 11,264 and it is the home of FK Budućnost Podgorica and the Montenegro national football team. It is the only venue in Montenegro that complies with FIFA standards for international football matches.
*Morača Sports Center, a multi-functional indoor sports facility. It has a capacity of 6 000 seats. It hosted one group of EuroBasket 2005, while other games were played in Belgrade Arena, Belgrade, Millennium Centar, Vršac, and Spens Sports Center, Novi Sad.
*Bemax Arena, newly opened, basketball indoor and outdoor sports facility. It has a capacity of 2.400 seats.

Almost every football club in Podgorica has its own stadium, although these are often only fields with small stands or no stands at all.
Other notable venues are the Stadion malih sportova under Gorica hill and the sport shooting range under Ljubović hill. There are many other sports facilities around the city, most notably indoor soccer fields.

Cityscape

Podgorica's mixture of architectural styles reflects the turbulent history of the city and country: as one régime replaced another, the corresponding style was introduced.

As part of the Ottoman Empire until 1878, Podgorica has some examples of Ottoman architecture. The oldest parts of the city
''Stara Varoš'' (''Old town'')
and ''Drač'' is typical of this, with two mosques, a Turkish Clock Tower (Podgorica), Clock Tower and narrow, winding streets.

When the city was incorporated to Montenegro, the urban core shifted to the other bank of the Ribnica River, where the town developed in a more European style: wider streets with an orthogonal layout. This part of the city is today traditionally regarded as the city center and is called ''Nova Varoš'' (''New town'').

During World War II, Podgorica was almost razed to the ground, being Bombing of Podgorica in World War II, bombed over 80 times. After liberation, rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled SFRY. Mass residential blocks were erected, with basic design typical of Eastern bloc countries. All that part of the city on the right bank of the Morača River was built this way.

The main contemporary traffic arteries were laid out during this period, which extended the orthogonal street layout of the city center, to the south and west. Residential and infrastructural developments in the SFRY era have mostly shaped the layout of today's Podgorica and accommodated the unprecedented population growth that followed World War II.

file:Independence_Square_PG.jpg, Independence square.
File:Most Milenijum (Millenium Bridge) (9185505567).jpg, Morača river.
File:SaborniHram.JPG, Roman Square (Podgorica), Roman Square and Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ, Podgorica, Cathedral of Podgorica.
File:Most Blaža Jovanovića.jpg, Blažo Jovanović Bridge over the Morača.
File:Podgorica EKIP and Prva TV IMG 1286 82 Bulevar Džordža Vašingtona.JPG, Office building at George Washington Street
File:Blok 5 i 6.jpg, Highrise housing in Podgorica.
File:Delta City - panoramio.jpg, alt=Delta Shopping Mall., BIG Podgorica
File:Bulevar Svetog Petra Cetinjskog, 2019.jpg, Peter I of Montenegro, St Peter of Cetinje Boulevard
File:AerodromPodgorica.jpg, Podgorica Airport
File:Morača Sports Center.jpg, Morača Sports Center

A major advance in Podgorica architecture began in the late 1990s and, since then, the face of the city has changed rapidly. Residential and business construction are proceeding rapidly, incorporating contemporary glass-and-steel architectural trends. In an effort to create a recognizable and modern state capital, city officials are routing significant investments in the city's public spaces. Thus, the city has gained entirely new squares and some monuments. New landmarks include the ''Hristovog Vaskrsenja'' Orthodox temple (church), orthodox temple and the Millennium Bridge, Podgorica, Millennium Bridge, the main feature of the Podgorica skyline.

Notable people

Below are some of the most notable people who were either born or spent most of their lives in Podgorica:

*Božidar Vuković, one of the first South Slavic printers
*Blažo Jovanović, communist politician
*Dejan Savićević, football player
*Predrag Mijatović, football player
*Stevan Jovetić, football player
*Milos Raonic, Canadian tennis player
*Duško Vujošević, Montenegrin basketball coach
*Marko Miljanov, general, clan chief and writer
*Vojo Stanić, sculptor and painter
*Risto Stijović, sculptor and painter
*Borislav Pekić, novelist
*Anđela Bulatović, handball player
*Zoran Filipović football player and coach
*Duško Radinović, football player
*Simon Vukčević, football player
*Refik Šabanadžović football player
*Dejan Zlatičanin, boxer
*Dejan Radonjić, basketball player and coach
*Nikola Bulatović, basketball player
*Ljiljana Mugoša, handball player
*Svetlana Mugoša-Antić, handball player
*Nikola Mirotić, Spanish basketball player
*Ivan Strugar, kick-boxer
*Jovanka Radičević, handball player
*Slavko Kalezić, singer and actor
*Knez (singer), Nenad Knežević "Knez", pop singer
*Sergej Ćetković, pop singer

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Podgorica is Sister city, twinned with:

* Ankara, Turkey
* Bari, Italy
* Naousa, Imathia, Naousa, Greece
* Skopje, North Macedonia
* Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Partner cities

* Yerevan, Armenia

See also

*Outline of Montenegro
*Podgorica Capital City

Notes

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References

External links

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Tourism Organisation of Podgorica

More (mostly modern) buildings of Podgorica

{{Authority control

Podgorica,
Capitals in Europe
Populated places in Podgorica Municipality