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Sir Douglas Mawson
OBE The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations, and public service outside the civil service. It was established o ...
FRS FAA (5 May 1882 – 14 October 1958) was an Australian geologist,
Antarctic The Antarctic ( or , American English also or ; commonly ) is a polar region around Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau and other ...
explorer, and academic. Along with Roald Amundsen, Robert Falcon Scott, and
Sir Ernest Shackleton Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of An ...
, he was a key expedition leader during the
Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration The Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration was an era in the exploration of the continent of Antarctica which began at the end of the 19th century, and ended after the First World War; the Shackleton–Rowett Expedition of 1921–1922 is often cit ...
. Mawson was born in England and came to Australia as an infant. He completed degrees in mining engineering and geology at the University of Sydney. In 1905 he was made a lecturer in
petrology Petrology () is the branch of geology that studies rocks and the conditions under which they form. Petrology has three subdivisions: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary petrology. Igneous and metamorphic petrology are commonly taught together ...
and
mineralogy Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the proces ...
at the University of Adelaide. Mawson's first experience in the Antarctic came as a member of Shackleton's ''Nimrod'' Expedition (1907–1909), alongside his mentor
Edgeworth David Sir Tannatt William Edgeworth David (28 January 1858 – 28 August 1934) was a Welsh Australian geologist and Antarctic explorer. A household name in his lifetime, David's most significant achievements were discovering the major Hunter V ...
. They were part of the expedition's northern party, which became the first to attain the South Magnetic Pole and to climb Mount Erebus. After his participation in Shackleton's expedition, Mawson became the principal instigator of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911–1914). The expedition explored thousands of kilometres of previously unexplored regions, collected geological and botanical samples, and made important scientific observations. Mawson was the sole survivor of the three-man Far Eastern Party, which travelled across the
Mertz Mertz is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Albert Mertz (1920–1990), Danish painter * Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim, (1905–1944), German officer and resistance fighter involved in the 20 July Plot against Adolf Hitler * B ...
and Ninnis Glaciers named after his two deceased companions. Their deaths forced him to travel alone for over a month to return to the expedition's main base. Mawson was knighted in 1914 and during World War I worked with the British and Russian militaries. He returned to the University of Adelaide in 1919 and became a full professor in 1921, contributing much to Australian geology. He returned to the Antarctic as the leader of the
British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition The British Australian (and) New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) was a research expedition into Antarctica between 1929 and 1931, involving two voyages over consecutive Austral summers. It was a British Commonwealth initiative, dr ...
(1929–1931), which led to a territorial claim in the form of the Australian Antarctic Territory. Mawson is commemorated by numerous landmarks and from 1984 to 1996 appeared on the Australian $100 note.


Early life

Mawson was born on 5 May 1882 to Robert Ellis Mawson and Margaret Ann Moore. He was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire, but was less than two years old when his family emigrated to Australia and settled at
Rooty Hill Rooty Hill is a heritage-listed historic site and now parkland at Eastern Road, Rooty Hill, City of Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1802 to 1828. It is also known as The Rooty Hill and Morreau Reserve. The property is ...
, now in the western suburbs of Sydney; Later he and his family moved to the inner-Sydney suburb of Glebe in 1893. He attended Forest Lodge Public School, Fort Street Model School and the University of Sydney, where he graduated in 1902 with a Bachelor of Engineering degree.


Early work

He was appointed geologist to an expedition to the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) in 1903; his report, ''The Geology of the New Hebrides'', was one of the first major geological works of Melanesia. Also that year he published a geological paper on Mittagong, New South Wales. His major influences in his geological career were Professor Edgeworth David and
Professor Archibald Liversidge Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin as a "person who professes". Professors ...
. He then became a lecturer in
petrology Petrology () is the branch of geology that studies rocks and the conditions under which they form. Petrology has three subdivisions: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary petrology. Igneous and metamorphic petrology are commonly taught together ...
and
mineralogy Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the proces ...
at the University of Adelaide in 1905. He identified and first described the mineral davidite.


''Nimrod'' Expedition

Mawson joined Ernest Shackleton's ''Nimrod'' Expedition (1907–1909) to the
Antarctic The Antarctic ( or , American English also or ; commonly ) is a polar region around Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau and other ...
, originally intending to stay for the duration of the ship's presence in the first summer. Instead both he and his mentor,
Edgeworth David Sir Tannatt William Edgeworth David (28 January 1858 – 28 August 1934) was a Welsh Australian geologist and Antarctic explorer. A household name in his lifetime, David's most significant achievements were discovering the major Hunter V ...
, stayed an extra year. In doing so they became, in the company of
Alistair Mackay Alistair Forbes Mackay (22 February 1878 – ) was a Scottish physician, biologist, and polar explorer known for being the first, along with Australians Douglas Mawson and Edgeworth David, to reach the South Magnetic Pole on 16 Janua ...
, the first to climb the summit of Mount Erebus and to trek to the South Magnetic Pole, which at that time was over land.


Australasian Antarctic Expedition

Mawson turned down an invitation to join Robert Falcon Scott's Terra Nova Expedition in 1910; Australian geologist
Griffith Taylor Thomas Griffith "Grif" Taylor (1 December 1880 – 5 November 1963) was an English-born geographer, anthropologist and world explorer. He was a survivor of Captain Robert Scott's Terra Nova Expedition to Antarctica (1910–1913). Taylor was a se ...
went with Scott instead. Mawson chose to lead his own expedition, the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, to
King George V Land George V Land is a segment of Antarctica part of the land claimed as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, inland from the George V Coast. As with other segments of Antarctica, it is defined by two lines of longitude, 142°02' E and 153°4 ...
and Adelie Land, the sector of the Antarctic continent immediately south of Australia, which at the time was almost entirely unexplored. The objectives were to carry out geographical exploration and scientific studies, including a visit to the South Magnetic Pole. Mawson raised the necessary funds in a year, from British and Australian governments, and from commercial backers interested in mining and whaling. The expedition, using the ship SY ''Aurora'' commanded by Captain
John King Davis John King Davis (19 February 1884 – 8 May 1967) was an English-born Australian explorer and navigator notable for his work captaining exploration ships in Antarctic waters as well as for establishing meteorological stations on Macquar ...
, departed from
Hobart Hobart ( ; Nuennonne/Palawa kani: ''nipaluna'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. Home to almost half of all Tasmanians, it is the least-populated Australian state capital city, and second-small ...
on 2 December 1911, landed at  Cape Denison (named after Hugh Denison, a major backer of the expedition) on
Commonwealth Bay Commonwealth Bay is an open bay about 48 km (30 mi) wide at the entrance between Point Alden and Cape Gray in Antarctica. It was discovered in 1912 by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition under Douglas Mawson, who established the main ...
on 8 January 1912, and established the Main Base. A second camp was located to the west on the ice shelf in
Queen Mary Land Queen Mary Land or the Queen Mary Coast () is the portion of the coast of Antarctica lying between Cape Filchner, in 91° 54' E, and Cape Hordern, at 100° 30' E. It is claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory. It w ...
. Cape Denison proved to be unrelentingly windy; the average wind speed for the entire year was about , with some winds approaching . They built a hut on the rocky cape and wintered through nearly constant blizzards. Mawson wanted to do aerial exploration and brought the first aeroplane to Antarctica. The aircraft, a
Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane The Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplanes were a series of single-engined monoplane aircraft built by Vickers prior to the outbreak of the First World War. They were developed from a French design for which Vickers had purchased a license, with eight ...
, was to be flown by
Francis Howard Bickerton Francis Howard Bickerton (15 January 1889 – 21 August 1954) was an English treasure hunter, Antarctic explorer, soldier, aeronaut, entrepreneur, big-game hunter and movie-maker. He not only made a major contribution to the Australasian Anta ...
. When it was damaged in Australia shortly before the expedition departed, plans were changed so it was to be used only as a tractor on skis. However, the engine did not operate well in the cold, and it was removed and returned to Vickers in England. The aircraft fuselage itself was abandoned. On 1 January 2009, fragments of it were rediscovered by the Mawson's Huts Foundation, which is restoring the original huts. Mawson's exploration program was carried out by five parties from the Main Base and two from the Western Base. Mawson himself was part of a three-man sledging team, the Far Eastern Party, with Xavier Mertz and Lieutenant Belgrave Ninnis, who headed east on 10 November 1912, to survey
King George V Land George V Land is a segment of Antarctica part of the land claimed as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, inland from the George V Coast. As with other segments of Antarctica, it is defined by two lines of longitude, 142°02' E and 153°4 ...
. After five weeks of excellent progress mapping the coastline and collecting geological samples, the party was crossing the Ninnis Glacier 480 km east of the main base. Mertz was skiing and Mawson was on his sled with his weight dispersed, but Ninnis was jogging beside the second sled. Ninnis fell through a crevasse, and his body weight is likely to have breached the snow bridge covering it. The six best dogs, most of the party's rations, their tent, and other essential supplies disappeared into the massive crevasse. Mertz and Mawson spotted one dead and one injured dog on a ledge below them, but Ninnis was never seen again. After a brief service, Mawson and Mertz turned back immediately. They had one week's provisions for two men and no dog food but plenty of fuel and a primus. They sledged for 27 hours continuously to obtain a spare tent cover they had left behind, for which they improvised a frame from skis and a theodolite. Their lack of provisions forced them to use their remaining sled dogs to feed the other dogs and themselves: There was a quick deterioration in the men's physical condition during this journey. Both men suffered dizziness; nausea; abdominal pain;
irrationality Irrationality is cognition, thinking, talking, or acting without inclusion of rationality. It is more specifically described as an action or opinion given through inadequate use of reason, or through emotional distress or cognitive deficiency. T ...
; mucosal fissuring; skin, hair, and nail loss; and the
yellowing Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and sclera due to hyperbilirubinemia, high bilirubin levels. Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving ...
of eyes and skin. Later Mawson noticed a dramatic change in his travelling companion. Mertz seemed to lose the will to move and wished only to remain in his sleeping bag. He began to deteriorate rapidly with diarrhoea and madness. On one occasion Mertz refused to believe he was suffering from frostbite and bit off the tip of his own little finger. This was soon followed by violent raging—Mawson had to sit on his companion's chest and hold down his arms to prevent him from damaging their tent. Mertz suffered further seizures before falling into a coma and dying on 8 January 1913. It was unknown at the time that husky liver contains extremely high levels of vitamin A. It was also not known that such levels of vitamin A could cause liver damage to humans. With six dogs between them (with a liver on average weighing 1 kg), it is thought that the pair ingested enough liver to bring on a condition known as
hypervitaminosis A Hypervitaminosis A refers to the toxic effects of ingesting too much preformed vitamin A (retinyl esters, retinol, and retinal). Symptoms arise as a result of altered bone metabolism and altered metabolism of other fat-soluble vitamins. Hypervit ...
. However, Mertz may have suffered more because he found the tough muscle tissue difficult to eat and therefore ate more of the liver than Mawson. While both men suffered, Mertz suffered more severely. Mawson continued the final alone. During his return trip to the Main Base he fell through the lid of a crevasse, and was saved only by his sledge wedging itself into the ice above him. He managed to climb out using the harness attaching him to the sled. When Mawson finally made it back to
Cape Denison Cape Denison is a rocky point at the head of Commonwealth Bay in George V Land, Antarctica. It was discovered in 1912 by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911–14) under Douglas Mawson, who named it for Sir Hugh Denison of Sydney, a pa ...
, the ship ''Aurora'' had left only a few hours before. It was recalled by wireless communication, only to have bad weather thwart the rescue effort. Mawson and six men who had remained behind to look for him wintered a second year until December 1913. In Mawson's book ''Home of the Blizzard'', he describes his experiences. His party, and those at the Western Base, had explored large areas of the Antarctic coast, describing its geology, biology and meteorology, and more closely defining the location of the South Magnetic Pole. In 1915, the
Royal Geographical Society The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), often shortened to RGS, is a learned society and professional body for geography based in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1830 for the advancement of geographical scien ...
awarded him their Founder's Medal and in 1916 the American Geographical Society awarded him the David Livingstone Centenary Medal."The Cullum Geographical Medal"
. American Geographical Society. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
The expedition was the subject of
David Roberts David or Dave Roberts may refer to: Arts and literature * David Roberts (painter) (1796–1864), Scottish painter * David Roberts (art collector), Scottish contemporary art collector * David Roberts (novelist), English editor and mystery writer ...
' book ''Alone on the Ice: The Greatest Survival Story in the History of Exploration''.


''Home of the Blizzard''

In his book ''The Home of the Blizzard'', Mawson talked of "Herculean gusts" on 24 May 1912 which he learned afterwards "approached two hundred miles per hour". Mawson reported that the average wind speed for March was ; for April, ; and for May, . These katabatic winds can reach around and led Mawson to dub Cape Denison "the windiest place on Earth".


Later life

Mawson married Francisca Adriana (Paquita) Delprat (daughter of the metallurgist
G. D. Delprat Guillaume Daniel Delprat Order of the British Empire, CBE (1 September 1856 – 15 March 1937) was a Netherlands, Dutch-Australian metallurgy, metallurgist, mining engineer, and businessman. He was a developer of the froth flotation process fo ...
) on 31 March 1914 at Holy Trinity Church of England, Balaclava, Victoria. They had two daughters, Patricia and Jessica. Also in 1914, he was knighted, and was preoccupied with news of the Scott disaster until the outbreak of World War I. Mawson served in the war as a major in the British Ministry of Munitions. Returning to the University of Adelaide in 1919, he was promoted to the professorship of geology and mineralogy in 1921, and made a major contribution to Australian geology. He organised and led the joint
British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition The British Australian (and) New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) was a research expedition into Antarctica between 1929 and 1931, involving two voyages over consecutive Austral summers. It was a British Commonwealth initiative, dr ...
in 1929–31, which resulted in the formation of the Australian Antarctic Territory in 1936. He also spent much of his time researching the geology of the northern Flinders Ranges in South Australia. Upon his retirement from teaching in 1952 he was made an emeritus professor of the University of Adelaide. He died at his
Brighton Brighton () is a seaside resort and one of the two main areas of the City of Brighton and Hove in the county of East Sussex, England. It is located south of London. Archaeological evidence of settlement in the area dates back to the Bronze A ...
home on 14 October 1958 from a
cerebral haemorrhage Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), also known as cerebral bleed, intraparenchymal bleed, and hemorrhagic stroke, or haemorrhagic stroke, is a sudden bleeding into the tissues of the brain, into its ventricles, or into both. It is one kind of bleed ...
. He was 76 years old. At the time of his death he had still not completed editorial work on all the papers resulting from his expedition, and this was completed by his eldest daughter, Patricia, only in 1975. File:Douglas Mawson 1914 2.jpeg, Mawson in 1914 File:Douglas Mawson 1926.jpeg, Mawson in 1926 File:Nla.pic-an6481117-v.jpg, Caricature by Sir David Low


Legacy

In 1948, Carroll William Dodge published a genus of fungi within the family
Lichinaceae The Lichinaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi. Most species are lichenized with cyanobacteria, and have a distribution largely in temperate regions. Taxonomy The family was circumscribed in 1854 by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander. H ...
, named ''
Mawsonia ''Mawsonia'' may refer to: * ''Mawsonia'' (fish), an extinct genus of prehistoric coelacanth fish which lived during the Cretaceous period * ''Mawsonia'' (fungus), a genus of fungi within the family Lichinaceae {{genus disambiguation ...
'' in his honour. His image appeared on several postage stamps of the Australian Antarctic Territory: 5 pence (1961), 5 pence (1961), 27 cents and 75 cents (1982), 10 cents (2011), 45 cents (1999). His image appeared from 1984 to 1996 on the Australian paper one hundred dollar note and in 2012 on a $1 coin issued within the Inspirational Australians series.
Mawson Peak Mawson Peak is an active volcanic summit of the Big Ben massif on Heard Island, an external Australian territory in the Indian Ocean. With an elevation of , it is the third highest peak in any state or territory of Australia, higher than th ...
( Heard Island),
Mount Mawson Mount Mawson is a mountain and club skifield situated within the Mount Field National Park in southern Tasmania, Australia. The mountain has an elevation of above sea level. Mount Mawson's summit rises to above sea level slightly lower tha ...
( Tasmania),
Mawson Station The Mawson Station, commonly called Mawson, is one of three permanent bases and research outposts in Antarctica managed by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). Mawson lies in Holme Bay in Mac. Robertson Land, East Antarctica in the Austra ...
( Antarctica), Dorsa Mawson ( Mare Fecunditatis), the geology building on the main University of Adelaide campus, suburbs in
Canberra Canberra ( ) is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The ci ...
and Adelaide, a University of South Australian campus and the main street of Meadows, South Australia are named after him. At Oxley College in
Burradoo Burradoo () is a suburb of Bowral, in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, Australia, in Wingecarribee Shire. The village of Burradoo is well known as an expensive area in the Southern Highlands (among other residential areas including Mo ...
, New South Wales, a sports house is called Mawson, as is at Clarence High School in
Hobart Hobart ( ; Nuennonne/Palawa kani: ''nipaluna'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. Home to almost half of all Tasmanians, it is the least-populated Australian state capital city, and second-small ...
, Tasmania, Forest Lodge Public School and
Fort Street High School Fort Street High School (FSHS) is a Education in Australia#Government schools, government-funded Mixed-sex school, co-educational Selective school (New South Wales), academically selective secondary school, secondary day school, located in Petersh ...
, both in Sydney, where he was educated. The Mawson Collection of Antarctic exploration artefacts is on permanent display at the South Australian Museum, including a screening of a recreated version of his journey that was shown on
ABC Television ABC Television most commonly refers to: *ABC Television Network of the American Broadcasting Company, United States, or *ABC Television (Australian TV network), a division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Australia ABC Television or ABC ...
on 12 May 2008. Mawson (postcode 2607) is a suburb of Canberra, district of Woden Valley, Australian Capital Territory. The suburb was gazetted in 1966 and is named after him. The theme for street names in this area is Antarctic exploration. In 2011, Ranulph Fiennes included Mawson in his book ''My Heroes: Extraordinary Courage, Exceptional People''. In 2013 an "Australian Mawson Centenary Expedition" was led by Australian Polar scientists
Chris Turney Christian S. M. Turney is the Pro Vice-Chancellor for Research at the University of Technology Sydney. He was previously the Professor of Climate Change and Earth Science and Director of thEarth and Sustainability Science Research Centreand thC ...
and Chris Fogwill, of the University of New South Wales, together with Antarctic veteran geologist and mountaineer Greg Mortimer and a group of scientists and adventurers. The expedition was centred on Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic oceanography, climate and biology. The ship, the MV ''Akademik Shokalskiy'', became trapped in the Antarctic sea ice. In December 2013, some of the expedition members revisited Mawson's huts at Cape Denison on Commonwealth Bay. After the release of Mawson's journals and other expedition records, some historians have questioned Mawson's navigation, risk-taking and leadership.Mark Pharoah, curator of the Mawson collection at the
South Australia Museum The South Australian Museum is a natural history museum and research institution in Adelaide, South Australia, founded in 1856 and owned by the Government of South Australia. It occupies a complex of buildings on North Terrace in the cultu ...
in Adelaide. Cited by Andrew Luck-Baker
Douglas Mawson: An Australian hero's story of survival
BBC News, 27 February 2014.
In December 2013, the first opera to be based on Mawson's 1911–1914 expedition to Antarctica, ''The Call of Aurora'' (by Tasmanian composer Joe Bugden) was performed at The Peacock Theatre in Hobart. ''The Call of Aurora'' investigates the relationship between Douglas Mawson and his wireless operator, Sidney Jeffryes, who developed symptoms of paranoia and had to be relieved of his duties. In 2019, Australian Dance Theatre presented the premiere of ''South'' by Artistic Director
Garry Stewart Garry Stewart (born 1962) is an Australian dancer and choreographer. He was the longest-serving artistic director of the Australian Dance Theatre, taking over from Meryl Tankard in 1999 and finishing his term at the end of 2021. He is renowned f ...
in Adelaide. The acclaimed contemporary dance work reflects upon the treacherous journey across the wilds of eastern Antarctica undertaken by Mawson and his ill-fated team in the summer of 1912–1913. Garry Stewart won Outstanding Achievement in Choreography for ''South'' in 2019 at the Australian Dance Awards, presented by AusDance. The work has since toured regional South Australia. David Roberts' account of Mawson's AAE expedition, ''Alone on the Ice'', and the deadly effect of dog liver are referenced in the plot of an episode of British television series '' New Tricks'', where it is used to commit the almost-perfect murder. The
Mawson Trail The Mawson Trail is a long-distance cycling and walking trail in South Australia starting just east of Adelaide in the Adelaide Hills and extending almost to Blinman in the Flinders Ranges. It is suitable for mountain bikes. The Mawson Trail tr ...
in South Australia is also named after him. Minor planet 4456 Mawson is named in his honour. File:UofAdelaide-Mawson&Conservatorium-Aug08.jpg, Bust of Mawson on North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia in front of the University of Adelaide File:Mawson Laboratories.JPG, The Mawson Laboratories at the University of Adelaide.


Burial

Sir Douglas was buried at the historic cemetery of St Jude's Church, 444 Brighton Road, Brighton, South Australia, in 1958.


References


Sources

* Bickel, Lennard
977 Year 977 ( CMLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * May – Boris II, dethroned emperor (''tsar'') of Bulgaria, and his brother Roman ma ...
(2001). ''This Accursed Land'', foreword by Sir Edmund Hillary, Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. . * Caesar, Adrian:''The White: Last Days in the Antarctic Journeys of Scott and Mawson 1911–1913'' Pan MacMillan, Sydney, 1999, * Hall, Lincoln (2000) ''Douglas Mawson, The Life of an Explorer'' New Holland, Sydney * Jacka, F. J.
Mawson, Sir Douglas (1882–1958)
, ''
Australian Dictionary of Biography The ''Australian Dictionary of Biography'' (ADB or AuDB) is a national co-operative enterprise founded and maintained by the Australian National University (ANU) to produce authoritative biographical articles on eminent people in Australia's ...
'', Volume 10, MUP, 1986, pp 454–457. * Mawson, Sir Douglas, 2 vol. (1915) ''The Home of the Blizzard, being the story of the Australasian Antarctic expedition, 1911–1914'' Vol. I, London: Ballantyne Press. * * Turney, Chris (2013)
''1912: The Year The World Discovered Antarctica''
Text Publishing, Melbourne.


Further reading

* * Roberts, David
Alone on the Ice: The Greatest Survival Story in the History of Exploration
(21 January 2013) W. W. Norton & Company.
Mawson's Antarctic Newspaper
Mawson's Antarctic Newspaper, article in www.TheGlobalDispatches.com. Retrieved 9 January 2013
Mawson, Douglas (Sir) (1882–1958)
National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for Sir Douglas Mawson


Hurley, Frank. Collection of Photographic Prints.
Images of Mawson Expedition 1911–14 held at Pictures Branch, National Library of Australia, Canberra
National Archives of Australia
Records of BANZARE, Australian Antarctic Division, Department of External Affairs etc., personal papers of Baron Casey papers (M1129, A10299), Charles Francis Laseron, and P G Law (MP1002/1)
"Sir Douglas Mawson, the unsung hero of Antarctica, gets his due at last"
Paul Harris, '' The Observer'', 26 January 2013 * E.M. Suzyumov (1960, 1968). A life given to the Antarctic. Douglas Mawson – Antarctic Explorer. Adelaide, Libraries Board of South Australia. Translated from the Russian. First published in "Remarcable Geographers and Travellers", State Publishing House of Geographical Literature, Moscow, 1960.


External links

* * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Mawson, Douglas 1882 births 1958 deaths Australian Antarctic scientists Australasian Antarctic Expedition Australian explorers 20th-century Australian geologists Australian Knights Bachelor Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire English emigrants to Australia Explorers of Antarctica Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science Fellows of the Royal Society People educated at Fort Street High School Scientists from Adelaide People from Shipley, West Yorkshire Sole survivors