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Marsden Hartley (January 4, 1877 – September 2, 1943) was an American Modernist painter, poet, and essayist. Hartley developed his painting abilities by observing Cubist artists in Paris and Berlin.


Early life and education

Hartley was born in Lewiston, Maine, where his English parents had settled. He was the youngest of nine children.. His mother died when he was eight, and his father remarried four years later to Martha Marsden. His birth name was Edmund Hartley; he later assumed Marsden as his first name when he was in his early twenties. A few years after his mother's death when Hartley was 14, his sisters moved to Ohio, leaving him behind in Maine with his father where he worked in a shoe factory for a year. These bleak occurrences led Hartley to recall his New England childhood as a time of painful loneliness, so much so that in a letter to
Alfred Stieglitz Alfred Stieglitz (January 1, 1864 – July 13, 1946) was an American photographer and modern art promoter who was instrumental over his 50-year career in making photography an accepted art form. In addition to his photography, Stieglitz was kno ...
, he once described the New England accent as "a sad recollection hatrushed into my very flesh like sharpened knives". After he joined his family in
Cleveland, Ohio Cleveland ( ), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. ...
, in 1892, Hartley began his art training at the Cleveland School of Art, where he held a scholarship. In 1898, at the age of 22, Hartley moved to New York City to study painting at the
New York School of Art Parsons School of Design, known colloquially as Parsons, is a private art and design college located in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City. Founded in 1896 after a group of progressive artists broke away from established Manhatt ...
under
William Merritt Chase William Merritt Chase (November 1, 1849October 25, 1916) was an American painter, known as an exponent of Impressionism and as a teacher. He is also responsible for establishing the Chase School, which later would become Parsons School of Design. ...
, and then attended the National Academy of Design. Hartley was a great admirer of
Albert Pinkham Ryder Albert Pinkham Ryder (March 19, 1847 – March 28, 1917) was an American painter best known for his poetic and moody allegorical works and seascapes, as well as his eccentric personality. While his art shared an emphasis on subtle variations of ...
and visited his studio in Greenwich Village as often as possible. His friendship with Ryder, in addition to the writings of Walt Whitman and American transcendentalists
Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817May 6, 1862) was an American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher. A leading Transcendentalism, transcendentalist, he is best known for his book ''Walden'', a reflection upon simple living in natural su ...
and Ralph Waldo Emerson, inspired Hartley to view art as a spiritual quest.


Maturation and New York exhibitions

From 1900 to 1910, Hartley spent his summers in Lewiston and the region of Western Maine near the village of Lovell. He considered the paintings he produced there—of Kezar Lake, the hillsides, and mountains—his first mature works. These paintings so impressed New York photographer and art promoter
Alfred Stieglitz Alfred Stieglitz (January 1, 1864 – July 13, 1946) was an American photographer and modern art promoter who was instrumental over his 50-year career in making photography an accepted art form. In addition to his photography, Stieglitz was kno ...
that he agreed on the spot to give Hartley had his first solo exhibition at Stieglitz's art gallery
291 __NOTOC__ Year 291 ( CCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tiberianus and Dio (or, less frequently, year 1044 ''A ...
in 1909. Hartley continued to exhibit his work at 291 and Stieglitz's other galleries until 1937. Stieglitz also provided Hartley's introduction to European modernist painters, of whom Cézanne, Picasso, Kandinsky, and Matisse would prove the most influential upon him.


Hartley in Europe

Hartley traveled to Europe for the first time in April 1912, and he became acquainted with Gertrude Stein's circle of ''avant-garde'' writers and artists in Paris. Stein, along with
Hart Crane Harold Hart Crane (July 21, 1899 – April 27, 1932) was an American poet. Provoked and inspired by T. S. Eliot, Crane wrote modernist poetry that was difficult, highly stylized, and ambitious in its scope. In his most ambitious work, '' The Brid ...
and Sherwood Anderson, encouraged Hartley to write as well as paint. In a letter to
Alfred Stieglitz Alfred Stieglitz (January 1, 1864 – July 13, 1946) was an American photographer and modern art promoter who was instrumental over his 50-year career in making photography an accepted art form. In addition to his photography, Stieglitz was kno ...
, Hartley explains his disenchantment of living abroad in Paris. A single year has passed since he began living overseas. "Like every other human being I have longings which through tricks of circumstances have been left unsatisfied... and the pain grows stronger instead of less and it leaves one nothing but the role of spectator in life watching life go by-having no part of it but that of spectator." Hartley wanted to live within the noiseless countryside and an invigorating city.


German sympathies

In April 1913 Hartley relocated to Berlin, the capital of the
German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...
where he continued to paint, and became friends with the painters Wassily Kandinsky and
Franz Marc Franz Moritz Wilhelm Marc (8 February 1880 – 4 March 1916) was a German painter and printmaker, one of the key figures of German Expressionism. He was a founding member of ''Der Blaue Reiter'' (The Blue Rider), a journal whose name later b ...
. He also collected Bavarian folk art.. His work during this period was a combination of abstraction and German
Expressionism Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Northern Europe around the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it rad ...
, fueled by his personal brand of mysticism. Many of Hartley's Berlin paintings were further inspired by the German military pageantry then on display, though his view of this subject changed after the outbreak of World War I, once war was no longer "a romantic but a real reality". Two of Hartley's Cézanne-inspired still life paintings and six charcoal drawings were selected to be included in the landmark 1913 Armory Show in New York. In Berlin, Hartley developed a close relationship with a Prussian lieutenant, Karl von Freyburg, who was the cousin of Hartley's friend
Arnold Ronnebeck Arnold may refer to: People * Arnold (given name), a masculine given name * Arnold (surname), a German and English surname Places Australia * Arnold, Victoria, a small town in the Australian state of Victoria Canada * Arnold, Nova Scotia Uni ...
. References to Freyburg were a recurring motif in Hartley's work, most notably in ''Portrait of a German Officer'' (1914). Freyburg's subsequent death during the war hit Hartley hard, and he afterward idealized their relationship. Many scholars interpreted his work regarding Freyburg as embodying homosexual feelings for him. Hartley lived in Berlin until December 1915. Hartley returned to the U.S. from Berlin as a German sympathizer following World War I. Hartley created paintings with much German iconography. The homoerotic tones were overlooked as critics focused on the German point of view. According to
Arthur Lubow Arthur Lubow (born September 18, 1952) is a journalist who has written for national magazines since 1975 and is the author of ''Diane Arbus: Portrait of a Photographer'' (2016). Early life and education Lubow grew up in the Bronx and attended the ...
, Hartley was disingenuous in arguing that there was "no hidden symbolism whatsoever".


Later years, return to the U.S., and "the painter of Maine"

Hartley finally returned to the U.S. in early 1916. Following World War I he was obligated to return to the United States. Upon his return Hartley painted ''Handsome Drinks''. The drinkware calls back to the gatherings hosted by Gertrude Stein, where Hartley met Pablo Picasso, and Robert Delaunay. From 1916 to 1921 Hartley lived and worked in Provincetown, Bermuda, New York, and New Mexico. After raising money through an auction of over 100 of his paintings and pastels at the Anderson Gallery, New York in 1921, Hartley returned to Europe again where he remained through the 1920s, with occasional visits back to America. While following in the footsteps of
Paul Cézanne Paul Cézanne ( , , ; ; 19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was a French artist and Post-Impressionism, Post-Impressionist painter whose work laid the foundations of the transition from the 19th-century conception of artistic endeavour to a ...
, he created still lives and landscapes in the drawing medium of silverpoint.Sell, S. and Chapman, H. ''Drawing in Silver and Gold: Leonardo to Jasper Johns''. p.228. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ. 2015. In 1930 he spent the summer and fall painting mountains in New Hampshire, and in 1931 at what is known as Dogtown Common, near Gloucester, Massachusetts. Hartley was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, which he spent in Mexico from 1932 to 1933, followed by a year in the Bavarian Alps (1933–34). After a few months in Bermuda (1935), he traveled north by ship where he discovered a small fishing village in Blue Rocks, Nova Scotia and lived for two summers with the Francis Mason family of fishermen. In September 1936 the two Mason brothers drowned in a hurricane—an event deeply affected Hartley and would later inspire an important series of portrait paintings and seascapes. He finally returned to Maine in 1937, after declaring that he wanted to become "the painter of Maine" and depict American life at a local level.. For the remainder of his life, he worked in such Maine locations as Georgetown, Vinalhaven, Brookville, Corea, and Mt. Katahdin until his death in Ellsworth in 1943. His ashes were scattered on the Androscoggin River. Hartley was not overt about his homosexuality, often redirecting attention towards other aspects of his work. Works such as ''Portrait of a German Officer'' and ''Handsome Drinks'' are coded. The compositions honor lovers, friends, and inspirational sources. Hartley no longer felt unease at what people thought of his work once he reached his sixties. His figure paintings of athletic, muscular males, often nude or garbed only in briefs or thongs, became more intimate, such as ''Flaming American (Swim Champ)'', 1940 or ''Madawaska--Acadian Light-Heavy--Second Arrangement'' (both from 1940). As with Hartley's German officer paintings, his late paintings of virile males are now assessed in terms of his affirmation of his homosexuality.


Important works


''Portrait of a German Officer'' (1914)

In a personal memoir that was not finished, Hartley wrote "I began somehow to have curiosity about art at the time when sex consciousness is fully developed and as I did not incline to concrete escapades. I of course inclined to abstract ones, and the collecting of objects which is a sex expression took the upper hand." Hartley's use of object abstraction became the motif for his paintings that commemorate his "love object", Karl von Freyburg. According to Meryl Doney, Hartley conveyed his emotions regarding his friend's traits in his paintings through everyday items. In this painting the Iron Cross, the Flag of Bavaria and the German flag are attributes to Karl von Freyburg, along with the yellow '24', the age he was when he died.


Selected paintings

File:The Ice Hole Marsden Hartley.jpeg, ''The Ice Hole'', 1908, New Orleans Museum of Art File:Autumn Color - Marsden Hartley.jpg, ''Autumn Color'', ca. 1910, Metropolitan Museum of Art File:Brooklyn Museum - Painting No. 48 - Marsden Hartley - overall.jpg, ''Painting No. 48'', 1913,
Brooklyn Museum The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. At , the museum is New York City's second largest and contains an art collection with around 1.5 million objects. Located near the Prospect Heights, Crown H ...
File:Marsden Hartley - Abstraction - Google Art Project.jpg, ''Abstraction'', ca. 1914,
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH), is an art museum located in the Houston Museum District of Houston, Texas. With the recent completion of an eight-year campus redevelopment project, including the opening of the Nancy and Rich Kinder Build ...
File:A Bermuda Window in a Semi-Tropic Character by Marsden Hartley.JPG, ''A Bermuda Window in a Semi-Tropic Character'', 1917, De Young Museum File:Brooklyn Museum - Landscape New Mexico - Marsden Hartley.jpg, ''Landscape, New Mexico'', 1916–1920,
Brooklyn Museum The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. At , the museum is New York City's second largest and contains an art collection with around 1.5 million objects. Located near the Prospect Heights, Crown H ...
File:The Virgin of Guadalupe - Marsden Hartley.jpg, ''The Virgin of Guadalupe'', 1918–1920, Metropolitan Museum of Art File:Cemetery, New Mexico MET DP236118.jpg, '' Cemetery, New Mexico'', 1924, Metropolitan Museum of Art File:Mt. Katahdin (Maine), Autumn -2.jpg, ''Mount Katahdin (Maine), Autumn No. 2'', 1939–40, Metropolitan Museum of Art File:Marsden Hartley's Village.tif, ''Village'', 1940 File:Study for "Lobster Fishermen" - Marsden Hartley.jpg, ''Study for "Lobster Fishermen"'', 1940, Metropolitan Museum of Art File:Lobster Fishermen - Marsden Hartley.jpg, ''Lobster Fishermen'', 1940–41, Metropolitan Museum of Art


Writing

In addition to being considered one of the foremost American painters of the first half of the 20th century, Hartley also wrote poems, essays, and stories and published during his lifetime in many of the little magazines of the day, including one book of essays (''Adventures in the Arts: Informal Chapters on Painters, Vaudeville and Poets. New York: Boni, Liveright, 1921; reprinted New York: Hacker Books, 1972'') and three volumes of poetry (''Twenty-five Poems'', published by Robert McAlmon in Paris in 1923; ''Androscoggin'', 1940; and ''Sea Burial'', 1941. Posthumous collections of his writings include: ''Selected Poems''. Edited by Henry W. Wells, New York: Viking Press, 1945; ''The Collected Poems of Marsden Hartley, 1904-1943''. Edited and with an introduction by Gail R. Scott and a foreword by Robert Creeley. Santa Rosa, Calif.: Black Sparrow Press, 1987; ''On Art.'' Edited and with an introduction by Gail R. Scott.  New York: Horizon Press, 1982; and his autobiography, ''Somehow a Past: The Autobiography of Marsden Hartley''. Edited, with an introduction by Susan Elizabeth Ryan. Cambridge MA and London: 1995. ''Cleophas and His Own: A North Atlantic Tragedy'' is a story based on two periods he spent in 1935 and 1936 with the Mason family in the Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, fishing community of East Point Island. Hartley, then in his late 50s, found there both an innocent, unrestrained love and the sense of family he had been seeking since his unhappy childhood in Maine. The impact of this experience lasted until his death in 1943 and helped widen the scope of his mature works, which included numerous portrayals of the Masons. He wrote of the Masons, "Five magnificent chapters out of an amazing, human book, these beautiful human beings, loving, tender, strong, courageous, dutiful, kind, so like the salt of the sea, the grit of the earth, the sheer face of the cliff." In ''Cleophas and His Own'', written in Nova Scotia in the fall of 1936 and re-printed in ''Marsden Hartley and Nova Scotia,'' Hartley expresses his immense grief at the tragic drowning of the Mason sons. The independent filmmaker
Michael Maglaras Michael may refer to: People * Michael (given name), a given name * Michael (surname), including a list of people with the surname Michael Given name "Michael" * Michael (archangel), ''first'' of God's archangels in the Jewish, Christian and ...
made a feature film, ''Cleophas and His Own'', released in 2005, which uses a personal testament by Hartley as its screenplay.


Scholarship

Since the artist's death in 1943, there have been several research projects to catalogue all of his paintings and drawings. * An inventory begun by representatives of his Estate and carried out by the American Art Research Council under the auspices of the Whitney Museum of American Art and later enlarged upon by scholar and art critic, Elizabeth McCausland (but never published) * A catalogue raisonné project of Hartley's work was begun in the mid-1980s by art historian Gail Levin, Distinguished Professor at Baruch College, and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York (as yet unpublished) * Most recently, in 2020, Bates College Museum of Art in Lewiston, Maine, has partnered with leading Hartley scholar, Gail R. Scott, on ''The Marsden Hartley Legacy Project: The Complete Paintings and Works on Paper'' which will be an online, publicly accessible, searchable collection of all known works by the artist.


See also

*
List of Maine Painters Painters who reside(d) in the State of Maine, USA, on a full-time or seasonal basis, or whose work is otherwise noted for its association with the Maine landscape: * Bo Bartlett (born 1955) * George Wesley Bellows (1882–1925) * Frank Weston B ...
*
American Modern American Modern was a distinct American design aesthetic formed in the period between 1925 and World War II. American Modern was created by a pioneering group of designers, architects and artists, among them were Norman Bel Geddes, Donald Deskey, ...
* Transcendentalism *
Cubism Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassemble ...
* Homosociality * Charles Demuth


Notes


References

*Cassidy, Donna M., ''Marsden Hartley: Race, Region, and Nation''. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2005. *Coco, Janice, "Dialogues with the Self: New Thoughts on Marsden Hartley's Self-Portraits". ''Prospects: An Annual of American Cultural Studies'', 30 (2005): 623–649. *Ferguson, Gerald, ed., ssays by Ronald Paulson and Gail R. Scottbr>Marsden Hartley and Nova Scotia
Halifax, Nova Scotia: The Press of the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, 1987. *Harnsberger, R. Scott, ''Four Artists of the Stieglitz Circle: A Sourcebook on Arthur Dove, Marsden Hartley, John Marin, and Max Weber'' rt Reference Collection, no. 26 Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002. *Hartley, Marsden, ''Adventures in the Arts: Informal Chapters on Painters, Vaudeville, and Poets''. New York, NY: Boni and Liveright, 1921. *Hartley, Marsden, ''Selected Poems: Marsden Hartley''. Ed. Henry W. Wells. New York, NY: Viking Press, 1945. *Hartley, Marsden, ''Somehow a Past: The Autobiography of Marsden Hartley''. Ed. Susan Elizabeth Ryan. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997. *Haskell, Barbara, ''Marsden Hartley''. Exhibition Catalogue. Whitney Museum of American Art. New York, NY: New York University Press, 1980. *Hole, Heather, ''Marsden Hartley and the West: The Search for an American Modernism''. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007. *Kornhauser, Elizabeth Mankin, ed., ''Marsden Hartley''. Exhibition catalogue. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003. *Ludington, Townsend, ''Marsden Hartley: The Biography of an American Artist''. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992. * *Scott, Gail R., ''Marsden Hartley''. New York, NY: Abbeville Press, 1988. *Weinberg, Jonathan. ''Speaking for Vice: Homosexuality in the Art of Charles Demuth, Marsden Hartley, and the First American Avant-Garde''. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.


External links

* *
Marsden Hartley discussed in ''Conversations from Penn State'' interview


Writings

* * * Scans of Hartley'

* The Importance of Being "Dada" from ''Adventures in the arts''.


Museums


Marsden Hartley Collection
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
Marsden Hartley Memorial Collection and Archives
Bates College Museum of Art The Bates College Museum of Art (also known locally simply as the Museum of Art or MoA) is an art museum located on the campus of, and maintained by, Bates College in Lewiston, Maine. It holds various mediums of arts that showcase Maine and the gr ...
.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art on Marsden Hartley




* ttp://sam.nmartmuseum.org/view/objects/asimages/People$0040862?t:state:flow=1a00c07d-2348-4d89-b8ff-7e9ac3d1dafd Marsden Hartley – New Mexico Museum of Art
Marsden Hartley - San Antonio Museum of Art


Biographies and articles


Marsden Hartley Biography: Hollis Taggart Galleries

Marsden Hartley and Nova Scotia

''Cleophas and His Own'' a film by Michael Maglaras


{{DEFAULTSORT:Hartley, Marsden 1877 births 1943 deaths 19th-century American painters American male painters 20th-century American painters Abstract painters American people of English descent Parsons School of Design alumni Modern painters Dada Gay artists LGBT artists from the United States Art Students League of New York alumni People from Lewiston, Maine Artists from Maine American portrait painters People from Lovell, Maine People from Ellsworth, Maine Federal Art Project artists Cleveland Institute of Art alumni Students of William Merritt Chase American art critics 20th-century American non-fiction writers 19th-century American male artists 20th-century American male artists