''Mangifera'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s in the cashew family,

Anacardiaceae The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family or sumac family, are a family of flowering plants, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species. Members of the Anacardiaceae bear fruits that are drupes and in some cases produce ...

. It contains approximately 69 species, with the best-known being the Common Mango (''

Mangifera indica ''Mangifera indica'', commonly known as mango, is a species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is a large fruit tree, capable of growing to a height of . There are two distinct genetic populations in modern mangoesthe "Indian ty ...

''). The center of diversity of the genus is in the

Malesia Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms, and also a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical Kingdom. It has been given different definitions. Th ...

n ecoregion of

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainlan ...

; particularly in Sumatra,

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and ea ...

, and the Malay peninsula. They are generally

canopy Canopy may refer to: Plants * Canopy (biology), aboveground portion of plant community or crop (including forests) * Canopy (grape), aboveground portion of grapes Religion and ceremonies * Baldachin or canopy of state, typically placed over an ...

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

s in lowland

rainforests Rainforests are characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire. Rainforest can be classified as tropical rainforest or temperate rainforest ...

, reaching a height of .

Uses

''Mangifera'' species are widely cultivated in Asia and elsewhere. More than 27 species in the genus bear edible, fleshy

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...

s, especially the Common Mango ('' M. indica''). Others, such as '' M. foetida'', yield astringent fruits that can be eaten

pickled Pickling is the process of preserving or extending the shelf life of food by either anaerobic fermentation in brine or immersion in vinegar. The pickling procedure typically affects the food's texture and flavor. The resulting food is called ...

. Mango wastes, such as the seed kernel and peel, have high functional and nutritional potential. Mango seed contains important bioactive compounds that have high antioxidant activity, lipids that have acceptable physical and chemical characteristics (free of trans fatty acids), and a high

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, res ...

content. The mango peel contains considerable amounts of

antioxidants Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals. This can lead to polymerization and other chain reactions. They are frequently added to industrial products, such as fuels and lubricants, ...

and dietary fiber.

Fossil record

The earliest

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

species thought to be related to ''Mangifera'' is ''Eomangiferophyllum damalgiriense'' from the upper

Paleocene The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek ''pal ...

of northeastern

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

. Leaves have also been reported from the

of Japan and the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

, though these have been considered questions. Leaf fossils confidently assignable to ''Mangifera'' have been collected from Oligocene or early

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

sediments in northern

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

Taxonomy

Subgenera

*Subgenus ''Mangifera'' **Section ''Marchandora'' Pierre **Section ''Euantherae'' Pierre **Section ''Rawa'' Kosterm. **Section ''Mangifera'' Kosterm. *Subgenus ''Limus'' (Marchand) Kosterm.

Species

The following species names have been included: *'' Mangifera acutigemma'' Kosterm.; Unresolved *''

Mangifera altissima ''Mangifera altissima'' (commonly known as pahutan, paho, or pajo), is a species of mango native to the Philippines and surrounding regions in Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. It is not grown commercially but is h ...

'' Blanco; Unresolved *'' Mangifera amba'' Forssk.; Unresolved *'' Mangifera andamanica'' King; Unresolved *'' Mangifera anisodora Blanco; Unresolved *'' Mangifera applanata Kosterm.; Unresolved *'' Mangifera austro-indica'' Kosterm.; Unresolved *'' Mangifera blommesteinii'' Kosterm.; Unresolved *'' Mangifera bullata'' Kosterm. Unresolved *''

Mangifera caesia ''Mangifera caesia'' is a species of flowering plant in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. Known in English as jack or white mango, among other names. It belongs to the same genus as the mango and is widely cultivated in areas of Indonesia, Malay ...

'' Jack Accepted *'' Mangifera campnospermoides'' Kosterm. unresolved *'' Mangifera camptosperma'' Pierre Unresolved *'' Mangifera casturi'' Kosterm.; Accepted * '' Mangifera cochinchinensis'' Engl. Accepted (

Indo-China Mainland Southeast Asia, also known as the Indochinese Peninsula or Indochina, is the continental portion of Southeast Asia. It lies east of the Indian subcontinent and south of Mainland China and is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the west an ...

) *'' Mangifera collina'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera decandra'' Ding Hou; Unresolved *'' Mangifera dewildei'' Kosterm. unresolved *'' Mangifera dongnaiensis'' Pierre Accepted (Vietnam) *'' Mangifera flava'' Evrard Accepted (

) *'' Mangifera foetida'' Lour. Accepted *'' Mangifera gedebi'' Miq. unresolved *'' Mangifera gracilipes'' Hook.f. Unresolved *'' Mangifera griffithii'' Hook.f. Unresolved *''

'' L. Accepted: the common mango (type sp.) (synonym '' M. austroyunnanensis'' Hu) *'' Mangifera kemanga'' Blume Unresolved *'' Mangifera lalijiwa'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera laurina'' Blume Accepted *'' Mangifera linearifolia'' (Mukh.) Kosterm. Accepted *'' Mangifera macrocarpa'' Blume Unresolved *'' Mangifera magnifica'' Kochummen Unresolved *'' Mangifera merrllii'' Mukherji Unresolved *'' Mangifera minutifolia'' Evrard Accepted (Vietnam) *'' Mangifera monandra'' Merr. Unresolved *'' Mangifera nicobarica'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera odorata'' Griff. Accepted *'' Mangifera orophila'' Kosterm. Unresolved *''

Mangifera pajang ''Mangifera pajang,'' commonly know as wild mango, is a species of tree in the family Anacardiaceae. It is endemic to Borneo, where it is known by the various native names: ''buah'' ''bambangan, buah mawang and buah embang''. Description It is ...

'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera paludosa'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera parvifolia'' Boerl. & Koord. Unresolved *'' Mangifera pedicellata'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera pentandra'' Hook.f. Unresolved *'' Mangifera persiciformis'' C.Y. Wu & T.L. Ming; Accepted (synonyms: ''M. persiciforma'' C.Y. Wu & T.L. Ming, '' Mangifera hiemalis'' J.Y. Liang ) *'' Mangifera pseudoindica'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera quadrifida'' Jack ex Wall. unresolved *'' Mangifera reba'' Pierre. Accepted *'' Mangifera rubropetala'' Kosterm. Accepted *'' Mangifera rufocostata'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera siamensis'' Warb. ex W. G. Craib Accepted *'' Mangifera similis'' Blume Unresolved *'' Mangifera sumbawaensis'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera superba'' Hook.f. Unresolved *'' Mangifera swintonioides'' Kosterm. Accepted (

) *''

Mangifera sylvatica ''Mangifera sylvatica'', also known as the Himalayan mango, pickling mango, or Nepal mango, is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is found in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Yunnan), India (Assam, Darjeeling, Sikkim), Myanmar, Nepal, ...

'' Roxb. Accepted *'' Mangifera taipa'' Buch.-Ham. Unresolved *'' Mangifera torquenda'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera transversalis'' Kosterm. Unresolved *'' Mangifera zeylanica'' (Blume) Hook.f. Unresolved

Formerly placed here

*'' Bouea oppositifolia'' (Roxb.)

Meisn. Carl Daniel Friedrich Meissner (1 November 1800 – 2 May 1874) was a Swiss botanist. Biography Born in Bern, Switzerland on 1 November 1800, he was christened Meisner but later changed the spelling of his name to Meissner. For most of his 40 ...

(as ''M. oppositifolia'' Roxb.) * ''

Buchanania ''Buchanania'' is a genus of plants in the family Anacardiaceae and subfamily Anacardioideae. Species The following are included: *'' Buchanania amboinensis'' Miq. — native to Papua New Guinea *'' Buchanania axillaris'' (Desr.) Ramamo ...

cochinchinensis'' (Lour.) M.R.Almeida (as ''M. axillaris'' Desr.) * '' Elaeodendron glaucum'' (Rottb.) Pers. (as ''M. glauca'' Rottb.) * '' Irvingia gabonensis'' (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. (as ''M. gabonensis'' Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) * ''

Fegimanra ''Fegimanra'' is a small genus of trees in the subfamily Anacardioideae of the cashew and sumac family Anacardiaceae. They grow naturally in west and west-central tropical Africa. Species ''The Plant List'' and ''Catalogue of Life The Catalo ...

africana'' (Oliv.) Pierre. (as ''M. africana'' Oliv.) *''

Spondias pinnata ''Spondias pinnata'', sometimes also known as hog plum, is a species of tree with edible sour fruits. It is native to the Philippines and Indonesia, but has been widely naturalized in South Asia, Mainland Southeast Asia, Southern China, and the ...

'' (J.Koenig ex L.f.) Kurz (as ''M. pinnata'' J.Koenig ex L.f.)

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q161807 Anacardiaceae genera