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Lublin is the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the center of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin is the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River and is about to the southeast of Warsaw by road. One of the events that greatly contributed to the city's development was the Polish-Lithuanian Union of Krewo in 1385. Lublin thrived as a centre of trade and commerce due to its strategic location on the route between Vilnius and Kraków; the inhabitants had the privilege of free trade in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Lublin Parliament session of 1569 led to the creation of a real union between the
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland ( pl, Korona Królestwa Polskiego; Latin: ''Corona Regni Poloniae''), known also as the Polish Crown, is the common name for the historic Late Middle Ages territorial possessions of the King of Poland, includ ...
and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, thus creating the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Lublin witnessed the early stages of Reformation in the 16th century. A Calvinist congregation was founded and groups of radical Arians appeared in the city, making it an important global centre of
Arianism Arianism ( grc-x-koine, Ἀρειανισμός, ) is a Christological doctrine first attributed to Arius (), a Christian presbyter from Alexandria, Egypt. Arian theology holds that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, who was begotten by God ...
. Until the partitions at the end of the 18th century, Lublin was a royal city of the Crown Kingdom of Poland. Its delegates and
nobles Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. The characteristi ...
had the right to participate in the
royal election Royal may refer to: People * Royal (name), a list of people with either the surname or given name * A member of a royal family Places United States * Royal, Arkansas, an unincorporated community * Royal, Illinois, a village * Royal, Iowa, a ci ...
. In 1578, Lublin was chosen as the seat of the Crown Tribunal, the highest
appeal In law, an appeal is the process in which cases are reviewed by a higher authority, where parties request a formal change to an official decision. Appeals function both as a process for error correction as well as a process of clarifying and ...
court in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and for centuries, the city has been flourishing as a centre of culture and higher learning. In 2011, the analytical Financial Times Group found Lublin to be one of the best cities for business in Poland. The Foreign Direct Investment ranking placed Lublin second among larger Polish cities in the
cost-effectiveness Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a form of economic analysis that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of different courses of action. Cost-effectiveness analysis is distinct from cost–benefit analysis, which assigns a monetar ...
category. Lublin is noted for its green spaces and a high
standard of living Standard of living is the level of income, comforts and services available, generally applied to a society or location, rather than to an individual. Standard of living is relevant because it is considered to contribute to an individual's quality ...
; the city has been selected as the 2023
European Youth Capital Turin (2010) Antwerp (2011) Braga (2012) Maribor (2013) Thessaloniki (2014) Ganja (2016) The 'European Youth Capital'' (abbreviated EYC) is the title awarded by the European Youth Forum to a European city, designed to empower ...
. Its historical
Old Town In a city or town, the old town is its historic or original core. Although the city is usually larger in its present form, many cities have redesignated this part of the city to commemorate its origins after thorough renovations. There are ma ...
is one of Poland's national monuments ('' Pomnik historii'') tracked by the
National Heritage Board of Poland The National Institute of Cultural Heritage of Poland ( pl, Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa NID) is a Polish governmental institution responsible for documenting cultural property and the intangible cultural heritage, as well as for supporting and ...
.


History

Archaeological finds indicate a long presence of cultures in the area. A complex of settlements started to develop on the future site of Lublin and in its environs in the sixth to seventh centuries. Remains of settlements dating back to the sixth century were discovered in the centre of today's Lublin on Czwartek ("Thursday") Hill. The period of the early Middle Ages was marked by an intensification of habitation, particularly in the areas along river valleys. The settlements were centred around the stronghold on Old Town Hill, which was likely one of the main centres of Lendians tribe. When the tribal stronghold was destroyed in the 10th century, the centre shifted to the northeast, to a new stronghold above Czechówka valley and, after the mid-12th century, to Castle Hill. At least two churches are presumed to have existed in Lublin in the early medieval period. One of them was most probably erected on Czwartek Hill during the rule of
Casimir the Restorer Casimir I the Restorer (; 25 July 1016 – 28 November 1058), a member of the Piast dynasty, was the duke of Poland from 1040 until his death. Casimir was the son of Mieszko II Lambert and Richeza of Lotharingia. He is known as the Restorer becaus ...
in the 11th century. The castle became the seat of a
castellan A castellan is the title used in Medieval Europe for an appointed official, a governor of a castle and its surrounding territory referred to as the castellany. The title of ''governor'' is retained in the English prison system, as a remnant o ...
, first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but was quite possibly present from the start of the 12th or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier. The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it military significance. During the first half of the 13th century, Lublin was a target of attacks by Mongols, Tatars, Ruthenians, and
Lithuanians Lithuanians ( lt, lietuviai) are a Baltic ethnic group. They are native to Lithuania, where they number around 2,378,118 people. Another million or two make up the Lithuanian diaspora, largely found in countries such as the United States, Uni ...
, which resulted in its destruction. It was also ruled by
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , conventional_long_name = Principality of Galicia–VolhyniaKingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , common_name = Galicia–Volhynia , status = Vassal state of the Golden Horde (from 1246) , era = Middle Ages , year_start = 1199 , year_end = 1349 , ...
between 1289 and 1302. Lublin was founded as a town by Władysław I the Elbow-high or between 1258 and 1279 during the rule of the prince Bolesław V the Chaste. Casimir III the Great, appreciating the site's strategic importance, built a masonry castle in 1341 and encircled the city with defensive walls. From 1326, if not earlier, the stronghold on Castle Hill included a chapel in honor of the Holy Trinity. A stone church dating to 1335–1370 exists to this day.


Jagiellonian Poland

In 1392, the city received an important trade privilege from the king Władysław II Jagiełło. With the coming of peace between Poland and Lithuania, it developed into a trade centre, handling a large portion of commerce between the countries. In 1474, the area around Lublin was carved out of Sandomierz Voivodeship and combined to form the Lublin Voivodeship, the third voivodeship of Lesser Poland. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the town grew rapidly. The largest trade fairs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were held in Lublin. In the 16th century, the parliaments ('' Sejm'') of the Kingdom of Poland were held in Lublin several times. On 26 June 1569, one of the most important proclaimed the Union of Lublin, which united Poland and
Lithuania Lithuania (; lt, Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Respublika, links=no ), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania ...
. Lublin as one of the most influential cities of the state enjoyed voting rights during the
royal elections in Poland Royal elections in Poland (Polish: ''wolna elekcja'', lit. ''free election'') were the elections of individual kings, rather than dynasties, to the Polish throne. Based on traditions dating to the very beginning of the Polish statehood, strengthe ...
. Some of the artists and writers of the 16th century
Polish renaissance The Renaissance in Poland ( pl, Renesans, Odrodzenie; literally: the Rebirth) lasted from the late 15th to the late 16th century and is widely considered to have been the Golden Age of Polish culture. Ruled by the Jagiellonian dynasty, the Crown ...
lived and worked in Lublin, including
Sebastian Klonowic Sebastian Fabian Klonowic (1545 Sulmierzyce – 29 August 1602 Lublin) was a Polish poet, composer and mayor of Lublin. Biography He studied at the University of Kraków. He was also known by his Latin name, Acernus, and wrote in both Polish an ...
and Jan Kochanowski, who died in the city in 1584. In 1578, the Crown Tribunal, the highest court of the Lesser Poland Province, was established in Lublin. Since the second half of the 16th century, Protestant Reformation movements devolved in Lublin, and a large congregation of Polish Brethren was present in the city. One of Poland's most important Jewish communities was established in Lublin around this time. Jews established a widely respected'' yeshiva'', Jewish hospital, synagogue, cemetery, and education centre (''kahal'') and built the Grodzka Gate (known as the Jewish Gate) in the historic district. Jews were a vital part of the city's life until the Holocaust, during which they were relocated by Nazi Germany to the infamous
Lublin Ghetto , location = Lublin, German-occupied Poland , date = , incident_type = Imprisonment, forced labor, starvation, exile , perpetrators = , participants = , organizations = SS , camp = deportations to Belzec exter ...
and ultimately murdered. The yeshiva became a centre of learning of Talmud and Kabbalah, leading the city to be called "the Jewish Oxford." In 1567, the ''
rosh yeshiva Rosh yeshiva ( he, ראש ישיבה, pl. he, ראשי ישיבה, '; Anglicized pl. ''rosh yeshivas'') is the title given to the dean of a yeshiva, a Jewish educational institution that focuses on the study of traditional religious texts, primar ...
'' (headmaster) received the title of rector from the king along with rights and privileges equal to those of the heads of Polish universities. The city declined due to the disastrous Deluge, when it was invaded by
Russo Russo may refer to: *Russo (surname) * Russo (footballer, 1915–1980), full name Adolpho Milman, Brazilian football forward and manager * Russo (footballer, born 1976), full name Ricardo Soares Florêncio, Brazilian football defender *Russo brothe ...
-
Cossack The Cossacks , es, cosaco , et, Kasakad, cazacii , fi, Kasakat, cazacii , french: cosaques , hu, kozákok, cazacii , it, cosacchi , orv, коза́ки, pl, Kozacy , pt, cossacos , ro, cazaci , russian: казаки́ or ...
forces in 1655, and
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...
in 1656.


19th and early 20th century

After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Lublin was located in the Austrian empire, then following the
Austro-Polish War The Austro-Polish War or Polish-Austrian War was a part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809 (a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against Napoleon's French Empire and Bavaria). In this war, Polish forces of the N ...
of 1809 it was part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, and then in 1815 it became part of the
Congress Poland Congress Poland, Congress Kingdom of Poland, or Russian Poland, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, was a polity created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a semi-autonomous Polish state, a successor to Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. It w ...
in the Russian Partition of Poland. At the beginning of the 19th century, new squares, streets, and public buildings were built. In 1877, a railway connection to Warsaw and
Kovel Kovel (, ; pl, Kowel; yi, קאוולע / קאוולי ) is a city in Volyn Oblast (province), in northwestern Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Kovel Raion (district). Population: Kovel gives its name to one of the oldest runi ...
and Lublin Station were constructed, spurring industrial development. Lublin's population grew from 28,900 in 1873 to 50,150 in 1897 (including 24,000 Jews). Russian rule ended in 1915, when the city was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies. After the defeat of the Central Powers in 1918,
Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland The Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland ( pl, Tymczasowy Rząd Ludowy Republiki Polskiej), also known as the Government of Ignacy Daszyński, was established on 7 November 1918 in Lublin, Austrian Galicia, as one of the precu ...
- the first government of independent Poland operated in Lublin for a short time. In the interwar years, the city continued to modernise and its population grew; important industrial enterprises were established, including the first aviation factory in Poland, the
Plage i Laśkiewicz Plage i Laśkiewicz (Plage & Laśkiewicz) was the first Polish aerospace manufacturer, located in Lublin and manufacturing aircraft under Lublin name. Full name was: ''Zakłady Mechaniczne E. Plage i T. Laśkiewicz'' – Mechanical Works E. Plage ...
works, later nationalised as the LWS factory. The
Catholic University of Lublin John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin ( pl, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, la, Universitas Catholica Lublinensis Ioannis Pauli II, abbreviation KUL), established in 1918. It is the only private college in Poland with the s ...
was founded in 1918. In 1921, Roman Catholics constituted 58.9% of the city's population, Jews - 39.5%. In 1931, 63.7% of the inhabitants were Roman Catholic and 34.7% Jewish. On July 20, 1931, a violent tornado carved a path of destruction through the city, destroying dozens of structures in downtown and killing six people. This tornado is officially rated F4 on the Fujita scale; however, the Polish Weather Service estimated winds at , potentially ranking it as an F5.


World War II

In early September 1939, during the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II, the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish gold reserve from Warsaw to Lublin, and then further east to Łuck, before the city was occupied by Germany, and found itself in the newly formed
General Government The General Government (german: Generalgouvernement, pl, Generalne Gubernatorstwo, uk, Генеральна губернія), also referred to as the General Governorate for the Occupied Polish Region (german: Generalgouvernement für die be ...
territory. The Polish population became a target of severe Nazi persecutions focusing on
intelligentsia The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the in ...
and Polish Jews. In November 1939, during the '' Intelligenzaktion'', the Germans carried out mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, including teachers, judges, lawyers, engineers, lecturers and students of the
Catholic University of Lublin John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin ( pl, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, la, Universitas Catholica Lublinensis Ioannis Pauli II, abbreviation KUL), established in 1918. It is the only private college in Poland with the s ...
, priests, and lecturers of the local theological seminary. The occupiers also closed down the Catholic University of Lublin. Arrested Poles were held in a prison established in the Lublin Castle, and many were afterwards deported to concentration camps. On December 23–25, 1939, the Germans carried out massacres of 31 Poles in several locations in Lublin.Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 247–248 Among the victims were lawyers, professors, school principals,
starost The starosta or starost (Cyrillic: ''старост/а'', Latin: ''capitaneus'', german: link=no, Starost, Hauptmann) is a term of Slavic origin denoting a community elder whose role was to administer the assets of a clan or family estates. Th ...
s of
Lublin Lublin is the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the center of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin is the largest Polish city east of t ...
and
Lubartów Lubartów () is a town in eastern Poland, with 23,000 inhabitants (2004), situated in Lublin Voivodeship. It is the capital of Lubartów County and the Lubartów Commune. Historically it belongs to Lesser Poland. Lubartów was established in 154 ...
counties and other well-known and respected citizens of the region. In January and February 1940, the occupiers arrested 23
Capuchin friars The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (; postnominal abbr. O.F.M. Cap.) is a religious order of Franciscan friars within the Catholic Church, one of Three " First Orders" that reformed from the Franciscan Friars Minor Observant (OFM Obs., now OFM) ...
and 43
Jesuit , image = Ihs-logo.svg , image_size = 175px , caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits , abbreviation = SJ , nickname = Jesuits , formation = , founders ...
friars. Persecution of Polish intelligentsia was continued with the '' AB-Aktion''. On June 24, 1940, the Germans carried out mass arrests of over 800 Poles in Lublin, who were then imprisoned in the castle, along with dozens of Poles who were arrested at the same time in other towns in the region, including
Biała Podlaska Biała Podlaska ( la, Alba Ducalis) is a city in eastern Poland with 56,498 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), having previously been the capital of Biała Podlaska Voivodeship (1975–1998). ...
, Chełm, Puławy.Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 264–265 Many of the prisoners were then deported to the
Sachsenhausen Sachsenhausen () or Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg was a German Nazi concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany, used from 1936 until April 1945, shortly before the defeat of Nazi Germany in May later that year. It mainly held political prisoners ...
and
Auschwitz Auschwitz concentration camp ( (); also or ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It con ...
concentration camps, while around 500 Poles were murdered in five large massacres carried out in the present-day district of Rury in 1940. Among the victims of the massacres were both men and women: doctors, engineers, local officials, lawyers, judges, activists, military officers, parliamentarians, Polish resistance members, policemen, teachers and school and university students. An attempt to "
Germanise Germanisation, or Germanization, is the spread of the German language, people and culture. It was a central idea of German conservative thought in the 19th and the 20th centuries, when conservatism and ethnic nationalism went hand in hand. In ling ...
" the city led to an influx of the ethnic '' Volksdeutsche'', increasing the number of German minority from 10 to 15% in 1939 to 20–25%. Near Lublin, the so-called 'reservation' for the Jews was built based on the idea of racial segregation known as the " Nisko or Lublin Plan". The Germans established and operated a
Baudienst Baudienst (from German, lit. "building service" or "construction service"), full name in German ''Baudienst im Generalgouvernement'' (Construction Service in the General Government), was a forced labour organization created by Nazi Germany in the G ...
forced labour Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, violence including death, or other forms of ex ...
camp for
Poles Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Slavic nation and ethnic group, who share a common history, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in Ce ...
in Lublin. Many Poles from or associated with Lublin, including 94 lecturers, alumni and students of the Catholic University of Lublin were murdered by the Soviets in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940. The Jewish population was forced into the newly established
Lublin Ghetto , location = Lublin, German-occupied Poland , date = , incident_type = Imprisonment, forced labor, starvation, exile , perpetrators = , participants = , organizations = SS , camp = deportations to Belzec exter ...
near Podzamcze. The city served as headquarters for Operation Reinhardt, the main German effort to exterminate all Jews in occupied Poland. The majority of the ghetto inmates, about 26,000 people, were deported to the
Bełżec extermination camp Belzec (English: or , Polish: ) was a Nazi German extermination camp built by the SS for the purpose of implementing the secretive Operation Reinhard, the plan to murder all Polish Jews, a major part of the "Final Solution" which in total ...
between 17 March and 11 April 1942. The remainder were moved to facilities around the
Majdanek concentration camp Majdanek (or Lublin) was a Nazi concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. It had seven gas chambers, two wooden gallows, a ...
established at the outskirts of the city. Almost all of Lublin's Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in Poland. The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota", established by the Polish resistance movement operated in the city. There are also known cases of local Polish men and women, who were captured and sent to either forced labour or concentration camps by the Germans for sheltering and aiding Jews. Poles who saved Jews in other places in the region were also temporarily imprisoned in the local castle, before being sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp. After the war, some survivors emerged from hiding with the Christian rescuers or returned from the Soviet Union, and re-established a small Jewish community in the city, but their numbers were insignificant. Most survivors left Poland for Israel, the United States and other countries. In the first years of the occupation, many expelled Poles from
Gdańsk Gdańsk ( , also ; ; csb, Gduńsk;Stefan Ramułt, ''Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego'', Kraków 1893, Gdańsk 2003, ISBN 83-87408-64-6. , Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, ''Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benen ...
and German-annexed Pomerania were deported to Lublin, and later on, in 1943, around 9,000 expelled Poles from the nearby Zamojszczyzna region were brought to Lublin and imprisoned in the
Majdanek concentration camp Majdanek (or Lublin) was a Nazi concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. It had seven gas chambers, two wooden gallows, a ...
and in a transit camp at Krochmalna Street; many were afterwards deported to forced labour in Germany. In August 1943, thanks to efforts of the Polish ''Rada Główna Opiekuńcza'' charity organisation, around 2,200 people were released from those two camps. Many of the released people, including hundreds of kidnapped Polish children, were extremely exhausted or sick, and were taken to local hospitals, which quickly became overcrowded. Many exhausted children died soon. Lublin pharmacists and residents organized help for the children, and after leaving the hospital, the people were taken in by the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, which resulted in an epidemic typhus outbreak, which caused many deaths among the population. On 24 July 1944, the city was taken by the Soviet Army and became the temporary headquarters of the Soviet-controlled communist Polish Committee of National Liberation established by Joseph Stalin, which was to serve as the basis for a puppet government. The Soviets carried out arrests of Polish resistance members, including the regional delegate of the Polish government-in-exile Władysław Cholewa and the commander of the regional branch of the Home Army Colonel Kazimierz Tumidajski, who was eventually killed in Russian captivity in 1947. The capital of new Poland was moved to Warsaw in January 1945 after the Soviet westward offensive.


Post-war period

In the postwar years, Lublin continued to grow, tripling its population and greatly expanding its area. A considerable scientific and research base was established around the newly founded Maria Curie-Sklodowska University. A large automotive factory, Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych (FSO), was built in the city.


Geography


Climate

Lublin has a humid continental climate ( Köppen ''Dfb'') with cold, damp winters and warm summers.


Population


Economy and infrastructure

The Lublin region is a part of eastern Poland, which has benefited less from the economic transformation after 1989 than regions of Poland located closer to Western Europe. Despite the fact that Lublin is one of the closest neighbour cities for Warsaw, the investment inflow in services from the Polish capital has secured a steady growth due to relatively fast connection, while external investments are progressing, enabling nearby satellite municipality Świdnik for large-scale industrial investments. Lublin is a regional centre of IT companies. Asseco Business Solutions S.A., eLeader Sp z o.o., CompuGroup Medical Polska Sp. z o.o., Abak-Soft Sp. z o.o. and others have their headquarters here. Other companies (for example Comarch S.A., Britenet Sp. z o.o., Simple S.A., Asseco Poland S.A.) outsourced to Lublin, to take advantage of the educated specialists. There is a visible growth in professionals eager to work in Lublin, due to reasons like quality of life, culture management, the environment, improving connection to Warsaw, levels of education, or financial, because of usually higher operating margins of global organisations present in the area. The large car factory Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych (FSC) was acquired by the South Korean Daewoo conglomerate in the early 1990s. With Daewoo's financial troubles in 1998 related to the Asian financial crisis, the production at FSC practically collapsed and the factory entered bankruptcy. Efforts to restart its van production succeeded when the engine supplier bought the company to keep its prime market. With the decline of Lublin as a regional industrial centre, the city's economy has been reoriented toward service industries. Currently, the largest employer is the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University. The price of land and investment costs are lower than in western Poland. However, the Lublin area has to be one of the main beneficiaries of the EU development funds. Jerzy Kwiecinski, the deputy secretary of state in the Ministry for Regional Development at the Conference of the Ministry for Regional Development (Poland in the European Union — new possibilities for foreign investors) said: In September 2007, the prime minister signed a bill creating a special economic investment zone in Lublin that offers tax incentives. It is part of “Park Mielec” — the European Economic Development area. At least 13 large companies had declared their wish to invest here, e.g., Carrefour, Comarch, Safo, Asseco, Aliplast, Herbapol, Modern-Expo and Perła Browary Lubelskie. At the same time, the energy conglomerate, Polska Grupa Energetyczna, which will build Poland's first nuclear power station, is to have its main offices in Lublin. Modern shopping centers built in Lublin like Tarasy Zamkowe (Castle Terraces), Lublin Plaza, Galeria Olimp, Galeria Gala, the largest shopping mall in the city, covering 33,500 square meters of area. Similar investments are planned for the near future such as Park Felin (Felicity) and a new underground gallery ("Alchemy") between and beneath Świętoduska and Lubartowska Streets.


Media

The local TVP station,
TVP3 Lublin TVP3 Lublin is one of the regional branches of the TVP, Poland's public television broadcaster. It serves the entire Lublin Voivodeship The Lublin Voivodeship, also known as the Lublin Province (Polish: ''województwo lubelskie'' ), is a voi ...
, broadcasts from a -tall concrete television tower. The station put its first program on the air in 1985. In recent years it contributed programming to TVP3 channel and later TVP Info. The radio stations airing from Lublin include 'Radio eR - 87.9 FM', Radio 'Eska Lublin' - 103.6 FM, Radio Lublin (regional station of the Polish Radio) - 102.2 FM, Radio Centrum (university radio station)- 98.2 FM, Radio 'Free' (city station of the Polish Radio) - 89,9 FM, and Radio 'Złote Przeboje' (Golden Hits) Lublin - 95.6 FM. Local newspapers include ''Kurier Lubelski'' daily, regional partner of the national newspaper ''Dziennik Wschodni'' daily, '' Gazeta Wyborcza'' Lublin Editiondaily (regional supplement to the national newspaper ''Gazeta Wyborcza''), ''
Metro Metro, short for metropolitan, may refer to: Geography * Metro (city), a city in Indonesia * A metropolitan area, the populated region including and surrounding an urban center Public transport * Rapid transit, a passenger railway in an urba ...
' (daily, free) and '' Nasze Miasto Lublin'' weekly (free).


Transport


Airport

The Lublin Airport (Port Lotniczy Lublin) (IATA: LUZ) is located about SE of Lublin. With approximately 8 destinations and over 450 000 passengers served in 2018, it is the biggest airport in Eastern Poland. There is a direct train and bus link from the airport to downtown.


Railways

From Lublin Główny railway station, ten trains depart each day to Warsaw, and three to Kraków, as in other major cities in Poland. Lublin has also direct train connections with Rzeszów,
Szczecin Szczecin (, , german: Stettin ; sv, Stettin ; Latin: ''Sedinum'' or ''Stetinum'') is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border, it is a major s ...
, Gdynia and other Polish cities and towns in the region as Nałęczów, Chełm or Zamość. The express train to Warsaw takes about two hours. There are other smaller stations in Lublin for local trains: * * * * * * *


Roads

Lublin is located at the intersection of expressways S12, S17 and S19. Expressway S17 between Lublin and Warsaw is currently finishing construction and should be ready by the second half of 2020. S19 between Lublin and Rzeszów is currently under construction and should be finished by 2023. The rest of the planned expressway network around the city that will be built in the coming years consists of S12 to the east in the direction Chełm, S19 north towards
Białystok Białystok is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. It is the tenth-largest city in Poland, second in terms of population density, and thirteenth in area. Białystok is located in the Białystok Up ...
and S17 southeast towards Zamość. The expressway bypass of Lublin allows transit traffic to avoid the city centre. Long-distance buses depart from near the Castle in the Old Town and serve most of the same destinations as the rail network. Lublin is one of only four towns in Poland to have trolleybuses (the others are Gdynia, Sopot and Tychy).


Culture and tourism

Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and serves as an important regional cultural capital. Since then, many important international events have taken place here, involving international artists, researchers and politicians. The frescos at the
Holy Trinity Chapel Sacred describes something that is dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity; is considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspires awe or reverence among believers. The property is often ascribed to objects ...
in Lublin Castle are a mixture of Roman Catholic motifs with eastern Byzantine styles, reinforcing how the city connects the west with the east.


The arts


Museum

The premier museum in the city is the National Museum of Lublin, one of the oldest and largest museums of Eastern Poland, as well as the Majdanek State Museum with 121,404 visitors in 2011.


Cinema

Lublin is a city with a proactive approach towards filmmaking industry. The city is featured at some of the most notable films, and that include Oscar-winning ''
The Reader ''The Reader'' (german: Der Vorleser) is a novel by German law professor and judge Bernhard Schlink, published in Germany in 1995 and in the United States in 1997. The story is a parable, dealing with the difficulties post-war German generations ...
'' which was partially filmed at the Nazi
Majdanek Majdanek (or Lublin) was a Nazi concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. It had seven gas chambers, two wooden gallows, a ...
concentration camp. In 2008, Lublin collaborated with Ukrainian Lviv, to film and distribute promotional materials which painted both cities as attractive to the filmmaking industry. Films were handed out between filmmakers present at
Cannes Festival The Cannes Festival (; french: link=no, Festival de Cannes), until 2003 called the International Film Festival (') and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films o ...
. This was sponsored by the European Union. There are numerous movie theatres in Lublin including a few multiplexes, i.e. Cinema City and Multikino chains, also smaller venues like Cinema Bajka, Cinema Chatka Żaka, Cinema Perla, Cinema Grazyna and Cinema Medyk. The Lublin Film Fund has been active since 2009, actively caring for cultivation of cinematographic talents in Lublin and promoting the city by provision of financial and organizational support. Numerous feature films have been partially financed by the fund, including Kamienie na Szaniec, Panie Dulskie, Volta and award-winning Carte Blanche.


Theatres

There are many cultural organizations in Lublin, either municipal, governmental and/or non-governmental. Among the popular venues are municipal theatres and playhouses such as:
Musical Theatre in Lublin
- ''Teatr Muzyczny w Lublinie'', opera, operetta, musical, ballet *
Henryk Wieniawski Henryk Wieniawski (; 10 July 183531 March 1880) was a Polish virtuoso violinist, composer and pedagogue who is regarded amongst the greatest violinists in history. His younger brother Józef Wieniawski and nephew Adam Tadeusz Wieniawski were al ...
Lublin Philharmonic -
Filharmonia Lubelska
' *
Juliusz Osterwa Theatre Juliusz is a given name. Notable people with the name include: *Juliusz Bardach (1914–2010), Polish legal historian *Juliusz Bursche (1862–1942), bishop of the Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland *Juliusz Bogdan Deczkowski (1924–1998), note ...
in Lublin - ''Teatr im. Juliusza Osterwy w Lublinie'']
Hans Christian Andersen Theatre
- with puppet programmes for children Fringe theatres:
Centrum Kultury w Lublinie
* Gardzienice, Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych – Gardzienice * Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Theatre NN” *Centrum Projekt Pracovnia Maat


Galleries

There are numerous art galleries in Lublin; some are run by private owners, and some are municipal, government, NGO, or associations' venues. The Labyrinth Gallery (formerly "BWA", is the Artistic Exhibitions Office - ''Biuro Wystaw Artystycznych'').


Old Town

Lublin's Old Town shares several traditions with Lesser Poland, mostly the dialect and historic architecture that brings a unique ambience comparable with Kraków. It is, however, a distinct experience, which benefits from artistic renovation, that progressed somehow slower and more modestly focusing more on quality and less on commercialization. Historic buildings, including ruined townhouses that await for new owners, create a unique atmosphere of the renaissance city. Lublin's Old Town has cobbled, narrow streets and mostly medieval layout and design. Many venues around Old Town enjoy an architecture applicable for restaurants, art hotels, pubs galleries, and clubs. Apart from entertainment, the area houses small businesses and prestigious offices. There are several historic churches in the Old Town, including the landmark Renaissance St. Stanislaus Basilica and
Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...
St. John the Baptist Cathedral. Catering to students, who account for 35% of the population, the city offers a vibrant music and nightclub scene Lublin has many theatres and museums and a professional orchestra, the Lublin Philharmonic.


Pubs and restaurants

In the Old Town and the immediate surrounding, over 100 unique restaurants, fine-dining venues, cafes, pubs, clubs and other catering outlets are located. In the latter half of the 2010s, the robust international community gathered around Lublin's Medical University has impacted the growth of restaurants offering various world cuisines.


City of festivals

Lublin aims to be known as the Polish Capital of Festivals. Most years, Lublin increases the number of festivals held in the city. The most significant of them include: *Carnaval Sztukmistrzów - held in last days of July is the largest new circus festival in Poland, name of the Carnival is inspired by the character of
The Magician of Lublin ''The Magician of Lublin'' ( yi, דער קונצנמאַכער פֿון לובלין, translit=Der Kuntsnmakher fun Lublin) is a novel by Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Laureate Isaac Bashevis Singer. Though originally written in Yiddish, it wa ...
from a novel by Isaac Bashevis Singer * Urban Highline Festival - held in last days of July *
Night of Culture Night of Culture (Noc Kultury in Polish) is a cultural event held annually in the city of Lublin, Poland. During this night people are allowed to attend, late into the night, theater plays, classical, popular, gospel and folk music concerts, exhib ...
(Noc Kultury) - usually held on the first Saturday night of June. Consisting of hundreds of events spanning the city, it is a cultural manifestation of Lublin's potential. Admission to all events is free.
OpenCity Festival
- outdoor performances festival. International artists and performers create art installations in public places in Lublin *
Night of Museums The Long Night of Museums (german: Lange Nacht der Museen), or the Night of Museums, and, since 2005, the European Night of Museums, is a cultural event in which museums and cultural institutions to remain open late into the night to introduce ...
- Lublin's culture institutions become open to visitors at night
The Jagiellonian Fair
(Jarmark Jagielloński) - held in late August is a chance to meet numerous artists, artisans, craftspeople from Central and Eastern Europe *St Nicolas Day International Festival of Folk Music (Mikołajki Folkowe) - the oldest folk music festival in Poland held in the first decade of December *East Of Culture – Different Sounds Art’n’Music Festival (Wschód Kultury – Inne Brzmienia Art’n’Music Festival) held in late June is a meeting of world-class artists that represent various nationalities and practise diverse music styles *Lubelskie Dni Kultury Studenckiej - Lublin's Days of Student Culture - an annual students' holiday. Usually celebrated for about three weeks between May and June. Due to the city's large student population, the festival in Lublin is the longest in Poland *Lublin. Miasto Poezji - Poetry Festival organised by ''Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN"'' and Polish Literature Institute of Catholic University in Lublin. * Noc z Czechowiczem - ''A Night with Czechowicz'' - walking tour, inspired by the "Poem about the City of Lublin" written by Józef Czechowicz. Held at first full moon in July, organized by Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN" * Najstarsze Pieśni Europy - ''The oldest songs of Europe'' - Festival of Muzyka Kresów Foundation. * Future Shorts - World Short Film Label *International Lublin Dance Festival - Międzynarodowe Spotkania Teatrów Tańca - one of the leading dance art festivals in Europe *International Theatre Festival "Confrontations" - Międzynarodowy Festiwal Teatralny "Konfrontacje" *Ukraine in the Center of Lublin - Ukraina w Centrum Lublina - Festival held in November since 2008 is a showcase of contemporary Ukrainian culture as well as space for the Polish-Ukrainian intercultural dialogue *'“Falkon” - Fantasy and Science Fiction Festival - Ogólnopolski Festiwal Fantastyki Falkon - held in November is one of the biggest fantasy conventions in Poland *Polish Students' Theatre Festival - Studencki Ogólnopolski Festiwal Teatralny Kontestacje * International Folk Dance Festival - Międzynarodowe Spotkania Folklorystyczne im. Ignacego Wachowiaka * Scena Młodych - ''Youth Scene'', music festival * Zwierciadła - ''Mirrors'' - High School Theatres Revision * Zaduszki Jazzowe - ''Jazz Souls' Day'' - which take place in Dominican Order Monastery


European Capital of Culture

In 2007, Lublin joined the group of Polish cities as candidates for the title of European Capital of Culture. Lublin was shortlisted, but ultimately Wrocław was chosen. Lublin is a pilot city of the
Council of Europe The Council of Europe (CoE; french: Conseil de l'Europe, ) is an international organisation founded in the wake of World War II to uphold European Convention on Human Rights, human rights, democracy and the Law in Europe, rule of law in Europe. ...
and the European Commission Intercultural cities programme.


Sports

* Start Lublin – men's basketball team, 12th in
Era Basket Liga Polska Liga Koszykówki (PLK) (English: Polish Basketball League) is a professional men's club basketball league in Poland. It constitutes the first and highest-tier level of the Polish league pyramid. The winning team of the final round are crow ...
in 2003–04 season. * MKS Lublin – women's
handball Handball (also known as team handball, European handball or Olympic handball) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outcourt players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the g ...
team playing in Polish Ekstraklasa Women's Handball League: 2nd place in 2003–04 season: also a winner of Women's EHF Cup in season 2000–01. * Motor Lublin – professional
football Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly c ...
team competing in the Polish 2nd league (). * Lublinianka – men's
football Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly c ...
team competing in the Polish 4th league (). * Budowlani Lublin – a local rugby union team competing in the Polish, and surrounding district league. * Speed Car Motor Lublinspeedway club competing in the Polish league (first division). * LSKT – Lublin's Taekwon-do sport club. * Tytani Lublin – semi-professional American football team


International events

*
2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup The 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup was the 22nd edition of the FIFA U-20 World Cup, the biennial international men's youth football championship contested by the under-20 national teams of the member associations of FIFA, since its inception in 1977 ...
* An annual motocross race.


Education

There are five public schools of higher education: * Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS) *
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin ( pl, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, la, Universitas Catholica Lublinensis Ioannis Pauli II, abbreviation KUL), established in 1918. It is the only private college in Poland with the s ...
(KUL) * Medical University of Lublin *
University of Life Sciences in Lublin The University of Life Sciences in Lublin ( pl, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie) is a multi-profile higher education institution, which integrates a wide range of agricultural, biological, veterinary, technical and socioeconomic sciences in ...
*
Politechnika Lubelska Lublin University of Technology (''Politechnika Lubelska'') is an engineering university in Lublin, Poland. It was established on May 13, 1953, and currently has 7,787 students. Rectors # Stanisław Ziemecki (1953-1956) # Stanisław Podkowa (19 ...
Lublin is home to private higher education establishments. *
University of Economics and Innovation The University of Economics and Innovation (also called: 'Higher School of Economics and Innovation of Lublin' in Polish: 'Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomii i Innowacjii w Lublinie', commonly shortened to WSEI) was founded on October 24, 2000 in Lublin. ...
in Lublin * Lubelska Szkoła Biznesu * Wyższa Szkoła Nauk Społecznych z siedzibą w Lublinie * Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Administracji * Vincent Pol University in Lublin It is home to one of the oldest still-functioning schools in Poland, The Staszic School, which was established in 1586. The school has many notable alumni, such as Bolesław Prus, one of the most influential Polish writers and novelists, and Lesław Paga, the co-founder of the Warsaw Stock Exchange.


Politics and local government

Lublin is the capital of the province called Lublin Voivodeship, a province ( voivodeship) created in 1999. The city is a separate urban
gmina The gmina (Polish: , plural ''gminy'' , from German ''Gemeinde'' meaning ''commune'') is the principal unit of the administrative division of Poland, similar to a municipality. , there were 2,477 gminas throughout the country, encompassing over 4 ...
and city county ( powiat).


Municipal government

Lublin is governed by the municipal legislature known as the city council (Rada Miasta) and the city's mayor (Prezydent Miasta). The city council is made up of 31 councillors directly elected by the city's inhabitants. The remit of the council and president extends to all areas of municipal policy and development planning, up to and including the development of local infrastructure, transport, and planning permission. The city's current mayor is
Krzysztof Żuk Krzysztof Żuk (born 1957 in Krasnystaw) is a Polish economist, and since 2010, the mayor of the city of Lublin. He previously served as deputy mayor of Lublin from 2006 to 2007, was the chairperson of Świdnik City Council from 1990 to 1996, an ...
, who has served in this position since 2010.


Symbols

Lublin has an official flag, a 5:8 rectangle divided into three horizontal stripes: white (top), green (narrow, middle), and red (bottom). In the central part, there is the coat of arms of Lublin. It is also allowed to hang the flag in the form of a vertical ribbon: then white should be on the left side or near the spar.


Districts

Lublin is divided into 27 administrative divisions (dzielnica): Abramowice, Bronowice, Czechów Południowy, Czechów Północny, Czuby Południowe, Czuby Północne, Dziesiąta, Felin, Głusk, Hajdów-Zadębie, Kalinowszczyzna, Konstantynów, Kośminek, Ponikwoda, Rury, Sławin, Sławinek, Stare Miasto, Szerokie, Śródmieście, Tatary, Węglin Południowy, Węglin Północny, Wieniawa, Wrotków, Za Cukrownią, Zemborzyce.


International relations

Lublin is a pilot city of the
Council of Europe The Council of Europe (CoE; french: Conseil de l'Europe, ) is an international organisation founded in the wake of World War II to uphold European Convention on Human Rights, human rights, democracy and the Law in Europe, rule of law in Europe. ...
and the EU Intercultural cities programme. In 2017, Lublin was awarded
the Europe Prize The Europe Prize is a premium established in 1955 by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. It is awarded each year to one or more municipalities that have made exceptional efforts to spread the ideal of European unity. Winning cit ...
by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. In 2023, Lublin was selected as the
European Youth Capital Turin (2010) Antwerp (2011) Braga (2012) Maribor (2013) Thessaloniki (2014) Ganja (2016) The 'European Youth Capital'' (abbreviated EYC) is the title awarded by the European Youth Forum to a European city, designed to empower ...
by international jury of the European Youth Forum. Lublin is a signatory of the
European charter for equality of women and men in local life The Council of European Municipalities and Regions launched in May 2006 a European charter for equality of women and men in local life. This charter is addressed to the local and regional governments of Europe, who are invited to sign it, to make a ...
. Two settlements outside of Poland were created that were named Lublin.
Lublin, Wisconsin Lublin is a village in Taylor County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 118 at the 2010 census. History The village is named after the city of Lublin in southeast Poland. Marvin Durski, a Chicago land agent who sold real estate in th ...
is a village in Taylor County in the United States, while
Lublin, Moldova Nimereuca is a commune in Soroca District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Cerlina and Nimereuca. Nimereuca village Nimereuca (russian: Немировка, Niemirovka, uk, Німереука, Nimereuka, pl, Niemirówka) lies on the nor ...
was a Jewish agricultural colony founded during the Russian Empire in what is now the village of Niemirówka in 1842.


Twin towns — sister cities

Lublin is twinned with: Former twin towns: * Brest, Belarus (terminated on 3 March 2022 as a response to the Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine)


Gallery

File:Lublin, Teatr im. Juliusza Osterwy - fotopolska.eu (214424).jpg, Juliusz Osterwa Theatre File:PL Lublin Katedra1.jpg, Lublin Cathedral File:W lubelskiej Archikatedrze.jpg, Interior of the Cathedral File:Widok na Wieżę Trynitarską.jpg, Trinitarian Tower File:Lublin Dominikanie.jpg, St. Stanislaus Basilica File:Bazylika oo. Dominikanów pw. św. Stanisława dziedziniec klasztorny 3.jpg, Courtyard of the Dominican Abbey File:Ogrod Botaniczny Lublin.jpg, UMCS Botanical Gardens File:A 161 z 25.01.1967 zespół zamkowy Lublin.JPG, 14th-century Holy Trinity Chapel File:Kaplica3sw3.JPG,
Fresco Fresco (plural ''frescos'' or ''frescoes'') is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaste ...
es inside the chapel File:Lublin, Brama Grodzka2.JPG, Grodzka Gate File:Lublin, Rynek Kiermasz 2008-02-08.jpg, A street fair in the Old Town File:Krakowskie Przedmieście w Lublinie, obchody 440-lecia Unii Lubelskiej.jpg, 440th anniversary of the Union of Lublin File:Lublin, Kamienica Wieniawskich - fotopolska.eu (253545).jpg, Birthplace of composer
Henryk Wieniawski Henryk Wieniawski (; 10 July 183531 March 1880) was a Polish virtuoso violinist, composer and pedagogue who is regarded amongst the greatest violinists in history. His younger brother Józef Wieniawski and nephew Adam Tadeusz Wieniawski were al ...
File:Lublin kamienica Klonowica.jpg, House of poet
Sebastian Klonowic Sebastian Fabian Klonowic (1545 Sulmierzyce – 29 August 1602 Lublin) was a Polish poet, composer and mayor of Lublin. Biography He studied at the University of Kraków. He was also known by his Latin name, Acernus, and wrote in both Polish an ...
File:Lublin wrotkow zalew zemborzycki 2009.jpg, Zemborzyce Lake File:Kościół Rzymskokatolicki pw. św. Piotra i Pawła, Lublin (50309397313).jpg, Saints Peter and Paul church File:Lublin kosciol klasztor pomisjonarski3.jpg, Transfiguration church File:Piaski lubelskie obwodnica 02.jpg, The first part of a bypass road around Lublin File:Wieża nadajnika Radia "Lublin".jpg, Radio & TV tower in Lublin


Notable residents

*
Biernat z Lublina Biernat of Lublin (Polish: ''Biernat z Lublina'', Latin ''Bernardus Lublinius'', ca. 1465 – after 1529) was a Polish poet, fabulist, translator, and physician. He was one of the first Polish-language writers known by name, and the most ...
, (~1465-~1529) Polish poet, fabulist, translator and physician * Franciszka Arnsztajnowa (1865–1942), née Meyerson, poet, playwright, translator *
Jacek Bąk Jacek Waldemar Bąk (; born 24 March 1973) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a central defender. Other than his country, he competed in France, Qatar and Austria, notably appearing in more than 150 competitive games for ...
, Polish footballer and captain of Poland during
World Cup 2006 The 2006 FIFA World Cup, also branded as Germany 2006, was the 18th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international Association football, football world championship tournament. It was held from 9 June to 9 July 2006 in Germany, which had won ...
* Józef Czechowicz, (1903–1939), poet, writer, editor *
Katarzyna Dolinska The tenth cycle of ''America's Next Top Model'' was the fourth season of the series to be aired on The CW network. The promotional catchphrase of the cycle is "New Faces, New Attitude, New York." The promotional song was "Feedback" by Janet Ja ...
, contestant on Cycle 10 of '' America's Next Top Model'', came in 5th place *
Rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...
Jacob ben Ephraim Jacob ben Ephraim (died in Lublin 1648) was a Polish rabbi. At first he occupied the post of rabbi and instructor at the yeshivah of that city, whence he was called to officiate as rabbi in Brest. There he entertained in 1631 R. Yom-Ṭob Lipman H ...
(unknown-1648), "The Gaon Rabbi Jacob of Lublin" *
Rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...
Joshua Falk Joshua ben Alexander HaCohen Falk (1555 – 29 March 1614) was a Polish Halakhist and Talmudist, best known as the author of the ''Drisha'' and ''Prisha'' commentaries on the ''Arba'ah Turim'' as well as ''Sefer Me'irat Enayim'' (סמ"ע) on ...
(1555–1614), also known as Joshua ben Alexander HaCohen Falk *
Rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...
Shneur Zalman Fradkin Shneur Zalman Fradkin of Lublin (1830–1902), also known as the Toras Chessed (after his main work; תורת חסד "Kindly teaching") or The Liader (after his place of birth), was a famous Chabad ''posek'' and '' gaon''. He was a disciple of ...
(1830–1902), "The Toras Chessed" *
Rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...
Aryeh Tzvi Frumer (1884–1943), "The Kozhiglover Rav", Holocaust victim *
Rafał Gan-Ganowicz Rafał Gan-Ganowicz (23 April 1932 – 22 November 2002) was a Polish soldier-in-exile, mercenary, journalist, member of the National Council of Poland, and political and social activist, dedicating his life to anti-communism. Early life Raf ...
(1932–2002), mercenary, journalist, and activist *
Jacob Glatstein Jacob Glatstein (1896–1971) yiddish יעקב גלאטשטיין was a Poland, Polish-born United States, American poet and literary critic who wrote in the Yiddish language. His name is also spelled Yankev Glatshteyn or Jacob Glatshteyn. Early ...
(1896–1971), literary critic * Alter Mojze Goldman (1909–1988), resistance fighter *
Rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...
Zadok HaKohen Rabbi Zadok ha-Kohen Rabinowitz of Lublin (in Hebrew: צדוק הכהן מלובלין) (Kreisburg, 1823 – Lublin, Poland, 1900), or Tzadok Hakohen or Tzadok of Lublin, was a significant Jewish thinker and Hasidic leader. Biography He was bor ...
Rabinowitz (1823–1900) * Kitty Hart-Moxon (born 1926), Holocaust survivor *
Julia Hartwig Julia Hartwig-Międzyrzecka (14 August 1921 – 14 July 2017) was a Polish writer, poet and translator, considered to be one of Poland's most important poets. Life and career She was born and raised in Lublin. She studied Polish and French lite ...
(1921–2017), poet, writer and translator *
Paweł Holc Paweł Holc (born June 21, 1971 in Lublin) is a Polish football (soccer), footballer. Holc's career started while he was still a youngster in 1989 for Górnik Łęczna before he moved to Lublinianka Lublin in 1990/91. Still having not made his lea ...
(born 1971), footballer *
Rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...
Moses Isserles (1520–1572), "Rema" *
Sebastian Klonowic Sebastian Fabian Klonowic (1545 Sulmierzyce – 29 August 1602 Lublin) was a Polish poet, composer and mayor of Lublin. Biography He studied at the University of Kraków. He was also known by his Latin name, Acernus, and wrote in both Polish an ...
(1545–1602), Polish poet and composer * Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887),
Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...
writer, publisher, historian, journalist, scholar, political activist, painter and author *
Anna Langfus Anna Langfus (born Anna-Regina Szternfinkiel; 2 January 192012 May 1966) was a Polish-French author. She was also a Holocaust survivor. She won the Prix Goncourt for ''Les bagages de sable'' (translated as "Bags of Sand"), about a concentration ca ...
(1920–1966), née Anna Szternfinkiel, writer, Prix de Goncourt winner in 1966 *
Felix Lembersky Felix Samoilovich Lembersky (russian: link=no, Феликс Самойлович Лемберский) (November 11, 1913 – December 2, 1970) was a Ukrainian/Soviet painter, artist, teacher, theater stage designer and an organizer of artis ...
(1913–1970), artist, painter * Janusz Lewandowski (1951–),
MEP MEP may refer to: Organisations and politics * Mahajana Eksath Peramuna, a political party in Sri Lanka * Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (1956), a former political alliance in Sri Lanka * Maison européenne de la photographie, a photography centre ...
, former minister of privatisation *
Rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...
Solomon Luria (1510–1573), "The Maharshal" * Aleksandra Mirosław (born 1994), speed climber *
Marcin Narwojsz Marcin Narwojsz (born 25 May 1976 in Lublin) is a retired Polish footballer A football player or footballer is a sportsperson who plays one of the different types of football. The main types of football are association football, American f ...
(born 1976), retired footballer * Wincenty Pol (1807–1872), poet and geographer *
Rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...
Jacob Pollak Rabbi Jacob Pollak (other common spelling Yaakov Pollack), son of Rabbi Joseph, was the founder of the Polish method of halakhic and Talmudic study known as the Pilpul. Biography He was born about 1460 or 1470 in Poland, and died at Lublin in ...
(1460–1541) * Stanisław Kostka Potocki (1755–1821), Polish nobleman, politician and writer *
Rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...
Sholom Rokeach (1781–1855), "Sar Sholom", the first Belzer Rebbe *
Yitzhak Sadeh Yitzhak Sadeh ( he, יצחק שדה, born Izaak Landoberg, August 10, 1890 – August 20, 1952), was the commander of the Palmach and one of the founders of the Israel Defense Forces at the time of the establishment of the State of Israel. ...
(born Isaac Landsberg; 1890–1952), a founder of the
Israel Defense Forces The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; he, צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל , ), alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym (), is the national military of the Israel, State of Israel. It consists of three servic ...
*
Mateusz Sawrymowicz Mateusz Sawrymowicz (born 22 April 1987 in Lublin) is a Polish swimmer who specializes in the 1500 m freestyle. Having won in Melbourne in 2007 he became the first person to beat Grant Hackett at the 1500 m in the World Championships for 10 years ...
(born 1987), swimmer *
Rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...
Shalom Shachna Shalom Shachna ( 1510 – 1558) was a rabbi and Talmudist, and Rosh yeshiva of several great Acharonim including Moses Isserles, who was also his son-in-law. Biography Shachna was a pupil of Jacob Pollak, founder of the method of Talmudic study ...
(unknown-1558) *
Rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...
Meir Shapiro Yehuda Meir Shapiro ( pl, Majer Jehuda Szapira; March 3, 1887 – October 27, 1933), was a prominent Polish Hasidic rabbi and rosh yeshiva, also known as the Lubliner Rav. He is noted for his promotion of the Daf Yomi study program in 1923, a ...
(1887–1933), "The Lubliner Rav" *
Rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...
Joel Sirkis (1561–1640), also known as Joel ben Samuel Sirkis *
Bartosz Staszewski Bartosz (Bart) Staszewski (born 23 September 1990 in Malmö, Sweden) is a Polish filmmaker and LGBT activist. He is the creator of the documentary ''Article Eighteen'', co-founder of the Equality March in Lublin association and the foundation ( ...
(1990–), activist and filmmaker * Patryk Szysz (1998–), Polish professional footballer *
Dominik Tarczyński Dominik Tarczyński (born March 27, 1979, in Lublin) is a Polish politician and journalist who was previously a member of the Sejm and has been a member of the European Parliament since 2020. Biography From 2003 to 2008, he was a community an ...
(born 1979), Member of European Parliament *
Bronisława Wajs Bronisława Wajs (17 August 1908, Lublin – 8 February 1987, Inowrocław) was a Polish-Romani people, Romani classic poet and singer. Life Bronisława Wajs, commonly known by her Romani people, Romani name Papusza (meaning ''Doll''), was one ...
(1908–1987), Polish-Romani poet and singer *
Henryk Wieniawski Henryk Wieniawski (; 10 July 183531 March 1880) was a Polish virtuoso violinist, composer and pedagogue who is regarded amongst the greatest violinists in history. His younger brother Józef Wieniawski and nephew Adam Tadeusz Wieniawski were al ...
(1835–1880), violinist; born in Lublin *
Tomasz Wójtowicz Tomasz Grzegorz Wójtowicz (22 September 1953 – 24 October 2022) was a Polish volleyball player. In his later life, he worked as a volleyball commentator. As a member of the Poland men's national volleyball team, Poland national team, he won t ...
(1953–2022), volleyball player, Olympic champion *
Rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...
Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin (1745–1815), "The Seer of Lublin" *
Rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...
Mordecai Yoffe (1530–1612), "The Levush" * Wladyslaw Zmuda (born 1954), Polish former professional footballer and four-time World Cup participant *
Johann Hermann Zukertort Johannes Hermann Zukertort (Polish: ''Jan Hermann Cukiertort''; 7 September 1842 – 20 June 1888) was a Polish chess master. He was one of the leading world players for most of the 1870s and 1880s, but lost to Wilhelm Steinitz in the World Ch ...
(1842–1888), chess grand master * Johannes Zukertort (1842–1888), chess master *
Henio Zytomirski Henio Zytomirski ( he, הניו ז'יטומירסקי, pl, Henio Żytomirski; 25 March 1933 – 9 November 1942) was a Polish Jewish people, Jew born in Lublin, Poland, who was murdered at the age of 9 in a gas chamber at Majdanek concentration ...
(1933–1942), Holocaust victim


See also

*
Lublin Triangle The Lublin Triangle ( lt, Liublino trikampis; pl, Trójkąt Lubelski; uk, Люблінський трикутник, Liublinskyi trykutnyk) is a regional alliance of three European countriesLithuania, Poland, and Ukrainefor the purposes of str ...
*
Lublin Holocaust Memorial The Holocaust Memorial in Lublin ( pl, Pomnik ku czci masowej eksterminacji ludności żydowskiej, Pomnik ofiar getta) commemorates the Jewish inhabitants of the city who were killed during the Holocaust. It was unveiled in 1963. History In 20 ...
*
Lublin Department The Lublin Department (Polish: ''Departament Lubelski'') was a unit of administrative division and local government in Polish Duchy of Warsaw in years 1810–1815. Its capital was Lublin. The division contained 10 counties. In 1815 it was tra ...
(Polish: ''Departament Lubelski''): a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland's Duchy of Warsaw, 1806–15 * Old Jewish Cemetery, Lublin *
Tourism in Poland Poland is a part of the global tourism market with constantly increasing number of visitors. Tourism in Poland contributes to the country's overall economy. The most popular cities are Kraków, Warsaw, Wrocław, Gdańsk, Poznań, Szczecin, ...
*'' Union of Lublin'' (painting) *
Missionary Church and Monastery, Lublin Post-missionary church and monastery in Lublin - the church of the Transfiguration of Our Lord in Lublin was erected in the years 1717–1730 for a seminary of the Congregation of the Mission, after the suppression of the monastery by Russians dur ...
* Urban Highline Festival Lublin


Notes


References


External links


Lublin official website (in Polish)(in English)
*Górczyk, Wojciech Jerzy, (2020)
The Former Reformati Order’s Monasteries Route (Lublin, p. 30-33)
ISBN 978-83-949345-3-8

* ttp://www.um.lublin.pl/ Lublin Municipality official website (in Polish)br>(in English)
* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Lublin Cities and towns in Lublin Voivodeship City counties of Poland Lesser Poland Lublin Governorate Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939) 1317 establishments in Europe Populated places established in the 1310s Holocaust locations in Poland