In
phonology and
phonetics, raising is a sound change in which a
vowel or
consonant becomes
higher
Higher may refer to:
Music
* The Higher, a 2002–2012 American pop rock band
Albums
* ''Higher'' (Ala Boratyn album) or the title song, 2007
* ''Higher'' (Ezio album) or the title song, 2000
* ''Higher'' (Harem Scarem album) or the title song ...
or
raised, meaning that the tongue becomes more elevated or positioned closer to the roof of the mouth than before. The opposite effect is known as lowering. Raising or lowering may be triggered by a nearby sound, when it is a form of
assimilation
Assimilation may refer to:
Culture
*Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs
**Language shift, also known as language assimilation, the progre ...
, or it may occur on its own.
In
i-mutation, a front vowel is raised before or , which is assimilation.
In the
Attic dialect of
Ancient Greek and in
Koine Greek, close-mid were raised to . The change occurred in all cases and was not triggered by a nearby front consonant or vowel. Later, Ancient Greek was raised to become Koine Greek and then . For more information, see
In
Czech, the
alveolar trill was raised before to become the
raised alveolar trill
The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. ...
, spelled as in . That is a form of
palatalization
Palatalization may refer to:
*Palatalization (phonetics), the phonetic feature of palatal secondary articulation
*Palatalization (sound change)
Palatalization is a historical-linguistic sound change that results in a palatalized articulation ...
, and it also occurred in
Polish
Polish may refer to:
* Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe
* Polish language
* Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent
* Polish chicken
*Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...
in which it became a simple
sibilant fricative (spelled or ) around the 16th century. The pronunciation is considered to be nonstandard and is used only by some older speakers.
In
Scottish Gaelic raising, compared with modern
Irish for example are raised to Scottish Gaelic meaning respectively, 'foot' or 'leg' , and 'word'.
Vowel shifts
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