''Limonium'' is a genus of 120

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

species. Members are also known as sea-lavender, statice, caspia or marsh-rosemary. Despite their common names, species are not related to the

lavender ''Lavandula'' (common name lavender) is a genus of 47 known species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is native to the Old World and is found in Cape Verde and the Canary Islands, and from Europe across to northern and easte ...

s or to

rosemary ''Salvia rosmarinus'' (), commonly known as rosemary, is a shrub with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves and white, pink, purple, or blue flowers, native to the Mediterranean region. Until 2017, it was known by the scientific name ''Rosmar ...

. They are instead in

Plumbaginaceae Plumbaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family. Most species in this family are perennial herbaceous plants, but a few grow ...

, the plumbago or leadwort family. The generic name is from the Latin ', used by

Pliny Pliny may refer to: People * Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE), ancient Roman nobleman, scientist, historian, and author of ''Naturalis Historia'' (''Pliny's Natural History'') * Pliny the Younger (died 113), ancient Roman statesman, orator, w ...

for a wild plant and is ultimately derived from the Ancient Greek ' (, ‘meadow’).

Distribution

The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution in

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an are ...

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

, Australia and North America. By far the greatest diversity (over 100 species) is in the area stretching from the Canary Islands east through the

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western Europe, Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa ...

region to central Asia; for comparison, North America only has three native ''Limonium'' species.

Description

Sea-lavenders normally grow as herbaceous

perennial plant A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

s, growing 10–70 cm tall from a rhizome; a few (mainly from the Canary Islands) are

wood Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin ...

y shrubs up to 2 metres tall. Many species flourish in saline soils, and are therefore common near

coast The coast, also known as the coastline or seashore, is defined as the area where land meets the ocean, or as a line that forms the boundary between the land and the coastline. The Earth has around of coastline. Coasts are important zones in ...

s and in

salt marsh A salt marsh or saltmarsh, also known as a coastal salt marsh or a tidal marsh, is a coastal ecosystem in the upper coastal intertidal zone between land and open saltwater or brackish water that is regularly flooded by the tides. It is domin ...

es, and also on saline,

gypsum Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula . It is widely mined and is used as a fertilizer and as the main constituent in many forms of plaster, blackboard or sidewalk chalk, and drywal ...

and alkaline soils in continental interiors. The leaves are simple, entire to lobed, and from 1–30 cm long and 0.5–10 cm broad; most of the leaves are produced in a dense basal rosette, with the flowering stems bearing only small brown scale-leaves ( bracts). The

flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...

s are produced on a branched panicle or

corymb Corymb is a botanical term for an inflorescence with the flowers growing in such a fashion that the outermost are borne on longer pedicels than the inner, bringing all flowers up to a common level. A corymb has a flattish top with a superficial ...

, the individual flowers are small (4–10 mm long) with a five-lobed calyx and corolla, and five stamens; the flower colour is pink or violet to purple in most species, white or yellow in a few. Many of the species are apomictic. The

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...

is a small capsule containing a single

seed A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiospe ...

, partly enclosed by the persistent calyx.

Features

Several species are popular

garden A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The single feature identifying even the wildest wild garden is ''control''. The garden can incorporate bot ...

flowers; they are generally known to gardeners as ''statices''. They are grown both for their flowers and for the appearance of the calyx, which remains on the plant after the true flowers have fallen, and are known as "everlasting flowers".

Species

There are between 120-150 species in the genus, many of them local

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found else ...

species with a very restricted range. Species not given a common name here are generally referred to simply as "sea-lavender", "statice," or "marsh-rosemary". *'' Limonium aragonense'' (

Monegros Los Monegros is a comarca in Aragon, Spain. It is located within the provinces of Zaragoza and Huesca. The area is prone to chronic droughts, and much of the area is a natural region made up of badlands. Los Monegros borders seven comarcas: Hoy ...

, endemic) *''

Limonium arboreum ''Limonium arboreum'' is a species of sea lavender known by the common name tree limonium and siempreviva. It is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is a plant of coastal habitat. Description This is a tough perennial herb growing from a wood ...

'' (tree limonium or ''Statice arborca'';

Tenerife Tenerife (; ; formerly spelled ''Teneriffe'') is the largest and most populous island of the Canary Islands. It is home to 43% of the total population of the archipelago. With a land area of and a population of 978,100 inhabitants as of Janu ...

, endemic) *'' Limonium aureum'' (central Asia:

Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive region, geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a ...

Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...

, northwest China) *'' Limonium auriculaeursifolium'' (Alderney sea-lavender; southwest

, northwest Africa) *'' Limonium australe'' ( Australia) *'' Limonium bellidifolium'' (matted sea-lavender; Europe, southwest Asia) *'' Limonium bicolor'' (Mongolia, northwest China) *''

Limonium binervosum ''Limonium binervosum'', commonly known as rock sea-lavender, is an aggregate species in the family Plumbaginaceae. Despite the common name, rock sea-lavender is not related to the lavenders or to rosemary but is a perennial herb with small vio ...

'' (rock sea-lavender; western Europe) *'' Limonium bourgaei'' ( Lanzarote, endemic) *'' Limonium brassicifolium'' (Canary Islands, Statice brassicifolia) *'' Limonium braunii'' (Cape Verde) *'' Limonium brunneri'' (Cape Verde) *'' Limonium caesium'' (western Mediterranean) *'' Limonium californicum'' (California sea-lavender; western North America,

Oregon Oregon () is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho. T ...

Baja California Baja California (; 'Lower California'), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Baja California ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California), is a state in Mexico. It is the northernmost and westernmost of the 32 federal entities of Mex ...

) *'' Limonium callianthum'' (western China:

Xinjiang Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest ...

) *'' Limonium cancelatum'' (eastern Mediterranean

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

) *'' Limonium carolinianum'' (Carolina sea-lavender; eastern North America, Newfoundland to

Bermuda ) , anthem = "God Save the King" , song_type = National song , song = "Hail to Bermuda" , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , mapsize2 = , map_caption2 = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = , es ...

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...

and

Tamaulipas Tamaulipas (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Tamaulipas), is a state in the northeast region of Mexico; one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Federal Entiti ...

; syn. ''L. angustatum, L. nashii'') *'' Limonium caspium'' (central Europe east to central Asia) *'' Limonium chrysocomum'' (central Asia) *'' Limonium confusum'' (western Mediterranean) *'' Limonium congestum'' (central Asia) *'' Limonium coralloides'' (central Asia) *'' Limonium cordatum'' (central Mediterranean) *'' Limonium cosyrense'' (eastern Mediterranean) *'' Limonium delicatulum'' (western Mediterranean) *'' Limonium dichroanthum'' (central Asia) *'' Limonium dielsianum'' (western China: Gansu,

Qinghai Qinghai (; alternately romanized as Tsinghai, Ch'inghai), also known as Kokonor, is a landlocked province in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. It is the fourth largest province of China by area and has the third smallest po ...

) *'' Limonium dregeanum'' (Natal statice;

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the ...

) *'' Limonium echioides'' (Mediterranean) *'' Limonium emarginatum'' (southern

Iberia The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defi ...

, northern Morocco) *'' Limonium ferulaceum'' (western Mediterranean) *''

Limonium flexuosum ''Limonium'' is a genus of 120 flowering plant species. Members are also known as sea-lavender, statice, caspia or marsh-rosemary. Despite their common names, species are not related to the lavenders or to rosemary. They are instead in Plumbag ...

'' (central Asia) *'' Limonium franchetii'' (east coastal China) *'' Limonium fruticans'' (Tenerife, endemic) *'' Limonium gmelinii'' (eastern Europe, northern Asia, Siberia) *'' Limonium gougetianum'' (western Mediterranean) *''

Limonium humile ''Limonium humile'' is a species of sea lavender known by the common name lax-flowered sea-lavender. References humile Taxa named by Philip Miller {{Caryophyllales-stub ...

'' (lax-flowered sea-lavender; northwest Europe) *'' Limonium imbricatum'' (Tenerife, endemic) *'' Limonium insigne'' (southeast Spain, endemic) *'' Limonium jovibarba'' (Cape Verde) *'' Limonium kaschgaricum'' (central Asia) *'' Limonium iranicum'' (Iran) *'' Limonium lacostei'' (western China,

Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Taman ...

, Kashmir) *'' Limonium leptolobum'' (central Asia) *'' Limonium leptostachyum'' (statice; central Asia) *'' Limonium lilacinum'' (central Turkey, endemic) *'' Limonium limbatum'' (Transpecos sea-lavender; interior southwest United States) *''

Limonium lobinii ''Limonium lobinii'' is a species of flowering plants of the family Plumbaginaceae. The species is endemic to Cape Verde.Oromí, Martín, Zurita & Cabrera, 2005 : Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde: Hongos, Plantas y Animales ...

'' (Cape Verde) *'' Limonium macrophyllum'' (Tenerife) Limonium scabrum00

*'' Limonium macropterum'' (Canary Islands) *'' Limonium macrorhabdos'' (

Ladakh Ladakh () is a region administered by India as a union territory which constitutes a part of the larger Kashmir region and has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since 1947. (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu ...

) *'' Limonium melitensis'' (

Malta Malta ( , , ), officially the Republic of Malta ( mt, Repubblika ta' Malta ), is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies ...

) *'' Limonium minutum'' (southeast

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

, endemic) *'' Limonium mouretii'' (

Morocco Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria t ...

) *'' Limonium multiflorum'' (western

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...

, endemic) *'' Limonium myrianthum'' (central Asia) *'' Limonium narbonense'' (Southern Europe, North Africa, Southwest Asia) *'' Limonium nashii'' (Maritime North America) *'' Limonium ornatum'' (Morocco) *'' Limonium otolepis'' (Saltmarsh sea-lavender; southwest and central Asia) *'' Limonium paradoxum'' (

Great Britain Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It i ...

Ireland Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Grea ...

,Flora Europaea
/ref> endemic) *'' Limonium paulayanum'' (

Yemen Yemen (; ar, ٱلْيَمَن, al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen,, ) is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, and borders Saudi Arabia to the Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, north and ...

, endemic) *'' Limonium pectinatum'' (Canary Islands) *'' Limonium peregrinum'' (South Africa) *''

Limonium perezii ''Limonium perezii'' is a species of '' Limonium'' known by the common names Perez's sea lavender and seafoam statice. It is also known as simply statice (reflecting the former name of the genus), sea lavender or marsh rosemary (common names for ...

'' (Perez's sea-lavender; Canary Islands) *'' Limonium platyphyllum'' (German statice; central and southeast Europe) *'' Limonium potaninii'' (western China:

Sichuan Sichuan (; zh, c=, labels=no, ; zh, p=Sìchuān; alternatively romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan; formerly also referred to as "West China" or "Western China" by Protestant missions) is a province in Southwest China occupying most of the ...

, Qinghai, Gansu) *'' Limonium preauxii'' (Canary Islands) *'' Limonium puberulum'' (Canary Islands) *'' Limonium ramosissimum'' (Mediterranean) *'' Limonium reniforme'' (kidneyleaf sea-lavender;

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

) *'' Limonium rezniczenkoanum'' (central Asia) *'' Limonium scabrum'' Kuntze (South Africa) *'' Limonium sieberi'' (eastern Mediterranean) *'' Limonium sinense'' (eastern Asia coasts: China,

Ryukyu Islands The , also known as the or the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands (further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), with Yona ...

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...

) *'' Limonium sinuatum'' (wavyleaf sea-lavender; Mediterranean) *'' Limonium sokotranum'' (

, endemic) *'' Limonium solanderi'' ( Australia) *'' Limonium spathulatum'' (Mediterranean) *'' Limonium spectabile'' (Canary islands) *'' Limonium strictissimum'' (Mediterranean:

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

) *'' Limonium suffruticosum'' (western and central Asia) *'' Limonium tenellum'' (Mongolia, northwest China) *'' Limonium tetragonum'' (autumn statice or square-stem statice; eastern Asia south to New Caledonia) *'' Limonium thouinii'' (Mediterranean) *'' Limonium tomentellum'' (

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Rom ...

region) *'' Limonium virgatum'' (western Mediterranean) *''

Limonium vulgare ''Limonium vulgare'', called common sea-lavender, is a species of flowering plant in the genus '' Limonium'' native to Atlantic parts of Europe from southwestern Sweden to southwestern Iberia and the Azores, and introduced elsewhere. A clumping p ...

'' (common sea-lavender; western Europe, northwest Africa) *'' Limonium wrightii'' ( Japan,

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...

) *'' Limonium zeraphae'' (Malta) Some species formerly included in ''Limonium'', e.g. ''L. tataricum'', have now been transferred to the separate genus '' Goniolimon''.

References

External links

*
German Statice Flower
{{Authority control Caryophyllales genera Halophytes Taxa named by Philip Miller