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''Lanius'', the typical shrikes, are a genus of passerine birds in the
shrike Shrikes () are passerine birds of the family Laniidae. The family is composed of 34 species in four genera. The family name, and that of the largest genus, ''Lanius'', is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also know ...
family Laniidae. The majority of the family's species are placed in this genus. The genus name, ''Lanius'', is derived from the Latin word for " butcher", and some shrikes are also known as "butcher birds" because of their feeding habits. The common English name "shrike" is from
Old English Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Anglo ...
''scríc'', "shriek", referring to the shrill call. African species are known as fiscals. That name comes from the Afrikaans word ''fiskaal'' ("public official", especially a hangman), because they hang their prey on thorns for storage. Most ''Lanius'' species occur in Eurasia and Africa, but the great grey shrike has a circumpolar distribution, and the loggerhead shrike is confined to
North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...
. There are no members of this genus or the shrike family in South America or
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
. ''Lanius'' shrikes are birds of open habitats typically seen perched upright on a prominent perch like a treetop or a telephone pole. They sally out for prey, taken in flight or the ground. These species primarily take large insects, but will also take small birds, reptiles and mammals. For large northern species such as the great grey, the majority of the prey will be vertebrates, especially in winter. Despite their diet, these are not true birds of prey, and lack the strong talons of the raptors. Though they use their feet to hold smaller insects, larger prey items are impaled upon a sharp point, such as a thorn or the barbs of
barbed wire A close-up view of a barbed wire Roll of modern agricultural barbed wire Barbed wire, also known as barb wire, is a type of steel fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strands. Its primary use is t ...
. Thus secured they can be ripped open with the hooked bill. Most ''Lanius'' shrikes are solitary, except when breeding and are highly territorial. Northern or temperate species such as the great grey and red-backed shrikes are migratory and winter well south of the breeding range. The sexes of most species are distinguishable, the male invariably being the brighter bird where there is a difference. There are some natural groupings within the genus, such as the seven African fiscals, the large grey species (''ludovicianus'', ''excubitor'', ''meridionalis'' and ''sphenocercus'') and the Eurasian brown-backed species (''tigrinus'', ''bucephalus'', ''collurio'', ''isabellinus'', ''cristatus'' and ''gubernator''). In the last group in particular, it has been difficult to define species’ boundaries, and in the past several of these shrikes have been lumped as conspecific. The prehistoric shrike ''Lanius miocaenus'' has been described from Early Miocene fossils found at
Langy Langy () is a commune in the Allier department in central France. Population See also *Communes of the Allier department The following is a list of the 317 communes of the Allier department of France. Intercommunalities The communes ...
, France.


Taxonomy and species list

The genus ''Lanius'' was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his ''
Systema Naturae ' (originally in Latin written ' with the ligature æ) is one of the major works of the Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) and introduced the Linnaean taxonomy. Although the system, now known as binomial nomen ...
''. The type species was designated as the great grey shrike by the English naturalist
William John Swainson William John Swainson FLS, FRS (8 October 1789 – 6 December 1855), was an English ornithologist, malacologist, conchologist, entomologist and artist. Life Swainson was born in Dover Place, St Mary Newington, London, the eldest son of ...
in 1824. The genus name is a Latin word meaning "butcher". The genus contains the following 30 species:


Former species

Formerly, some authorities also considered the following species (or subspecies) as species within the genus ''Lanius'': *
Southern grey shrike The southern grey shrike is a former species of shrike that has been split or reassigned to the following: * some southern subspecies of the great grey shrike, ''Lanius excubitor'' * Iberian grey shrike The Iberian grey shrike (''Lanius meridion ...
(as ''Lanius meridionalis'') *
Crested shriketit The crested shriketit (''Falcunculus frontatus'') or Australian shriketit, is a bird Endemism in birds, endemic to Australia where it inhabits open eucalypt forest and woodland. It is the only species contained within both the family (biology), f ...
(as ''Lanius frontatus'') * Rufous whistler (as ''Lanius macularius'') *
Northern variable pitohui The northern variable pitohui (''Pitohui kirhocephalus'') is a species of pitohui in the family Oriolidae. It is found on New Guinea and a number of neighbouring islands. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It ...
(as ''Lanius kirhocephalus'') * Red-whiskered bulbul (as ''Lanius jocosus'') * Grey-cheeked bulbul (as ''Lanius Bres'')


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q754657 Bird genera Shrikes