History
Kaluga, founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, first appears in the historical record in chronicles in the 14th century as ''Koluga''; the name comes from Old Russian ''kaluga'' - "bog, quagmire". During the period of Tartar raids it was the western end of the Oka bank defense line. The Great stand on the Ugra River was fought just to the west. In the Middle Ages Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by the Princes Vorotynsky. The Vorotynsk, Peremyshlsky District, Kaluga Oblast, ancestral home of these princes lies southwest of the modern city. On 19 January 1777 the Kaluga regional drama theater, Kaluga drama theatre opened its first theatrical season, established with the direct participation of the Governor-General Mikhail Krechetnikov, M. N. Krechetnikov. Kaluga is connected to Moscow by a railway line and by the ancient roadway, the Kaluga Road (now partly within Moscow (as Starokaluzhskoye Shosse - the Old Kaluga Highway), partly the Russian route A101, A101 road). This road offered Napoleon his favored escape route from the Moscow trap in the fall of 1812. But General Mikhail Kutuzov, Kutuzov repelled Napoleon's advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the old Smolensk road, previously devastated by the French during their invasion of Russia. On several occasions during the Russian Empire Kaluga was the residence of political exiles and prisoners such as the last Crimean khan Şahin Giray (1786), the Kyrgyz sultan Arigazi-Abdul-Aziz (1828), the Georgian princess Princess Thecla of Georgia, Thecla (1834–1835), and the Avar leader Imam Shamil (1859–1868). The Nazi-Germany, German Wehrmacht, army briefly occupied Kaluga during the climactic Battle of Moscow, as part of Operation Barbarossa. The city was under full or partial German occupation from October 12 to December 30, 1941. In 1944, the Soviet Government used its local military buildings to intern hundreds of Polish prisoners of war — soldiers of the Polish underground Armia Krajowa, Home Army — whom the advancing Soviet front had arrested in the area around Vilnius.Administrative and municipal status
Kaluga is the administrative center of the oblast.Charter of Kaluga Oblast'' Within the subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions, framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with seventy-two types of inhabited localities in Russia, rural localities, incorporated as the City of federal subject significance, City of Kaluga—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the administrative divisions of Kaluga Oblast, districts. As a subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions, municipal division, the City of Kaluga, together with one rural locality in Ferzikovsky District (the ''village#Russia, selo'' of Novozhdamirovo), is incorporated as Kaluga Urban Okrug.Law #7-OZEconomy
In Kaluga, Kaluga Turbine Plant is located, is part of the company Power Machines; Kaluga Machine Works manufactures track machines for railways, plant a foreign company MACO Door & Window. In recent years Kaluga has become one center of the Russian automotive industry, with a number of foreign companies opening assembly plants in the area: On November 28, 2007, Volkswagen Group opened a new Volkswagen Group Rus, assembly plant in Kaluga, which further expanded by 2009. The investment has reached more than 500 million Euro. the plant assembled the Volkswagen Passat, Škoda Fabia and Škoda Rapid (2012), Škoda Rapid. On October 15, 2007, the Volvo, Volvo Group broke ground on a new truck assembly plant, that was inaugurated on January 19, 2009, with a yearly capacity of 10,000 Volvo and 5,000 Renault Trucks, Renault trucks. On December 12, 2007, PSA Peugeot Citroën announced its decision to build a new assembly plant in Kaluga. By March 2010 the plant was operational, building Peugeot 308s for the Russian market and would also produce Citroën and Mitsubishi Motors, Mitsubishi models.Transportation
The city is served by the Grabtsevo Airport. Since 1899, there has been a railway connection between Kaluga and Moscow. Public transportation is represented by the trolleybuses, buses, and ''marshrutkas'' (routed taxis).Climate
Kaluga has a humid temperate continental (Köppen climate classification: ''Dfb''), with warm and humid summers; and long, cold and snowy winters. Winter extreme records can be as low as , while summer heat may reach up , but normal variation is between and during winter and between and during summer in Kaluga.Notable people
Kaluga's most famous resident was rocket science pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. Other notable people include: *Alexander Amfiteatrov *Yuri Averbakh, chess Grandmaster (chess), grandmaster *Mykola Azarov *Pafnuty Chebyshev, mathematician *Alexander Chizhevsky *David Edelstadt *Alexander Gretchaninov, Russian-American composer *Jonah of Hankou *Andrei Kalaychev *Valery Kobelev, ski jumper *Mikhail Linge *Pavel Popovich, cosmonaut, the only person to receive two honorary citizenships of Kaluga (1962 and 1964) *Nikolai Rakov *Imam Shamil *Nikolay Skvortsov (swimmer), Nikolay Skvortsov, swimmer *Yuliya Tabakova *Georgy Zhukov *Olesya Zykina, 400m athlete *Bulat Okudzhava, lived and taught Literature in public school in 1980th. *Serafim Tulikov *Ivan KuliakTwin towns – sister cities
Kaluga is Sister city, twinned with: * Suhl, Germany (1969) * Lahti, Finland (1998) * Tiraspol, Moldova (2005) * Panorama, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece (2011) * Minsk, Belarus (2015) * Binzhou, China (2015) * Yalta, Ukraine (2016) * Niš, Serbia (2017)Partner cities
In addition to twin towns, Kaluga cooperates with: * Clearwater, Florida, Clearwater, United States (1992) * Xianyang, China (2000) * Tula, Russia, Tula, Russia (2002) * Oryol, Russia (2003) * Smolensk, Russia (2003) * Makhachkala, Russia (2012) * Tsiolkovsky, Amur Oblast, Tsiolkovsky, Russia (2016) * Ryazan, Russia (2017) * Tambov, Russia (2017) * Pardubice, Czech Republic (2019)Gallery
References
Notes
Sources
* *External links
*