The Hercules beetle (''Dynastes hercules'') is a species of Dynastinae, rhinoceros beetle native to the Rainforest, rainforests of Central America, South America, and the Lesser Antilles. It is the List of largest insects, longest Extant taxon, extant species of beetle in the world, and is also one of the largest flying insects in the world.

Etymology

''Dynastes hercules'' is known for its tremendous strength and is named after Hercules, a hero of classical mythology who is famed for his great strength.

Taxonomy

''D. hercules'' has a complex taxonomic history and has been known by several synonyms. It is in the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles) in the larger family Scarabaeidae (commonly known as scarab beetles). Not counting subspecies of ''D. hercules'', seven other species are recognized in the genus ''Dynastes''.

Subspecies

Several subspecies of ''D. hercules'' have been named, though still some uncertainty exists as to the validity of the named taxa.Huang, J., Knowles, L. The species versus subspecies conundrum: quantitative delimitation from integrating multiple data types within a single bayesian approach in Hercules beetles. ''Systematic Biology'', vol. 65, 2015, 15p. *''Dynastes hercules ecuatorianus'' Ohaus, 1913 *''Dynastes hercules hercules'' (Linnaeus, 1758) *''Dynastes hercules lichyi'' Lachaume, 1985 *''Dynastes hercules morishimai'' Nagai, 2002 *''Dynastes hercules occidentalis'' Lachaume, 1985 *''Dynastes hercules paschoali'' Grossi & Arnaud, 1993 *''Dynastes hercules reidi'' Chalumeau, 1977 (= ''baudrii'' Pinchon, 1976) *''Dynastes hercules septentrionalis'' Lachaume, 1985 (= ''tuxtlaensis'' Moron, 1993) *''Dynastes hercules takakuwai'' Nagai, 2002 *''Dynastes hercules trinidadensis'' Chalumeau & Reid, 1995 (= ''bleuzeni'' Silvestre and Dechambre, 1995)

Description

Adult body sizes (not including the thoracic horn) vary between in length and in width. Male Hercules beetles may reach up to in length (including the horn), making them the longest species of beetle in the world, if jaws and/or horns are included in the measurement. The size of the horn is naturally variable, more so than any variation of the size of legs, wings, or overall body size in the species. This variability results from developmental mechanisms that coincide with genetic predisposition in relation to nutrition, stress, exposure to parasites, and/or physiological conditions. ''Dynastes hercules'' is highly sexual dimorphism, sexually dimorphic, with only males exhibiting the characteristic horns (one on the head, and a much larger one on the prothorax). The body of males is black with the exception of the Elytron, elytra, which can have shades of olive-green. They have a black suture with sparsely distributed black spots elsewhere on the elytra. They have a slightly iridescent coloration to their elytra, which varies in color between specimens and may be affected by the humidity of the local environment in which they develop.. At low humidity the elytra are olive-green or yellow in color, but darken to black at higher humidity due to its hygrochromic properties. Females of ''D. hercules'' have punctured elytra which are usually entirely black, but sometimes have the last quarter of the elytra colored in the same way as the males. File:Dynastes hercules (female).jpg, Female File:Dynastes hercules hercules01.JPG, Male File:" Hercules beetle illustration from The Naturalist's Miscellany (1789-1813) by George Shaw (1751-1813). ".jpg, Hercules beetle illustration from ''The Naturalist's Miscellany'' (1789–1813) by George Shaw (1751–1813).

Distribution and habitat

Populations of ''D. hercules'' may be found from southern Mexico to Bolivia in mountainous and lowland rain forests. Known populations include the Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru. Cytogenetics, Chromosomal analysis has shown that the genus ''Dynastes'' in fact originated from South America.

Life cycle

Not much is known about the life cycle in the wild, but much evidence has been gained through observations of captive-bred populations. The mating season for adults typically occurs during the Wet season, rainy season (July to December). Females have an average gestation period of 30 days from copulation to egg-laying, and may lay up to 100 eggs on the ground or on dead wood. The eggs have an incubation period of approximately 27.7 days before they hatch. Once hatched, the Larva, larval stage of the Hercules beetle may last up to two years in duration, where it will go through 3 metamorphosis stages, also known as Instar, instars. The larvae have a yellow body with a black head. The larvae can grow up to in length and weigh more than 100 grams. In laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1°Celsius, C, the first instar stage lasts an average of 50 days, the second stage an average of 56 days, and the third an average of 450 days. After the third instar stage, the Pupa, pupal stage lasts about 32 days, where it will transition into an adult. Adult beetles can live for three to six months in captivity.

Diet and behavior

Diet

The larvae of the Hercules beetle are saproxylophagous, meaning that they feed on rotting wood; they reside in same during their two-year developmental stage. The adult Hercules beetle feeds on fresh and rotting fruit, along with tree sap. Adults carve bark through the use of its synchronous mandibles to easily access the sap of trees. When these mandibles are closed, a narrow opening is formed which can act like a straw to allow consumption of tree sap. They have been observed feeding on peaches, pears, apples, grapes, bananas, and mangoes in captivity.Krell, F., Krell, V. Longevity of the Western Hercules beetle, ''D. grantii'' Horn (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). ''The Coleopterists Bulletin'', vol. 69, 2015, 1p.

Behavior

Within their native rain forest habitats, the adult beetles, which are nocturnal, forage for fruit at night and hide or burrow within the leaf litter during the day. The adult ''D. hercules'' beetles are capable of creating a 'huffing' sound, generated by Stridulation, stridulating their abdomen against their elytra to serve as a warning to predators. Like most insects, communication within the species is a mix of Chemoreceptor, chemoreception, sight, and mechanical perception. Experiments on ''D. hercules'' have shown that a male placed in the vicinity of a female will immediately orient towards her and seek her out, suggesting chemical communication through strong sexual pheromones.

Combat behavior between males

It has been observed in wild habitat and in captivity that male ''D. hercules'' will engage in combat to win possession and mating rights to a female. Male Hercules beetles typically use their large horns to settle mating disputes; these fights can cause significant physical damage to the combatants but may also include possible damage to the female in the process. During fights, the males attempt to grab and pin their rival between the cephalic and thoracic horns to lift and throw them. The successful male wins mating rights with the female, though the beetles remain Polygynandry, polygynandrous.

Physical strength

Reports suggest the Hercules beetle is able to carry up to 850 times its body mass. Actual measurements on a much smaller (and relatively stronger: see Square–cube law#Biomechanics, square-cube law) species of rhinoceros beetle shows a carrying capacity only up to 100 times their body mass, at which point they can barely move.

Relationship to humans

''Dynastes hercules'' does not negatively affect human activities, either as an agricultural pest or disease vector. The beetles can be kept as pets. Larvae excrement has been shown to contain β-mannanase, a bacteria synthesized enzyme that Hydrolysis, hydrolyzes hemicellulose that can be used in enzyme based cleaning products. β-mannanase has been successfully extracted and cloned from larvae fecal matter, suggesting that production of bio additive cleaning products may be feasible.

Relationship to the environment

''Dynastes hercules'' is a beneficial contributor to the rain forest ecosystem, primarily during their larval stage where they are saproxylophagous. Feeding on rotting wood assists with biodegradation and Nutrient cycle, cycling nutrients in the environment.

References

External links

Family Scarabaeidae - ''Dynastes hercules''
{{Taxonbar, from=Q503799 Dynastinae Beetles described in 1758 Insects of Guadeloupe Beetles of South America Beetles of Central America Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus