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Aulopiformes is a diverse
Aulopiforms have either a vestigial gas bladder, or lack it entirely, a hypaxialis muscle that is unusually extended to forward at its upper end and attaches to the neurocranium below the Vertebral column, spine (perhaps to snap the upper part of the skull down when catching prey) and the position of the maxillary bone. Their second pharyngobranchial is greatly elongated posterolaterally away from third pharyngobranchial, which lacks a cartilaginous Condyle (anatomy), condyle to articulate with the preceding, but is contacted by the elongated uncinate process (disambiguation), uncinate process of the second epibranchial. Other features include the position of the pelvic fins far back on the body, the fused medial processes of pelvic girdle, and the presence of an adipose fin (which is also typical for the Protacanthopterygii).
The larvae of some Aulopiformes are extremely bizarre-looking, with elongated fins, and do not resemble the adult animals. They were not only described as distinct species, but also even separated as
* Suborder Alepisauroidei
** Family Alepisauridae – lancetfishes
** Family Anotopteridae – daggertooths (may belong in Paralepididae)
** Family Evermannellidae – sabertooth fishes
** Family Omosudidae – hammerjaw (sometimes included in Alepisauridae)
** Family Paralepididae – barracudinas
** Family †Polymerichthys, Polymerichthyidae – an extinct alepisauroid closely related to the daggertooths and lancetfishUyeno, Teruya. "A Miocene alepisauroid fish of a new family, Polymerichthyidae, from Japan." Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus 10 (1967): 383-394.
** Family Scopelarchidae – pearleyes
* Suborder Chlorophthalmoidei
** Family Bathysauroididae – pale deepsea lizardfish
** Family Bathysauropsidae – lizard greeneyes (sometimes included in Ipnopidae)
** Family Chlorophthalmidae – greeneyes
** Family Ipnopidae – deepsea tripodfishes
** Family Notosudidae – waryfishes
* Suborder Enchodontoidei (including Halecoidei, Ichthyotringoidei, may belong in Alepisauroidei; fossil)
** Genus ''Nardorex'' (fossil, tentatively placed here)
** Genus ''Serrilepis'' (fossil, tentatively placed here)
** Genus ''Yabrudichthys'' (fossil, tentatively placed here)
** Family Apateopholidae (fossil)
** Family Cimolichthyidae (fossil)
** Family Dercetidae (fossil)
** Family Enchodontidae (fossil)
** Family Eurypholidae (fossil)
** Family Halecidae (fossil)
** Family Ichthyotringidae (fossil)
** Family Prionolepididae (fossil)
* Suborder Giganturoidei
** Family Bathysauridae – deepwater lizardfishes
** Family Giganturidae – telescopefishes
* Suborder Synodontoidei
** Family Aulopidae – flagfins
** Family Paraulopidae – "cucumberfishes"
** Family Pseudotrichonotidae – sandliving lizardfishes, sand-diving lizardfishes
** Family Synodontidae – typical lizardfishes
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order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
* Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...
of marine
Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean.
Marine or marines may refer to:
Ocean
* Maritime (disambiguation)
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* ...
ray-finned fish consisting of some 15 extant
Extant is the opposite of the word extinct. It may refer to:
* Extant hereditary titles
* Extant literature, surviving literature, such as ''Beowulf'', the oldest extant manuscript written in English
* Extant taxon, a taxon which is not extinct, ...
and several prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
families with about 45 genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
and over 230 species. The common names grinners, lizardfishes and allies, or aulopiforms are sometimes used for this group. The scientific name
In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...
means "''Aulopus''-shaped", from '' Aulopus'' (the type genus) + the standard fish order suffix
In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns, adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Suffixes can carry ...
"-formes". It ultimately derives from Ancient Greek ''aulós'' (αὐλός, "flute" or "pipe") + Latin ''forma'' ("external form"), the former in reference to the elongated shape of many aulopiforms.FishBase (2000)
They are grouped together because of common features in the structure of their gill arches. Indeed, many authors have considered them so distinct as to warrant separation in a monotypic superorder
Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and ...
of the Teleostei
Teleostei (; Ancient Greek, Greek ''teleios'' "complete" + ''osteon'' "bone"), members of which are known as teleosts ), is, by far, the largest class (biology), infraclass in the class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, containing 96% of a ...
, under the name Cyclosquamata. However, monotypic taxa are generally avoided by modern taxonomists if not necessary, and in this case a distinct superorder seems indeed unwarranted: together with the equally dubious superorder "Stenopterygii
Stenopterygii are a superorder of ray-finned fish in the infraclass Teleostei. Their validity is somewhat doubtful, as the group was established to separate, out of a large group of closely related Teleostei, a mere two rather peculiarly autapom ...
", the grinners appear to be so closely related to some Protacanthopterygii to be included in that superorder. In particular, this group might be the sister taxon of the Salmoniformes (salmon, trout, and relatives). As an alternative, the superorders are sometimes united as an unranked clade named Euteleostei, but in that case the Protacanthopterygii would need to be split further to account for the phylogenetic uncertainty. This would result in a highly cumbersome and taxonomically redundant group of two very small and no less than four monotypic superorders.
Description
Many aulopiforms are deep-sea fishes, with some species recognized as being hermaphrodites, some with the ability to self-fertilise. Some are benthic, but most are pelagic nekton. In general, aulopiform fish have a mixture of advanced and primitive characteristics relative to other teleost fish.
Aulopiforms have either a vestigial gas bladder, or lack it entirely, a hypaxialis muscle that is unusually extended to forward at its upper end and attaches to the neurocranium below the Vertebral column, spine (perhaps to snap the upper part of the skull down when catching prey) and the position of the maxillary bone. Their second pharyngobranchial is greatly elongated posterolaterally away from third pharyngobranchial, which lacks a cartilaginous Condyle (anatomy), condyle to articulate with the preceding, but is contacted by the elongated uncinate process (disambiguation), uncinate process of the second epibranchial. Other features include the position of the pelvic fins far back on the body, the fused medial processes of pelvic girdle, and the presence of an adipose fin (which is also typical for the Protacanthopterygii).
The larvae of some Aulopiformes are extremely bizarre-looking, with elongated fins, and do not resemble the adult animals. They were not only described as distinct species, but also even separated as genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
and finally in a family (biology), family "Macristiidae" which was allied with various Protacanthopterygii (''sensu lato''), but the initial assessment – which found ''"Macristium"'' to resemble the deepwater lizardfishes (Bathysauridae) in some details – was not far off the mark: "''Macristium''" species are larvae of ''Bathysaurus'', while the supposed other "macristiids", "''Macristiella''" species are larvae of the deepsea tripodfish ''Bathytyphlops''.
Classification
* Suborder Alepisauroidei
** Family Alepisauridae – lancetfishes
** Family Anotopteridae – daggertooths (may belong in Paralepididae)
** Family Evermannellidae – sabertooth fishes
** Family Omosudidae – hammerjaw (sometimes included in Alepisauridae)
** Family Paralepididae – barracudinas
** Family †Polymerichthys, Polymerichthyidae – an extinct alepisauroid closely related to the daggertooths and lancetfishUyeno, Teruya. "A Miocene alepisauroid fish of a new family, Polymerichthyidae, from Japan." Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus 10 (1967): 383-394.
** Family Scopelarchidae – pearleyes
* Suborder Chlorophthalmoidei
** Family Bathysauroididae – pale deepsea lizardfish
** Family Bathysauropsidae – lizard greeneyes (sometimes included in Ipnopidae)
** Family Chlorophthalmidae – greeneyes
** Family Ipnopidae – deepsea tripodfishes
** Family Notosudidae – waryfishes
* Suborder Enchodontoidei (including Halecoidei, Ichthyotringoidei, may belong in Alepisauroidei; fossil)
** Genus ''Nardorex'' (fossil, tentatively placed here)
** Genus ''Serrilepis'' (fossil, tentatively placed here)
** Genus ''Yabrudichthys'' (fossil, tentatively placed here)
** Family Apateopholidae (fossil)
** Family Cimolichthyidae (fossil)
** Family Dercetidae (fossil)
** Family Enchodontidae (fossil)
** Family Eurypholidae (fossil)
** Family Halecidae (fossil)
** Family Ichthyotringidae (fossil)
** Family Prionolepididae (fossil)
* Suborder Giganturoidei
** Family Bathysauridae – deepwater lizardfishes
** Family Giganturidae – telescopefishes
* Suborder Synodontoidei
** Family Aulopidae – flagfins
** Family Paraulopidae – "cucumberfishes"
** Family Pseudotrichonotidae – sandliving lizardfishes, sand-diving lizardfishes
** Family Synodontidae – typical lizardfishes
Timeline of genera
Footnotes
References
* * * * * * * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q781440 Aulopiformes, Articles which contain graphical timelines Ray-finned fish orders