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The Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne ("Research and Study Group for European Civilization"), better known as GRECE, is a French ethnonationalist think tank founded in 1968 to promote the ideas of the Nouvelle Droite ("New Right"). GRECE founding member Alain de Benoist has been described as its leader and "most authoritative spokesman". Prominent former members include Guillaume Faye and
Jean-Yves Le Gallou Jean-Yves Le Gallou (born 4 October 1948) is a French politician. He served as a member of the European Parliament from 1994 until 1999, representing the National Front. Since 2022, he has been a member of Reconquête. Career Le Gallou began ...
. GRECE is deeply opposed to multiculturalism, liberal democracy, capitalism, and distinguishes itself from other
national-conservative National conservatism is a nationalist variant of conservatism that concentrates on upholding national and cultural identity. National conservatives usually combine nationalism with conservative stances promoting traditional cultural values, ...
organizations in its specific rejection of Christianity and endorsement of
neopaganism Modern paganism, also known as contemporary paganism and neopaganism, is a term for a religion or family of religions influenced by the various Paganism, historical pre-Christian beliefs of pre-modern peoples in Europe and adjacent areas of No ...
. The group defends a nonreactionary " conservative revolution" aiming at the rejuvenation of a pan-European identity and nationalism, while supporting the preservation and separation of ethnic groups and cultures at the worldwide level. GRECE members have coined and promoted influential concepts in the Western far right, such as " ethnopluralism" and "
archeofuturism Guillaume Faye (; 7 November 1949 – 6 March 2019) was a French journalist, writer, and leading member of the French New Right. Earlier in his career, anti-Zionism permeated his work; later on, criticism of Islam became prominent in his writi ...
".


History


Background

The dissolution of the neo-fascist organization
Jeune Nation Jeune Nation (; English: Young Nation) was a French nationalist, neo-Pétainist and neo-fascist far-right movement founded in 1949 by Pierre Sidos and his brothers. Inspired by Fascist Italy and Vichy France, the group attracted support from many ...
in 1958 and the disappearance of the pro-colonial paramilitary group Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS) in 1962, as well as the failures of far-right candidate Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour in the 1965 presidential election and of the European Rally for Liberty (REL) in the 1967 legislative election, are cited as events conducive to the foundation of GRECE and the development of its meta-political strategy. The philosophy of GRECE drew inspiration from earlier essays and theories developed by the white nationalist magazine ''
Europe-Action ''Europe-Action'' was a far-right white nationalist and euro-nationalist magazine and movement, founded by Dominique Venner in 1963 and active until 1966. Distancing itself from pre-WWII fascist ideas such as anti-intellectualism, anti-parliame ...
'' (1963–66)—headed by Dominique Venner and in which Alain de Benoist worked as a journalist—, most notably Venner's manifesto ''Pour une critique positive'' ("Towards a positive criticism"), written while imprisoned in 1962. Abandoning the myth of the '' coup de force'' (putsch), Venner asserted that far-right movements had to be at the origin of a cultural and non-violent revolution, via the diffusion of nationalist ideas in society until they reach cultural dominance. Another influence can be found in the "Manifesto of the Class of '60", published in 1960 by the initiators of the
Federation of Nationalist Students The Federation of Nationalist Students (''french: Fédération des Étudiants Nationalistes'', FEN) was a French far-right student society active between 1960 and 1967, founded by François d'Orcival and others, soon joined by Alain de Benoist as ...
(FEN), a far-right and pro-colonial students' organization. Committing themselves to "action of profound consequence", the authors sought to break with the "sterile activism" of violent insurrection previously espoused by Jeune Nation (1949–58). Venner and de Benoist had been previously active in Jeune Nation and the FEN, respectively. Following the electoral failure of the European Rally for Liberty (1966–1969), some of its members – among them de Benoist, helped by an informal group of FEN militants – decided to found a cultural association to promote their ideas. In the 1960s, de Benoist had contributed as a writer and journalist to develop Venner's thesis on
European nationalism European nationalism (sometimes called pan-European nationalism) is a form of nationalism based on a pan-European identity. It is considered minor since the National Party of Europe disintegrated in the 1970s. History The former British Union o ...
, which served as an ideological basis for GRECE. Their theory was founded on a 'pan-racial' rather than ethnic or
civic Civic is something related to a city or municipality. It also can refer to multiple other things: General *Civics, the science of comparative government *Civic engagement, the connection one feels with their larger community *Civic center, a comm ...
conception of nationalism: the
nation-states A nation state is a political unit where the state and nation are congruent. It is a more precise concept than "country", since a country does not need to have a predominant ethnic group. A nation, in the sense of a common ethnicity, may i ...
had to be dissolved for the peoples of the "Occident"—or the "white race"—to unite within a common European empire, on the grounds that they are the inheritors of a single civilization.


Creation and development: 1968–1977

GRECE was founded in Nice, Provence in January 1968 by European – mostly French – nationalist activists, and officially launched on 17 January 1969. Among the 40 founders were Alain de Benoist, Dominique Venner,
Giorgio Locchi Giorgio Locchi (1923 – 25 October 1992) was an Italian journalist and writer. He was among the founders of GRECE. Life Also known by the pseudonym Hans-Jürgen Nigra, he was for a long time the Paris correspondent for the Italian newspaper '' ...
, Maurice Rollet (who became its first president),
Pierre Vial Pierre Vial (born 25 December 1942) is an academic medievalist tied to the Jean Moulin University Lyon 3. A Nouvelle Droite leader, he is the founder of the Identitarian association Terre et Peuple. Biography Pierre Vial was born on 25 Decembe ...
, and
Jean-Claude Valla Jean-Claude Valla (16 May 1944 – 25 February 2010) was a French journalist and a prominent figure of the Nouvelle Droite. Biography Early life Jean-Claude Valla was born on 16 May 1944 in Roanne, Loire. Between 1962 and 1965, he was the le ...
. Their aim was to establish a meta-political "laboratory of ideas" that would influence mainstream right-wing parties and the French society at large. In May 1969, they circulated an internal document advising their members not to employ "outdated language" that might associate the group with fascism, and to socialize with Europe's most important decision-makers in order to influence their policies. In 1969,
Jean-Yves Le Gallou Jean-Yves Le Gallou (born 4 October 1948) is a French politician. He served as a member of the European Parliament from 1994 until 1999, representing the National Front. Since 2022, he has been a member of Reconquête. Career Le Gallou began ...
became a member of the
Cercle Pareto The Carrefour de l'Horloge (literally ''The Clock Crossroad''), formerly Club de l'Horloge (1974–2015), is a French far-right national liberal think tank founded in 1974 and presided by Henry de Lesquen. The organization promotes an "integral n ...
, a students' club established in Science Po at the end of 1968 by Yvan Blot and closely linked to GRECE. They were joined by Guillaume Faye in 1970. GRECE launched its own review, '' Nouvelle École'', in February–March 1968. Initially distributed exclusively among its members to hold debates in a semi-academic style, the review became public in 1969. From 1970 to 1982, Alain de Benoist worked has a journalist for the media outlets of Raymond Bourgine, '' Le Spectacle du Monde'' and '' Valeurs Actuelles''. Until its heyday in the late 1970s, however, the group remained mostly unknown to the general public. Its members were focusing on the organization of conferences to influence the elites, with ''cercles de réflexion'' ("thinking groups") emerging in many cities of France and even abroad: the "Cercle Pareto" in Science Po Paris, "Galillée" in Lyon, "Critique Réaliste" in
Nantes Nantes (, , ; Gallo: or ; ) is a city in Loire-Atlantique on the Loire, from the Atlantic coast. The city is the sixth largest in France, with a population of 314,138 in Nantes proper and a metropolitan area of nearly 1 million inhabita ...
, "Jean Médecin" in Nice, "Bertrand Russel" in Toulon, "Pythéas" in Marseille, "Erwin-de-Steinbach" and "Wimpfeling" in Strasbourg, "Stamkunde" in Lilles, "Henry de Montherland" in Bordeaux, "Erasme" in Brussels, and "Villebois-Mareuil" in Johannesburg. In September 1973, the magazine ''
Éléments ''Éléments'' is a French bi-monthly magazine launched in September 1973 and associated with the Nouvelle Droite. It is published by the white nationalist thinktank GRECE. History Initially serving as the internal bulletin of GRECE, an ethno-n ...
'', which had been serving as the internal bulletin of GRECE until then, began its public circulation as the general public showcase of the think tank. Frustrated with GRECE's long-term meta-political strategy, several members including
Jean-Yves Le Gallou Jean-Yves Le Gallou (born 4 October 1948) is a French politician. He served as a member of the European Parliament from 1994 until 1999, representing the National Front. Since 2022, he has been a member of Reconquête. Career Le Gallou began ...
and Yvan Blot established with Henry de Lesquen a group named
Club de l'Horloge The Carrefour de l'Horloge (literally ''The Clock Crossroad''), formerly Club de l'Horloge (1974–2015), is a French far-right national liberal think tank founded in 1974 and presided by Henry de Lesquen. The organization promotes an "integral n ...
in 1974 to serve as an elite think tank seeking to adopt a more direct strategy, "entryism", that is the infiltration of political parties and senior public offices. Several of them joined mainstream right-ring parties like the
Rally for the Republic The Rally for the Republic (french: Rassemblement pour la République ; RPR ), was a Gaullist and conservative political party in France. Originating from the Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR), it was founded by Jacques Chirac in 1976 a ...
and the Union for French Democracy. In one of its few direct metapolitical interventions, GRECE called for the election of centre-right candidate Valéry Giscard d'Estaing to the presidency in 1974. In 1975 and 1976, the organization created CLOSOR, a committee seeking to influence France's high-ranking military personnel, and GENE, intended for the teaching professionals. Each of them had its own special bulletin: ''Nation Armée'' and ''Nouvelle Éducation'', respectively. In September 1976, GRECE founded the publishing company Copernic to propagate the Nouvelle Droite worldview to a larger European audience. The following year, it published de Benoist's essay ''Vu de droite'' ("See from right"), which was awarded the ''
Prix de l'Essai The Prix de l'essai is an annual French essay prize awarded by the Académie française. It was created in 1971 by the Fondation Broquette-Gonin. It is awarded for an individual essay or for the collected works of an essayist. The prize sum was 1000 ...
'' of the prestigious
Académie Française An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary education, secondary or tertiary education, tertiary higher education, higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membershi ...
in 1978.


Growth and opposition: 1978–1993

Building of the structure of influence they had established in the early 1970s – including reviews, conferences, publishing houses, and ''cercles'' –, GRECE members began to get public attention and influence from the late 1970s onward. After his nomination as the cultural director of '' Le Figaro'' in 1977, Louis Pauwels decided to found the weekly '' Figaro Magazine'', recruiting many GRECE members to the project: Alain de Benoist,
Patrice de Plunkett Patrice de Plunkett (born 9 January 1947 in Paris) is a French journalist and essayist who specializes in analyzing social issues. He was the editor of ''Le Figaro Magazine'', one of the major French weekly magazines. After leaving this magazine ...
(chosen as the assistant chief editor),
Jean-Claude Valla Jean-Claude Valla (16 May 1944 – 25 February 2010) was a French journalist and a prominent figure of the Nouvelle Droite. Biography Early life Jean-Claude Valla was born on 16 May 1944 in Roanne, Loire. Between 1962 and 1965, he was the le ...
, Yves Christen, Christian Durante,
Michel Marmin Michel Marmin (born 18 November 1943) is a French journalist and film critic. Biography Born 18 November 1943, Michel Marmin was a member of the non-religious scouting association Éclaireurs de France in the 1950s. He attended the Institut d ...
, Grégory Pons.' Although they were not able to gain enough control to transform the ''Figaro Magazine'' into a real organ of propaganda, the ethno-nationalist think tank conserved a large influence on the magazine until 1981. According to political scientist Harvey Simmons, "from the early 1970s to the early 1980s, the doctrine of GRECE had a major impact on the ideology of the entire right" in France. However, the growth of GRECE and the Nouvelle Droite was raising concerns in many liberal and leftist intellectual circles, which led to a violent media campaign against the ''Nouvelle Droite'' and ''Le Figaro'' in 1979, the year ending with a fight between the Jewish Defence Organization (OJD) and GRECE members in December. Pauwels began to distance himself from the movement and ''Le Figaro'' withdrew its patronage. From 1982 to 1992, de Benoist was confined to the redaction of the ''Figaro Magazine'' 'videos' section. Now deprived of a popular platform, the Nouvelle Droite accelerated away from biological racism and toward the concept of " ethnopluralism", that is the claim that different ethno-cultural groups should be kept separate in order to preserve their historical and cultural differences. In 1980,
Pierre Krebs __NOTOC__ The Thule-Seminar is a far-right nationalist organization with strong Neopaganist roots based in Kassel, Germany. It was founded in 1980 by Pierre Krebs, essentially as the German branch of GRECE. Sometimes described as a think tank o ...
established the
Thule-Seminar __NOTOC__ The Thule-Seminar is a Far-right politics, far-right nationalist organization with strong Neopaganist roots based in Kassel, Germany. It was founded in 1980 by Pierre Krebs, essentially as the German branch of Groupement de recherche et ...
to operate as a branch of GRECE in Germany. The same year, a group of scholars linked with GRECE,
Jean Varenne Jean Varenne (12 June 1926 – 12 July 1997) was a French Indologist and a prominent figure of the Nouvelle Droite. He taught Sanskrit at the Aix-Marseille University, then at Jean Moulin University Lyon 3, where he was eventually nominated profes ...
, Jean Haudry and Jean-Paul Allard, founded the "Institute of Indo-European Studies" (IEIE) at the Jean Moulin University Lyon 3 in Lyon. In 1988
Pierre Vial Pierre Vial (born 25 December 1942) is an academic medievalist tied to the Jean Moulin University Lyon 3. A Nouvelle Droite leader, he is the founder of the Identitarian association Terre et Peuple. Biography Pierre Vial was born on 25 Decembe ...
obtained a teaching position at the same university, as did and , leading to the emergence of a GRECE "nucleus" exerting a certain influence in Lyon 3 during the 1980–1990s. Le Gallou grew in importance and served as a link between GRECE ideas and
Front National The National Rally (french: Rassemblement National, ; RN), until 2018 known as the National Front (french: link=no, Front National, ; FN), is a far-rightAbridged list of reliable sources that refer to National Rally as far-right: Academic: ...
(FN) after he joined the FN in 1985. The party was influenced by GRECE's ideas and slogans, adopting the same emphasis on "ethno-cultural differentialism", although the Catholic faction in the FN rejected GRECE for their support of
paganism Paganism (from classical Latin ''pāgānus'' "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christianity, early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions ot ...
. Since the years 1979–1980, however, the Club de l'Horloge has distanced itself from GRECE's anti-Christian, anti-American and anti-capitalist positions, promoting instead an "integral neo-
Darwinist Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations tha ...
" philosophy characterized by a form of economic liberalism strongly tainted with ethnic nationalism. GRECE and European New Right activists have criticized the Club de l'Horloge for simultaneously promoting economic neoliberalism and
cultural conservatism Cultural conservatism is described as the protection of the cultural heritage of a nation state, or of a culture not defined by state boundaries. It is usually associated with criticism of multiculturalism, and opposition to immigration. Cultu ...
, which are in their views contradictory positions.


Recent developments: 1994–present

In 1995 Pierre Vial,
Jean Mabire Jean Mabire (8 February 1927—29 March 2006) was a French journalist and essayist. A neo-pagan and nordicist, Mabire is known for the regionalist and euronationalist ideas that he developed in both ''Europe-Action'' and GRECE, as well as his c ...
and Jean Haudry co-founded the nativist movement
Terre et Peuple Terre et Peuple (English: "Land and People"; abbreviated T&P or TP) is a far-right and neo-pagan cultural association in France founded by Pierre Vial and launched in 1995. Its positions are close to the Identitarian movement, although it precede ...
. Guillaume Faye had temporarily left political activism in 1987 and worked for the hip-hop radio station
Skyrock Skyrock may refer to: *Skyrock (social network site), a French social network site *Skyrock (radio) Skyrock is a French radio station based in Paris created in 1986, and is mainly dedicated to mainstream rap music and R&B. History In March 198 ...
in the 1990s. He joined GRECE again in 1997 to introduce his concept of "archeofuturism". After the publication of his book ''The Colonization of Europe'' in 2000, which earned him a criminal conviction for incitement to racial hatred, he was expelled from GRECE at the request of de Benoist.


Influence

Prominent personalities have collaborated with GRECE, notably via the membership to the patronage committee of its journal '' Nouvelle École'', including Raymond Abellio, Franz Altheim,
Maurice Bardèche Maurice Bardèche (1 October 1907 – 30 July 1998) was a French art critic and journalist, better known as one of the leading exponents of neo-fascism in post–World War II Europe. Bardèche was also the brother-in-law of the collaborationist ...
, Anthony Burgess, Jean Cau,
C. D. Darlington Cyril Dean Darlington (19 December 1903 – 26 March 1981) was an English biologist, cytologist, geneticist and eugenicist, who discovered the mechanics of chromosomal crossover, its role in inheritance, and therefore its importance to evoluti ...
,
Pierre Debray-Ritzen Pierre Debray-Ritzen (27 February 1922 – 7 July 1993) was a French psychiatrist. He was a member of the Club de l'horloge. Publications * ''L'Odeur du temps'', roman, Casterman, 1963 * ''Le Défi aux étoiles'', Plon, 1964 * ''Les Nervures d ...
,
Jacques de Mahieu Jacques de Mahieu, whose real name was Jacques Girault, (31 October 1915 – 4 October 1990) was a French Argentine anthropologist and Peronist. He wrote several books on esoterism, which he mixed with anthropological theories inspired by sci ...
, Mircea Eliade,
Hans Eysenck Hans Jürgen Eysenck (; 4 March 1916 – 4 September 1997) was a German-born British psychologist who spent his professional career in Great Britain. He is best remembered for his work on intelligence and personality, although he worked on other ...
,
Julien Freund Julien Freund (8 January 1921 – 10 September 1993) was a French philosopher and sociologist. Freund was called an "unsatisfied liberal-conservative" by Pierre-André Taguieff, for introducing France to the ideas of Max Weber. His work as a ...
, Robert Gayre, Jean Haudry, Arthur Koestler, Manfred Mayrhofer,
Edgar Polomé Edgar is a commonly used English given name, from an Anglo-Saxon name ''Eadgar'' (composed of '' ead'' "rich, prosperous" and ''gar'' "spear"). Like most Anglo-Saxon names, it fell out of use by the later medieval period; it was, however, rev ...
,
Colin Renfrew Andrew Colin Renfrew, Baron Renfrew of Kaimsthorn, (born 25 July 1937) is a British archaeologist, paleolinguist and Conservative peer noted for his work on radiocarbon dating, the prehistory of languages, archaeogenetics, neuroarchaeology, an ...
, Marija Gimbutas,
Marcel Le Glay Marcel Le Glay (7 May 1920, Arleux near Douai (Nord) – 14 August 1992.) was a 20th-century French historian and archaeologist, specializing in ancient Rome. His work focused in particular on Roman religion and North Africa during Antiquity, especi ...
, Konrad Lorenz, Thierry Maulnier,
Armin Mohler Armin Mohler (12 April 1920 – 4 July 2003) was a Swiss far-right political philosopher and journalist, known for his works on the Conservative Revolution. He is widely seen as the father of the Neue Rechte (''New Right''), the German branch of ...
, Louis Pauwels, Roger Pearson,
Stefan Thomas Possony Stefan Thomas Possony (March 15, 1913 – April 26, 1995) was an Austrian-born US economist and military strategist and a Senior Fellow and director of International Studies at the Hoover Institution. He conceived the US Strategic Defense Ini ...
, or
Louis Rougier Louis Auguste Paul Rougier (; 10 April 1889 – 14 October 1982) was a French philosopher. Rougier made many important contributions to epistemology, philosophy of science, political philosophy and the history of Christianity. Early life Rougie ...
. Although the extent of the relationship is debated by scholars, GRECE and the Nouvelle Droite, and its German counterpart the Neue Rechte,Hentges, Gudrun, Gürcan Kökgiran, and Kristina Nottbohm. "Die Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland (IBD)–Bewegung oder virtuelles Phänomen." ''Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen'' 27, no. 3 (2014): 1-26
Read online (pdf)
/ref> have influenced the ideological and political structure of the European Identitarian Movement. Part of the
alt-right The alt-right, an abbreviation of alternative right, is a far-right, white nationalist movement. A largely online phenomenon, the alt-right originated in the United States during the late 2000s before increasing in popularity during the mid-2 ...
also claims to have been inspired by De Benoist's writings. The (), co-founded in 2014 by Le Gallou, has been described by '' Le Monde'' as "the heir of GRECE".


Themes and ideas

The think tank initially borrowed several themes already present in ''
Europe-Action ''Europe-Action'' was a far-right white nationalist and euro-nationalist magazine and movement, founded by Dominique Venner in 1963 and active until 1966. Distancing itself from pre-WWII fascist ideas such as anti-intellectualism, anti-parliame ...
'' : anti-Christianity and elitism, a pan-racial notion of European nationalism, and the seeds of a change from a biological to a cultural definition of alterity. Between 1962 and 1972, the core members of what would be GRECE embraced a Europeanism, which according to Taguieff and
Griffin The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (Ancient Greek: , ''gryps''; Classical Latin: ''grȳps'' or ''grȳpus''; Late Latin, Late and Medieval Latin: ''gryphes'', ''grypho'' etc.; Old French: ''griffon'') is a legendary creature with the body, tail ...
, was "still in the key of biological Aryanism associated with the overtly neo-Nazi 'Message of Uppsala' and the publication of ''Europe-Action''." Between 1972 and 1987, under the influence of
Armin Mohler Armin Mohler (12 April 1920 – 4 July 2003) was a Swiss far-right political philosopher and journalist, known for his works on the Conservative Revolution. He is widely seen as the father of the Neue Rechte (''New Right''), the German branch of ...
and the Conservative Revolution, this discourse was progressively replaced with a cultural approach of alterity based upon a Nietzschean rejection of egalitarianism and a call for a European
palingenesis Palingenesis (; also palingenesia) is a concept of rebirth or re-creation, used in various contexts in philosophy, theology, politics, and biology. Its meaning stems from Greek , meaning 'again', and , meaning 'birth'. In biology, it is anothe ...
(heroic rebirth) via a return to the ancestral " Indo-European values". A third ideological phase, from 1984 to 1987, shifted towards third-worldism, the revival of the sacred, and ethnopluralism.


Ethnopluralism

The group exhibits a hostility to multicultural societies, viewed as a form of "ethnocide", and emphasizes the rights of groups over individuals. GRECE is against both immigration and "
remigration Remigration, or re-immigration, sometimes euphemized as "repatriation", is a far-right political concept referring to the forced or promoted return of non-ethnically European immigrants, often including their descendants, back to their place of ra ...
", favouring instead the separation of the different ethnic and cultural groups within France. Significant foreign cultural elements inside a group ought to be
culturally assimilated Cultural assimilation is the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's majority group or assume the values, behaviors, and beliefs of another group whether fully or partially. The different types of cultural assi ...
in a process of
cultural homogenization Cultural homogenization is an aspect of cultural globalization, listed as one of its main characteristics, and refers to the reduction in cultural diversity through the popularization and diffusion of a wide array of cultural symbols—not only ...
. Although it opposes liberal democracy, GRECE is not inherently anti-democratic and calls for localized form of what it calls "organic democracy".


Metapolitics

Influenced by
Marxist Marxism is a Left-wing politics, left-wing to Far-left politics, far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a Materialism, materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand S ...
thinker
Antonio Gramsci Antonio Francesco Gramsci ( , , ; 22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian Marxist philosopher, journalist, linguist, writer, and politician. He wrote on philosophy, political theory, sociology, history, and linguistics. He was a ...
, GRECE aims at slowly infusing society with its ideas in the hope of achieving cultural hegemony, sometimes called "right-wing Gramscism". Metapolitics is defined by Guillaume Faye as the "social diffusion of ideas and cultural values for the sake of provoking profound, long-term, political transformation", and by former GRECE president Jacques Marlaud as "any work of reflection or analysis, any diffusion of ideas, any cultural practice liable to influence political society over the long term. It is no longer a matter of taking power but of providing those in power with ideological, philosophical, and cultural nourishment that can shape (or contradict) their decisions." In 1974, GRECE members
Jean Mabire Jean Mabire (8 February 1927—29 March 2006) was a French journalist and essayist. A neo-pagan and nordicist, Mabire is known for the regionalist and euronationalist ideas that he developed in both ''Europe-Action'' and GRECE, as well as his c ...
, Maurice Rollet,
Jean-Claude Valla Jean-Claude Valla (16 May 1944 – 25 February 2010) was a French journalist and a prominent figure of the Nouvelle Droite. Biography Early life Jean-Claude Valla was born on 16 May 1944 in Roanne, Loire. Between 1962 and 1965, he was the le ...
and
Pierre Vial Pierre Vial (born 25 December 1942) is an academic medievalist tied to the Jean Moulin University Lyon 3. A Nouvelle Droite leader, he is the founder of the Identitarian association Terre et Peuple. Biography Pierre Vial was born on 25 Decembe ...
founded the scouting organization
Europe-Jeunesse Europe-Jeunesse is a French neo-pagan scouting organization established in 1973 and influenced by Nouvelle Droite values. History After a meeting held in December 1972 between GRECE members Jean Mabire, Maurice Rollet and Jean-Claude Valla to ...
to diffuse Nouvelle Droite ideas and values to the youth.


Archeofuturism

Archeofuturism is a concept invented by Guillaume Faye in 1998 and defined as the reconciliation of technology and sciences with "archaic values". Faye described archeofuturism as a " vitalist constructionism" and stated that "archaic" should be understood in the Ancient Greek meaning of the word ''archè'', i.e. "the beginning" or "the foundation".


Notable members

Among the prominent figures of the European New Right who became members of GRECE were: * Alain de Benoist (1968–present), co-founder. *
Pierre Vial Pierre Vial (born 25 December 1942) is an academic medievalist tied to the Jean Moulin University Lyon 3. A Nouvelle Droite leader, he is the founder of the Identitarian association Terre et Peuple. Biography Pierre Vial was born on 25 Decembe ...
(1968–1986), co-founder, second director of ''Éléments''. *
Giorgio Locchi Giorgio Locchi (1923 – 25 October 1992) was an Italian journalist and writer. He was among the founders of GRECE. Life Also known by the pseudonym Hans-Jürgen Nigra, he was for a long time the Paris correspondent for the Italian newspaper '' ...
(1968–?), co-founder. * Maurice Rollet (1968–?), co-founder. *
Jean-Claude Valla Jean-Claude Valla (16 May 1944 – 25 February 2010) was a French journalist and a prominent figure of the Nouvelle Droite. Biography Early life Jean-Claude Valla was born on 16 May 1944 in Roanne, Loire. Between 1962 and 1965, he was the le ...
(1968–1986), co-founder. * Dominique Venner (1968–1971). * Yvan Blot (1968–1974), founder of the Cercle Pareto, founding member of the
Carrefour de l'Horloge The Carrefour de l'Horloge (literally ''The Clock Crossroad''), formerly Club de l'Horloge (1974–2015), is a French Far-right politics, far-right National liberalism, national liberal think tank founded in 1974 and presided by Henry de Lesquen. ...
. *
Jean-Yves Le Gallou Jean-Yves Le Gallou (born 4 October 1948) is a French politician. He served as a member of the European Parliament from 1994 until 1999, representing the National Front. Since 2022, he has been a member of Reconquête. Career Le Gallou began ...
(1969–1974), founding member of the
Carrefour de l'Horloge The Carrefour de l'Horloge (literally ''The Clock Crossroad''), formerly Club de l'Horloge (1974–2015), is a French Far-right politics, far-right National liberalism, national liberal think tank founded in 1974 and presided by Henry de Lesquen. ...
. *
Jean Mabire Jean Mabire (8 February 1927—29 March 2006) was a French journalist and essayist. A neo-pagan and nordicist, Mabire is known for the regionalist and euronationalist ideas that he developed in both ''Europe-Action'' and GRECE, as well as his c ...
(1970–?), member of the "federal council" and "commission of traditions". * Guillaume Faye (1970–1987; 1997–2000). *
Michel Marmin Michel Marmin (born 18 November 1943) is a French journalist and film critic. Biography Born 18 November 1943, Michel Marmin was a member of the non-religious scouting association Éclaireurs de France in the 1950s. He attended the Institut d ...
, first director of ''Éléments''. *
Jean Varenne Jean Varenne (12 June 1926 – 12 July 1997) was a French Indologist and a prominent figure of the Nouvelle Droite. He taught Sanskrit at the Aix-Marseille University, then at Jean Moulin University Lyon 3, where he was eventually nominated profes ...
(1974–1986). *
Jacques Marlaud Ancient and noble French family names, Jacques, Jacq, or James are believed to originate from the Middle Ages in the historic northwest Brittany region in France, and have since spread around the world over the centuries. To date, there are over ...
.


Organization

President: * 1968–1974: Maurice Rollet. * 1974–1984: Roger Lemoine. * 1984–1986: Jean Varenne. * 1987–1991: Jacques Marlaud. * 1991–1992: Michel Marmin. * 1992–2013: Jean-Claude Jacquard. * 2013–present: Michel Thibault. Secretary general: * 1968–1974: Alain de Benoist. * 1974–1978: Jean-Claude Valla. * 1978–1984: Pierre Vial. * 1984–1986: Jean-Claude Cariou. * 1986–1991: Gilbert Sincyr. * 1990–????:Xavier Marchand


Publications

GRECE edits two journals, ''
Éléments ''Éléments'' is a French bi-monthly magazine launched in September 1973 and associated with the Nouvelle Droite. It is published by the white nationalist thinktank GRECE. History Initially serving as the internal bulletin of GRECE, an ethno-n ...
'' and '' Nouvelle École''.
William H. Tucker William Tucker may refer to: * William Tooker or Tucker (1557/58–1621), English churchman * William Tucker (musician) (1961–1999), guitar player * William Tucker (politician) (1843–1919), member of the New Zealand Legislative Council * Will ...
and Bruce Lincoln have described ''Nouvelle École'' as the "French version of the '' Mankind Quarterly''", and historian James G. Shields as the equivalent of the German ''
Neue Anthropologie ''Neue Anthropologie'' was a quarterly anthropology journal. It was published in Hamburg, West Germany by the , whose chairman, Jürgen Rieger, was also the journal's editor. It served as a platform for neo-Nazi psychological and anthropological p ...
''.


See also

* Nouvelle Droite * Ethnopluralism *
Carrefour de l'Horloge The Carrefour de l'Horloge (literally ''The Clock Crossroad''), formerly Club de l'Horloge (1974–2015), is a French Far-right politics, far-right National liberalism, national liberal think tank founded in 1974 and presided by Henry de Lesquen. ...


Notes


References


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Groupement De Recherche Et D'etudes Pour La Civilisation Europeenne Alt-right organizations Anti-Christian sentiment in Europe Anti-communism in France Criticism of multiculturalism Identitarian movement in France Modern pagan organizations based in France Nordicism GRECE Political and economic think tanks based in France Think tanks based in France Pan-European nationalism Modern pagan organizations established in the 1960s