Fragaria vesca - metsmaasikas.jpg

''Fragaria'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, commonly known as strawberries for their edible fruits. There are more than 20 described species and many hybrids and cultivars. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the garden strawberry, a hybrid known as ''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa''. Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world.

Description

Strawberries are not berries in the botanical sense.Esau, K. 1977. ''Anatomy of seed plants''. John Wiley and Sons, New York. The fleshy and edible part of the "fruit" is a receptacle, and the parts that are sometimes mistakenly called "seeds" are achenes and therefore the true botanical fruits.

Etymology

The genus name derives from ("strawberry") and , a suffix used to create feminine nouns and plant names. The Latin name is thought in turn to derive from a PIE root meaning "berry". The genus name is sometimes mistakenly derived from ("to be fragrant, to reek").

The English word is found in Old English as ''streawberige''. It is commonly thought that strawberries get their name from straw being used as a mulch in cultivating the plants, though it has been suggested that the word is possibly derived from "strewn berry" in reference to the runners that "strew" or "stray away" from the base of the plants. ''Streaw'' in Old English means 'straw', but also ''streawian'' means 'to strew', from the same root. David Mikkelson argues that "the word 'strawberry' has been part of the English language for at least a thousand years, well before strawberries were cultivated as garden or farm edibles."

Classification

There are more than 20 different ''Fragaria'' species worldwide. A number of other species have been proposed, some of which are now recognized as subspecies. One key to the classification of strawberry species is that they vary in the number of chromosomes. They all have seven basic ''types'' of chromosomes, but exhibit different polyploidy. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total), but others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).

As a rough rule (with exceptions), strawberry species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries.

The oldest fossils confidently classifiable as ''Fragaria'' are from the Miocene of Poland. Fossilised ''Fragaria'' achenes are also known from the Pliocene of China.

Diploid species

* ''Fragaria'' × ''bifera'' Duchesne - ''F. vesca'' × ''F. viridis'' (Europe)
*''Fragaria bucharica'' Losinsk. (China)
*''Fragaria daltoniana'' Jia J. Lei (China)
*''Fragaria gracilis'' Losinsk. (China)
*''Fragaria iinumae'' Makino (East Russia, Japan)
*''Fragaria mandshurica'' Staudt (China)
*''Fragaria nilgerrensis'' Schlecht. ex J.Gay (South and Southeast Asia)
*''Fragaria nipponica'' Makino ( Korea, Japan)
*''Fragaria nubicola

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