The flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / ) contains a medium blue field with a yellow

right triangle A right triangle (American English) or right-angled triangle ( British), or more formally an orthogonal triangle, formerly called a rectangled triangle ( grc, ὀρθόσγωνία, lit=upright angle), is a triangle in which one angle is a right a ...

separating said field, and there are seven full five-pointed white

stars A star is an astronomical object comprising a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by its gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye at night, but their immense distances from Earth ma ...

and two half stars top and bottom along the

hypotenuse In geometry, a hypotenuse is the longest side of a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the right angle. The length of the hypotenuse can be found using the Pythagorean theorem, which states that the square of the length of the hypotenuse e ...

of the triangle. The three points of the triangle stand for the three main ethnic groups (or "constituent peoples") of

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and H ...

: Bosniaks,

Croats The Croats (; hr, Hrvati ) are a South Slavic ethnic group who share a common Croatian ancestry, culture, history and language. They are also a recognized minority in a number of neighboring countries, namely Austria, the Czech Republic, ...

, and

Serbs The Serbs ( sr-Cyr, Срби, Srbi, ) are the most numerous South Slavic ethnic group native to the Balkans in Southeastern Europe, who share a common Serbian ancestry, culture, history and language. The majority of Serbs live in their na ...

. The triangle represents the approximate shape of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The stars, representing

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...

, are meant to be infinite in number and thus they continue from top to bottom. The flag features colors often associated with neutrality and peace – white, blue, and yellow. They are also colors traditionally associated with Bosnian culture and history. The blue background is evocative of the flag of the European Union. The Bosnian national flag is also used for official purposes by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of the constituent entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

History

Bosnian Banate from 1154 until 1377

Used by Stjepan II Kotromanic. File:Banate of Bosnia flag of Stjepan II Kotromanic.svg, Royal banner of the Banate of Bosnia

Bosnian Kingdom from 1377 until 1463

The flag of the Kingdom of Bosnia was based on coat of arms of the Bosnian dynasty Kotromanić, king

Tvrtko I Stephen Tvrtko I ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Stjepan/Stefan Tvrtko, Стјепан/Стефан Твртко; 1338 – 10 March 1391) was the first king of Bosnia. A member of the House of Kotromanić, he succeeded his uncle Stephen II ...

and his successors. The flag of medieval Bosnia was white with the coat of arms of the Kotromanić dynasty in the middle which consisted of a blue shield with six gold

fleur de lys The fleur-de-lis, also spelled fleur-de-lys (plural ''fleurs-de-lis'' or ''fleurs-de-lys''), is a lily (in French, and mean 'flower' and 'lily' respectively) that is used as a decorative design or symbol. The fleur-de-lis has been used in the ...

displayed around a white bend. Bosnian Royal Flag of Tvrtko I of Bosnia (rotated).svg, Royal banner of the Kingdom of Bosnia

Western Herzegovina 1760 flag

The green flag with the white crescent and star pointing to the left was used by Bosniak landlords in border parts in southern and western Herzegovina. The flag was most commonly used in wars. It also accompanied the troops of the

Eyalet of Bosnia The Eyalet of Bosnia ( ota, ایالت بوسنه ,Eyālet-i Bōsnâ; By Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters ; sh, Bosanski pašaluk), was an eyalet (administrative division, also known as a ''beylerbeylik'') of the Ottoman Empire, mostly based ...

during the second siege of Khotyn in

Moldavia Moldavia ( ro, Moldova, or , literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, Romanian Cyrillic: or ; chu, Землѧ Молдавскаѧ; el, Ἡγεμονία τῆς Μολδαβίας) is a historical region and for ...

. It differs from

Ottoman flag The Ottoman Empire used various of flags, especially as naval ensigns, during its history. The star and crescent came into use in the second half of the 18th century. A ' (decree) from 1793 required that the ships of the Ottoman Navy were to u ...

by size and direction of crescent, as well as its swallow-shape, similar to some West-European jacks and ensigns.

Bosnian Revolt of 1830s flag

In the 1830s revolt by

Husein Gradaščević Husein Gradaščević (''Husein-kapetan'') (31 August 1802 – 17 August 1834) was a Bosnian military commander who later led a rebellion against the Ottoman government, seeking autonomy for Bosnia. Born into a Bosnian noble family, Gradaš� ...

the green flag with a yellow crescent and star was used. The revolt's aim was for Bosnia to gain autonomy from the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

. File:Flag of Bosnia (1831-1832).svg, Bosnian Revolt Flag, 1831

Austro-Hungarian rule

When the Austro-Hungarian Empire annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina the flag was changed. The province of Bosnia used a flag that was red and yellow horizontally, but the province of Herzegovina used the same flag but with reversed colors (yellow and red). The

coat of arms A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the latter two being outer garments). The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement, which in its ...

is one of Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, Bosnian

noble A noble is a member of the nobility. Noble may also refer to: Places Antarctica * Noble Glacier, King George Island * Noble Nunatak, Marie Byrd Land * Noble Peak, Wiencke Island * Noble Rocks, Graham Land Australia * Noble Island, Gr ...

and

duke Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and sovereign princes. As royalty or nobility, they are rank ...

from 14th century. The original medieval

had a white background and two red stripes in the top of the shield. It was Similar to the old flag of the Western Bosnian Flag. File:Flag of Bosnia (1908-1918).svg, Flag of the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina during Austro-Hungarian administration (the country was formally under the sovereignty of the

) (1878–1908) File:Flag of Bosnia (1878-1908).svg, Flag of Bosnia after Austro-Hungarian annexation (1878–1908) File:Flag of Bosnia (1908).svg, Flag of Bosnia after Austro-Hungarian annexation (1908) File:Flag of Herzegovina (1878-1918).svg, Flag of Herzegovina after Austro-Hungarian annexation (1878–1918) File:Flag of Bosnia (1908-1918).svg, Flag of Bosnia after Austro-Hungarian annexation (1908–1918)

Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1942–1946)

After World War II, in 1945, the red star flag became universally official. It was given its final shape by enlarging the star and adding a narrow yellow border. The flag was usually accompanied on official buildings by the flag of the federal republic and the flag of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. Because of this, many buildings in former Bosnia and Herzegovina still carry a three-poled flag holder. A smaller version of the flag served as the civil ensign while an elongated banner version was seen flown in front of the Yugoslav parliament. File:Bosnian-Herzegovinian Partisans flag.svg, The flag of the Bosnian—Herzegovinian Partisans during

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...

(27 November 1943) File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1943–1946).svg, The Flag of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia during

(1943–1946) File:Yugoslav Partisans flag (1942-1945).svg, The Flag of the Yugoslav Partisans during

(16 December 1942)

Yugoslav Period (1946–1992)

While being the

Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina The Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Socijalistička Republika Bosna i Hercegovina, Социјалистичка Pепублика Босна и Херцеговина), commonly referred to as Socia ...

within communist

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label=Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavija ...

, the Yugoslav flag stood as a canton, while the rest of the flag was red to symbolise the

socialism Socialism is a left-wing Economic ideology, economic philosophy and Political movement, movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to Private prop ...

and

communism Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a ...

in Yugoslavia at the time. Bosnia and Herzegovina also had a new coat of arms during Yugoslav rule; it was a symbol of Bosnian

industrialism Industrialisation ( alternatively spelled industrialization) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society. This involves an extensive re-organisation of an econom ...

at the time. This flag is similar to the

flag of the Soviet Union The State Flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (), commonly known as the Soviet flag (), was the official state flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1922 to 1991. The flag's design and symbolism are derived from ...

and the

flag of China The National Flag of the People's Republic of China, also known as the Five-star Red Flag, is a Chinese red field with five golden stars charged at the canton. The design features one large star, with four smaller stars in an arc set off t ...

. File:First Proposed Flag of the Peoples Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg, First proposed flag of the People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (15 November 1946). This version was very similar to the Yugoslav flag (1945–1992) File:1947 Proposed Flag of the People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg, Proposed flag of the People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1947) File:Flag of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg, Flag of the SR of Bosnia and Herzegovina (31 December 1946 − 6 April 1992)

Independent Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1998)

On 3 March 1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its independence from

. Initially the newly independent

Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Republika Bosna i Hercegovina, Република Босна и Херцеговина) was a state in Southeastern Europe, existing from 1992 to 1995. It is the direct lega ...

continued to use the flag of the

until a new flag was adopted on 20 May 1992. The flag picked was the arms of the Kings of Bosnia

Kotromanić dynasty The Kotromanić ( sr-cyrl, Котроманић, Kotromanići / Котроманићи) were members of a late medieval Bosnian noble and later royal dynasty. Rising to power in the middle of the 13th century as bans of Bosnia, with control ov ...

, who ruled from 1377 until 1463 over the area that is present day

and Dalmatia, consisted of a blue shield with six golden lilies displayed around a white bend; the golden lily is the

Lilium bosniacum ''Lilium bosniacum'' is a lily native to Bosnia and Herzegovina. It's also known as ''Zlatni Ljiljan'' ( Bosnian for golden lily) and ''Bosanski Ljiljan'' (Bosnian lily). ''L. bosniacum'' has often been lumped and split and lumped again. Some ...

, which is a native lily to the area. The flag chosen in 1992 has a white background with the Bosnian lily in the center. Though it is no longer an official flag of the state, the flag continues to be used unofficially by Bosniak civilians as a sort of ethnic flag, used at football games, as part of political rallies, and other such events. File:Flag of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg, Flag of the

(3 March 1992 − 20 May 1992) File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1998).svg, Flag of the

(20 May 1992 − 3 February 1998)

Bosnia and Herzegovina after the Dayton Accords

The Bosnian Serbs who lived in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the signing of the

Dayton Agreement The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement or the Dayton Accords ( Croatian: ''Daytonski sporazum'', Serbian and Bosnian: ''Dejtonski mirovni sporazum'' / Дејтонски миро ...

viewed the flag with the six fleurs-de-lys as only representing the Bosniaks (i.e. Bosnian Muslims) of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The flag of the state was eventually changed into the current, post-1998 flag. The current flag was introduced by the UN High Representative

Carlos Westendorp Carlos Westendorp y Cabeza (born 7 January 1937) is a Spanish diplomat and former politician. He is the former Minister of Foreign Affairs and also served as High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina succeeding Carl Bildt and was powered wit ...

after the Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina could not decide on a solution that was acceptable to all parties. Aside from the colors, the current flag contains no historical or other references to the Bosnian state. The flag is rarely ever seen in the

Republika Srpska Republika Srpska ( sr-Cyrl, Република Српска, lit=Serb Republic, also known as Republic of Srpska, ) is one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is locat ...

, whose residents prefer to fly either that entity's regional flag or the Serbian national flag instead. Some Bosniaks dislike or have no particular affinity for the flag, preferring the former Bosnian national flag used from 1992 to 1998 (which remains used by some Bosniaks as a sort of ethnic flag), or the former socialist-era Yugoslav flag instead. File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg, Flag of

(4 February 1998 − present) File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (construction sheet).svg, Construction sheet File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (vertical).png, Vertical flag.

Colors scheme

The official colors of the flag are:

Alternative flag versions

The first flag that was proposed in the First Set of Proposals was the "Czech Pattern", similar to the

flag of the Czech Republic The flag of the Czech Republic ( cs, státní vlajka České republiky) or flag of Czechia ( cs, vlajka Česka), or Czech Flag ( cs, česká vlajka) is the same as the flag of the former Czechoslovakia. Upon the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in ...

. It was intended to represent all three constitutive nations living in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The next proposal was the "Laurel branch". It is based on the light blue colour of the United Nations Flag. It would have had a golden

olive branch The olive branch is a symbol of peace and victory associated with customs of ancient Greece and connected with supplication to gods and persons in power. It is found in most cultures of the Mediterranean basin and became associated with peace ...

in the middle. The olive branch is taken from the

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmoniz ...

emblem. The flag would have only one branch. The branch was rotated around 30 degrees counterclockwise. The third proposal was the "Map" proposal. It would also use the United Nations light blue colour; however, there would be the addition of a white outline map of Bosnia and Herzegovina. No official text was ever published specifying the colour of the outline, but it probably would have been white. File:BiH_flag_proposal_(three_nations).svg, FIAV proposal

First alternative flag of first proposal File:Flag of BiH (first set of proposals 2).svg, FIAV proposal

Second alternative flag of first proposal File:Flag of BiH (First set of proposal 3).svg, FIAV proposal

Third alternative flag of first proposal The Second Set of Proposals had flags that were truly representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole. The first flag design was a diagonally striped tricolor pattern of red to white to blue (different colors but in the same pattern as the

Flag of the Republic of the Congo The national flag of the Republic of the Congo (french: drapeau de la république du Congo) consists of a yellow diagonal band divided diagonally from the lower hoist-side corner, with a green upper triangle and red lower triangle. Adopted in 1 ...

). In the centre there would be a blue map of Bosnia and Herzegovina outlined in yellow in the middle inside a circle of 10 five-pointed yellow stars. The flag would have been a 1:2 ratio. The second flag proposed was very similar except it had 12 five-pointed stars to represent the

European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been de ...

. The

Flag of Europe The Flag of Europe or European Flag consists of twelve golden stars forming a circle on a blue field. It was designed and adopted in 1955 by the Council of Europe (CoE) as a symbol for the whole of Europe. Since 1985, the flag has also been ...

has the 12 five-pointed stars. The third design was a bit more different from the first two designs. The diagonal tricolour shape was kept, but the diagonal white stripe was made wider so that the angle was not perfectly 45 degrees. In the center there was a yellow map of Bosnia and Herzegovina outlined in green and under it there were two green olive branches. The olive branch pattern was the same one that the United Nations uses in its flag. The final fourth design was kept the same emblem from the third design, but did not have the diagonal stripes. Instead it had a horizontal tricolour pattern of blue, white, and red (from top to bottom), similar to that of the former

. File:B&H First Alternative Flag of Second Proposal.svg, FIAV proposal

First alternative flag of second proposal File:B&H Second Alternative Flag of Second Proposal.svg, FIAV proposal

Second alternative flag of second proposal File:B&H Third Alternative Flag of Second Proposal.svg, FIAV proposal

Third alternative flag of second proposal File:B&H Fourth Alternative Flag of Second Proposal.svg, FIAV proposal

Fourth alternative flag of second proposal The first

Westendorp Westendorp is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Carlos Westendorp (born 1937), Spanish diplomat *Fiep Westendorp (1916–2004), Dutch illustrator * Gérard Daniel Westendorp (1813–1869), Belgian physician and botanist * Juvat W ...

alternative flag was a highly similar one to today's flag, a diagonally divided top-hoist to bottom-fly yellow over light blue flag with line of 9 white five-pointed stars in the light blue field along the diagonal. The only major difference was that the color of the background was UN blue. The second Carlos Westendorp alternative flag is a light blue flag (using the United Nations' flag's colors) with 5 bars interchangeably coming out of hoist and not reaching the other end. The colors are interchangeably yellow and white. In the third alternative flag, the field was light blue and had five narrow yellow bars. File:First Westendorp Proposal of BiH flag.svg, FIAV proposal

First Carlos Westendorp alternative flag proposal File:Second Westendorp Proposal of BiH flag.svg, FIAV proposal

Second Carlos Westendorp alternative flag proposal File:Flag of BiH (third Westendorp proposal).svg, FIAV proposal

Third Carlos Westendorp alternative flag proposal Westendorp's decision ended up being the first alternative flag. However, it was changed slightly to a darker blue, evocative of the European Union's flag.