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''Ergaticus'' was a genus of New World warblers — small passerine birds found only in the
Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with th ...
. It was described by
Spencer Fullerton Baird Spencer Fullerton Baird (; February 3, 1823 – August 19, 1887) was an American naturalist, ornithologist, ichthyologist, Herpetology, herpetologist, and museum curator. Baird was the first curator to be named at the Smithsonian Institution. He ...
in 1865 and later subsumed into ''
Cardellina ''Cardellina'' is a genus of passerine birds in the New World warbler family Parulidae. The genus name ''Cardellina'' is a diminutive of the Italian dialect word ''Cardella'' for the European goldfinch. The genus was introduced by the French na ...
'' in 2011. The name is the Latinized version of the Ancient Greek ''ergatikos'', meaning "willing or able to work". The genus contains two sister species: the
red warbler The red warbler (''Cardellina rubra'') is a small passerine bird of the New World warbler family Parulidae endemic to the highlands of Mexico, north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. It is closely related to, and forms a superspecies with, the ...
, which is endemic to the
Mexican Mexican may refer to: Mexico and its culture *Being related to, from, or connected to the country of Mexico, in North America ** People *** Mexicans, inhabitants of the country Mexico and their descendants *** Mexica, ancient indigenous people ...
highland Highlands or uplands are areas of high elevation such as a mountainous region, elevated mountainous plateau or high hills. Generally speaking, upland (or uplands) refers to ranges of hills, typically from up to while highland (or highlands) is ...
s north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and the
pink-headed warbler The pink-headed warbler (''Cardellina versicolor'') is a small passerine bird found in the southwestern highlands of Guatemala and the central and southeastern highlands of the Mexican state of Chiapas. The adult is primarily red, with a silvery ...
, which is found south of the Isthmus, from the highlands of
Chiapas Chiapas (; Tzotzil language, Tzotzil and Tzeltal language, Tzeltal: ''Chyapas'' ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Chiapas ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas), is one of the states that make up the Political divisions of Mexico, ...
, Mexico down into
Guatemala Guatemala ( ; ), officially the Republic of Guatemala ( es, República de Guatemala, links=no), is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by H ...
. Though they are separated by geography and differ considerably in
plumage Plumage ( "feather") is a layer of feathers that covers a bird and the pattern, colour, and arrangement of those feathers. The pattern and colours of plumage differ between species and subspecies and may vary with age classes. Within species, ...
, the two have sometimes been considered to be conspecific. Both are average-sized warblers. Adult
plumage Plumage ( "feather") is a layer of feathers that covers a bird and the pattern, colour, and arrangement of those feathers. The pattern and colours of plumage differ between species and subspecies and may vary with age classes. Within species, ...
is largely red, while juvenile plumage is largely "pinkish cinnamon-brown". The bill is small and narrow at the base even for a New World warbler. The tail is rounded and relatively long (Ridgway 1902). The songs consist of high-pitched chips and short trills (Howell and Webb 1995). They live in forests at altitudes of . They occur singly or in pairs and may join mixed-species feeding flocks (Howell and Webb 1995). The nest is shaped like an old-fashioned oven with an opening to the top or side, made of pine needles, grass, or similar materials. It is placed on the ground or on a bank. Both can lay 3 or 4 eggs; the pink-headed warbler sometimes lays only 2. The eggs are off-white with reddish-brown and gray speckles (Howell and Webb 1995).


Taxonomy

Spencer Fullerton Baird Spencer Fullerton Baird (; February 3, 1823 – August 19, 1887) was an American naturalist, ornithologist, ichthyologist, Herpetology, herpetologist, and museum curator. Baird was the first curator to be named at the Smithsonian Institution. He ...
described the genus ''Ergaticus'' in 1865, using it to separate several species from what he felt was the closely related genus ''
Cardellina ''Cardellina'' is a genus of passerine birds in the New World warbler family Parulidae. The genus name ''Cardellina'' is a diminutive of the Italian dialect word ''Cardella'' for the European goldfinch. The genus was introduced by the French na ...
''. Prior to the creation and widespread acceptance of this genus, the
red warbler The red warbler (''Cardellina rubra'') is a small passerine bird of the New World warbler family Parulidae endemic to the highlands of Mexico, north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. It is closely related to, and forms a superspecies with, the ...
and
pink-headed warbler The pink-headed warbler (''Cardellina versicolor'') is a small passerine bird found in the southwestern highlands of Guatemala and the central and southeastern highlands of the Mexican state of Chiapas. The adult is primarily red, with a silvery ...
were placed in various other warbler genera, including ''Setophaga'' (with the American redstart), ''Cardellina'' (with the
red-faced warbler The red-faced warbler (''Cardellina rubrifrons'') is a species of New World warbler. Mature red-faced warblers are small birds, long. They are light gray on top with a white rump and a white underside. The face, neck, and upper breast are all b ...
), and ''
Basileuterus ''Basileuterus'' is a genus of New World warblers, best represented in Central and South America. This is one of only two warbler genera that are well represented in the latter continent. Some species formerly considered in this genus are now pla ...
'' (a widespread genus of tropical warblers) — as well as the Old World warbler genus '' Sylvia'' and the
Old World The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe , after Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia, which were previously thought of by the ...
tit genus '' Parus''. Recent DNA analysis shows that ''Ergaticus'' falls comfortably within the New World warbler
clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...
, along with 18 other
genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
. It is closest to the genus ''Cardellina'', with which it shares a common ancestor, and slightly more distantly related to the genus '' Wilsonia''. There are two sister species, separated by the low-lying Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in the genus. The red warbler, ''E. ruber'', is found in the Mexican highlands north of the isthmus. Its three
subspecies In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species ...
, which differ slightly in appearance, are found in three disjunct populations. The pink-headed warbler, ''E. versicolor'', is found south of the isthmus, in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico and western Guatemala. It is monotypic across its limited range. Though they are separated by geography and differ considerably in
plumage Plumage ( "feather") is a layer of feathers that covers a bird and the pattern, colour, and arrangement of those feathers. The pattern and colours of plumage differ between species and subspecies and may vary with age classes. Within species, ...
, the two have sometimes been considered to be conspecific. ''Ergaticus'' is the Latinized version of the Ancient Greek ''ergatikos'', meaning "willing or able to work".


Species


Description

These are medium-sized warblers, measuring in length, and weighing ; the pink-headed warbler is, on average, slightly the heavier of the two. As adults, their overall color is red, with duller wings and tails; juveniles are tawny-brown, with slightly paler underparts. The red warbler has white or silvery-gray ear patches (the color depends on the subspecies), while the pink-headed warbler's head and chest are silvery-pink. The sexes are similar in both species. They have long, rounded wings and fairly long, rounded tails. They have small, narrow bills, with rictal bristles that extend more than halfway down their length.


Habitat and range

Both the pink-headed and red warblers are birds of highland forest. The red warbler is found from
above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''. The comb ...
, and the pink-headed warbler from .


Note


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2431119 Parulidae Bird genera Obsolete bird taxa Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird