A coronet is a small crown consisting of ornaments fixed on a metal ring. A coronet differs from other kinds of crowns in that a coronet never has arches, and from a tiara in that a coronet completely encircles the head, while a tiara does not. In other languages, this distinction is not made as usually the same word for ''crown'' is used irrespective of rank (german: Krone, nl, Kroon, sv, Krona, french: Couronne, etc.) Today, its main use is not as a headgear (indeed, many people entitled to a coronet never have a physical one created), but as a rank symbol in

heraldry Heraldry is a discipline relating to the design, display and study of armorial bearings (known as armory), as well as related disciplines, such as vexillology, together with the study of ceremony, rank and pedigree. Armory, the best-known branch ...

, adorning a coat of arms.

Etymology

The word stems from the Old French ''coronete'', a diminutive of ''co(u)ronne'' ('crown'), itself from the Latin ''corona'' (also 'wreath') and from the Ancient Greek ''κορώνη'' (''korōnē''; 'garland' or 'wreath'). Traditionally, such headgear is used by nobles and by princes and princesses in their

coats of arms A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the latter two being outer garments). The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement, which in its wh ...

, rather than by monarchs, for whom the word 'crown' is customarily reserved in English, while many languages have no such terminological distinction. As a coronet shows the rank of the respective noble, in the

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...

and Scandinavian languages there is also the term ''rangkrone'' (literally 'rank crown').

Commonwealth usage

In the United Kingdom, a

peer Peer may refer to: Sociology * Peer, an equal in age, education or social class; see Peer group * Peer, a member of the peerage; related to the term "peer of the realm" Computing * Peer, one of several functional units in the same layer of a net ...

wears the coronet on one occasion only: for a royal coronation, when it is worn along with coronation robes, equally standardised as a luxurious uniform. In the peerages of the United Kingdom, the design of a coronet shows the rank of its owner, as in German, French and various other heraldic traditions. Dukes were the first individuals authorised to wear coronets. Marquesses acquired coronets in the 15th century, earls in the 16th and viscounts and barons in the 17th. Until the barons received coronets in 1661, the coronets of earls, marquesses and dukes were engraved while those of viscounts were plain. After 1661, however, viscomital coronets became engraved, while baronial coronets were plain. Coronets may not bear any precious or semi-precious stones.Cox, Noel (1999)
"The Coronets of Members of the Royal Family and of the Peerage."
''The Double Tressure, the Journal of The Heraldry Society of Scotland''. No. 22, pp. 8–13. Retrieved on 2007-10-19. Since a person entitled to wear a coronet customarily displays it in their coat of arms above the

shield A shield is a piece of personal armour held in the hand, which may or may not be strapped to the wrist or forearm. Shields are used to intercept specific attacks, whether from close-ranged weaponry or projectiles such as arrows, by means of a ...

and below the helmet and

crest Crest or CREST may refer to: Buildings *The Crest (Huntington, New York), a historic house in Suffolk County, New York *"The Crest", an alternate name for 63 Wall Street, in Manhattan, New York *Crest Castle (Château Du Crest), Jussy, Switzerla ...

, this can provide a useful clue as to the owner of a given coat of arms. In Canadian heraldry, descendants of the United Empire Loyalists are entitled to use a Loyalist military coronet (for descendants of members of Loyalist regiments) or Loyalist civil coronet (for others) in their arms.

Royal usage

Members of the British royal family often have coronets on their coats of arms, and may wear actual coronets at coronations (e.g., Princesses Elizabeth and

Margaret Margaret is a female first name, derived via French () and Latin () from grc, μαργαρίτης () meaning "pearl". The Greek is borrowed from Persian. Margaret has been an English name since the 11th century, and remained popular througho ...

at the 1937 coronation of their father as George VI). They were made, according to regulations made by King Charles II in 1661, shortly after his return from exile in France (getting a taste for its lavish court style; Louis XIV started monumental work at Versailles that year) during

the Restoration Restoration is the act of restoring something to its original state and may refer to: * Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage ** Audio restoration ** Film restoration ** Image restoration ** Textile restoration * Restoration ecology ...

. They vary depending on the prince's relationship to the monarch. Occasionally, additional royal warrants vary the designs for individuals. The most recent (and most comprehensive) royal warrant concerning coronets was the 19 November 1917 warrant of George V.1917 royal warrant
/ref> The coronet of the heir apparent is distinctive in itself as it has a single arch with a globe and cross. There is evidence to support the wearing of coronets amongst Welsh royalty and nobility, particularly in the Kingdom of Gwynedd.

Llywelyn's coronet Llywelyn's coronet ( cy, Talaith Llywelyn) is a lost treasure of Welsh history. It is recorded that Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales and Lord of Aberffraw had deposited this crown ( cy, Talaith) and other items (such as the Cross of Neith ...

was for a while kept with the

English crown jewels The Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, originally the Crown Jewels of England, are a collection of royal ceremonial objects kept in the Tower of London which include the coronation regalia and vestments worn by British monarchs. Symbols of ov ...

. File:Crown of a British King of Arms.svg, English

King of Arms King of Arms is the senior rank of an officer of arms. In many heraldic traditions, only a king of arms has the authority to grant armorial bearings and sometimes certify genealogies and noble titles. In other traditions, the power has been de ...

Image:Military Coronet of a Loyalist.svg, Loyalists military coronet (Canadian) Image:Civil Coronet of a Loyalist.svg, Loyalists civil coronet (Canadian)

Municipal usage

Certain types of local government have special coronet types assigned to them.

Danish coronet rankings

File:Crown of a Prince of Denmark.svg, Non-hereditary prince or princess File:T02 Danish Duke.svg, Duke File:T03 Danish Marquis.svg,

Marquis A marquess (; french: marquis ), es, marqués, pt, marquês. is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave). A woman wi ...

File:T04 Danish Count.svg, Count File:T05 Danish Baron.svg,

Baron Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary, in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness. Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher than a lord or knig ...

File:T06 Danish Nobility.svg, Crown of Nobility

Spanish coronet rankings

All over the world, Spanish heraldry has used these crowns and coronets: File:Heraldic Crown of Spanish Infantes.svg, Infante or Infanta
( Prince or Princess) File:Crown of Spanish Infantes for the Aragonese Terriories.svg, Infante or Infanta
(Variant for the Spanish territories of the former Crown of Aragon) File:Heraldic Crown of Spanish Grandee.svg, Spanish Grandee File:Heraldic Crown of Spanish Dukes (Variant 1).svg, Duke File:Heraldic Crown of Spanish Marqueses (Variant 1).svg, Marquess File:Heraldic Crown of Spanish Count.svg, Count File:Heraldic Crown of the Spanish Viscounts.svg, Viscount File:Heraldic Crown of Spanish Barons.svg,

File:Heraldic Crown of Spanish Lords.svg, Lord (señor) File:Heraldic Crown of Hispanic Hidalgos.svg, Hidalgo (Spanish nobleman) File:Heraldic Crown of a Spanish King of Arms.svg, Spanish Officer of Arms (Herald and Pursuivant / Persevante)

Swedish coronet rankings

Coronet of Carl of Sweden (1748) & subsequent Princes 2014

File:Coronet of the Crown Prince of Sweden.svg, Heir Apparent File:Coronet of a Swedish Duke.svg, Duke / Duchess File:Grevlig rangkrona.svg, Count / Countess File:Friherrlig rangkrona.svg,

Baroness Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often Hereditary title, hereditary, in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness. Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher th ...

File:Obetitlad adel.svg, Crown of Nobility

Former monarchies

Kingdom of France

The hierarchy among the French nobility, which was identical for non-royal titles to the British hierarchy of peers, should not be understood to be as rigid in the ranking of titleholders as the latter. In particular, a title was not a good indication of actual preeminence or precedence: ancestry, marriages, high office, military rank and the family's historical renown counted far more than the precise title. Some distinguished families held a title no higher than count or even baron, but were proud of their ancient origin. Moreover, most of the nobility was legally untitled. Some hereditary titles could be acquired by a nobleman who purchased a "titled" fief, while '' titres de courtoisie'' ('courtesy titles') were freely assumed in the absence of strict regulation by the French crown and became more numerous than titles legally borne. In the 17th and 18th centuries, people assumed and used freely coronets of ranks that they did not have; and, in the 19th and 20th centuries abuse was still made of 'courtesy titles'. Titles continued to be granted until the Second Empire fell in 1870, and legally survive among their descendants. The only title that was never usurped under the''

ancien régime ''Ancien'' may refer to * the French word for "ancient, old" ** Société des anciens textes français * the French for "former, senior" ** Virelai ancien ** Ancien Régime ** Ancien Régime in France {{disambig ...

'', and rarely without some excuse afterwards, was the title of ''duc'', because it was so often attached to the rank

peer of France The Peerage of France (french: Pairie de France) was a hereditary distinction within the French nobility which appeared in 1180 in the Middle Ages. The prestigious title and position of Peer of France (french: Pair de France, links=no) was ...

, which carried specific legal prerogatives such as the right to a seat in the

Parliament of Paris The Parliament of Paris (french: Parlement de Paris) was the oldest ''parlement'' in the Kingdom of France, formed in the 14th century. It was fixed in Paris by Philip IV of France in 1302. The Parliament of Paris would hold sessions inside the ...

. As a result, the title of ''duc'' was actually, as well as nominally, at the top of the scale after the royal family and foreign princes, and a cut above all of the other nobility. During the ''ancien régime'', 'prince' was a rank, not a title, hence there was no coronet. * Roi (sovereign): closed crown of

fleurs-de-lis The fleur-de-lis, also spelled fleur-de-lys (plural ''fleurs-de-lis'' or ''fleurs-de-lys''), is a lily (in French, and mean 'flower' and 'lily' respectively) that is used as a decorative design or symbol. The fleur-de-lis has been used in the ...

(the crown was open until the early 16th century) * Dauphin (heir apparent): initially an open crown of fleurs-de-lis; starting with Henri IV's son (1601–10), the crown is closed with dolphins instead of arches *

Fils de France ''Fils de France'' (, ''Son of France'') was the style and rank held by the sons of the kings and dauphins of France. A daughter was known as a fille de France (, ''Daughter of France''). The children of the dauphin (a title reserved for the ki ...

and Petit-fils de France (sons and grandsons of a sovereign): open coronet of fleurs-de-lis * Prince du Sang (male-line descendants of a sovereign): originally an open coronet alternating fleurs-de-lis and acanthus leaves (called strawberry leaves in English blazon), but the open coronet of fleurs-de-lis was used in the 17th and 18th centuries *

Pair de France The Peerage of France (french: Pairie de France) was a hereditary distinction within the French nobility which appeared in 1180 in the Middle Ages. The prestigious title and position of Peer of France (french: Pair de France, links=no) was ...

(peer of the realm): coronet of the title (usually duke) with a crimson velvet cap, a mantle ''armoyé'' (reproducing the arms) fringed with gold and lined with ermine * Duc (duke): coronet of acanthus leaves *

(marquess): coronet of alternating acanthus leaves and groups of three pearls in trefoil (or two pearls side by side in some versions) *

Comte ''Comte'' is the French, Catalan and Occitan form of the word 'count' (Latin: ''comes''); ''comté'' is the Gallo-Romance form of the word 'county' (Latin: ''comitatus''). Comte or Comté may refer to: * A count in French, from Latin ''comes'' * A ...

(count): coronet of pearls * Vicomte (viscount): coronet of four large pearls (three visible) alternating with smaller pearls * Vidame (peculiar French title, for protectors of the temporal estates of a bishopric): coronet of four crosses (three visible) *

: helm of gold wreathed with a string of small pearls * Chevalier (knight): helm of gold * Ecuyer (squire): helm File:Royal Crown of France.svg, Roi File:Crown of the Dauphin of France.svg,

Dauphin of France Dauphin of France (, also ; french: Dauphin de France ), originally Dauphin of Viennois (''Dauphin de Viennois''), was the title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791, and from 1824 to 1830. The word ''dauphin'' ...

File:Crown of a Royal Prince of the Blood of France.svg,

et Petit-Fils de France File:Crown of a Prince of the Blood of France.svg, Prince du Sang File:Crown of a Duke of France.svg, Duc (Peer) File:Crown of a Duke of France (variant).svg, Duc File:Crown of a Marquis of France.svg,

(Peer) File:Crown of a Marquis of France (variant).svg,

File:Crown of a Count of France.svg,

(Peer) File:Crown of a Count of France (variant).svg,

File:Old Crown of a Count (France & Belgium).svg,

(older variant) File:Crown of a Viscount of France (variant).svg, Viscount File:Crown of a Vidame of France.svg, Vidame File:Crown of a Baron of France.svg,

File:Crown of a Chevalier of France.svg, Chevalier

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, and consequently its successor states (Austria, Germany and others), had a system very similar to that of the British, although the design varied. *''Herzogskrone'': the coronet of a '' Herzog'' (duke) displays five visible leaves, with a crimson bonnet on top, surmounted by five visible arches and a ''

globus cruciger The ''globus cruciger'' ( for, , Latin, cross-bearing orb), also known as "the orb and cross", is an orb surmounted by a cross. It has been a Christian symbol of authority since the Middle Ages, used on coins, in iconography, and with a sceptre ...

''. *''Fürstenkrone'': the coronet of a ''

Fürst ' (, female form ', plural '; from Old High German ', "the first", a translation of the Latin ') is a German word for a ruler and is also a princely title. ' were, since the Middle Ages, members of the highest nobility who ruled over states of ...

'' (prince) shows five visible leaves, with a crimson bonnet on top, surmounted by three visible arches and a ''globus cruciger''. *''Landgrafenkrone'': the coronet of a '' Landgraf'' (landgrave) shows five visible leaves, surmounted by three visible arches and a ''globus cruciger''. *''Grafenkrone'': the coronet of a '' Graf'' (count) displays nine visible tines with pearls. Some of the senior comital houses used coronets showing five leaves and four pearls (some mediatized counties and minor principalities had other types of coronets that distinguished them from regular counts). *''Freiherrnkrone'': the coronet of a '' Freiherr'' (baron) shows seven visible tines with pearls. *''Adelskrone'': the coronet of '' Adel'' members (untitled nobility) displays five visible tines with pearls. Sometimes, the central and outer tines are leaves and the other tines are headed by pearls. In the southern states of Bavaria and Württemberg, usually all tines are headed by pearls. File:T09 Herzog.svg, ''Herzogskrone'' File:T12 Fürst.svg, ''Fürstenkrone'' File:T10 Landgraf.svg, ''Landgrafenkrone'' File:Rangkronen-Fig. 18.svg, ''Grafenkrone'' File:Rangkronen-Fig. 27.svg, ''Freiherrnkrone'' File:Rangkronen-Fig. 37.svg, ''Adelskrone'' Considering the religious nature of the Holy Roman Empire, one can say that, except for the short-lived Napoleonic states, no continental secular system of heraldry historically was so neatly regulated as under the British crown. Still, there are often traditions (often connected to the Holy Roman Empire, ''e.g.'', those in Sweden, Denmark or Russia) that include the use of crown and coronets. While most languages do not have a specific term for coronets, but simply use the word meaning ''crown'', it is possible to determine which of those crowns are for peerage or lower-level use, and thus can by analogy be called coronets. Precisely because there are many traditions and more variation within some of these, there is a plethora of continental coronet types. Indeed, there are also some coronets for positions that do not exist or entitle one to a coronet in the

Commonwealth A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good. Historically, it has been synonymous with "republic". The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare, general good or advantage", dates from the ...

tradition. Such a case in French (''ancien'', ''i.e.'', royal era) heraldry, where coronets of rank did not come into use before the 16th century, is the vidame, whos
coronet (illustrated)
is a metal circle mounted with three visible crosses (there is no documentary or archeological evidence that such a coronet was ever made). Often, coronets are substituted by helmets, or only worn on a helmet.

Kingdom of Portugal coronet rankings

These coronets and crowns were used in Portuguese heraldry: File:Heraldic Royal Crown of Portugal - Eight Arches.svg, Royal Crown of Portugal File:Crown of the Heir Apparent of the Kingdom of Portugal.svg, Prince (Heir Apparent) File:Crown of the Prince of Beira.svg, Prince of Beira
(Heir Apparent's eldest son) File:Coronet of an Infante - Kingdom of Portugal.svg, Infante (Prince) File:Coronet of a Duke - Kingdom of Portugal.svg, Duke File:Coronet of a Marquess - Kingdom of Portugal.svg,

File:Coronet of Count - Portugal.svg, Count File:Coronet of a Viscount - Kingdom of Portugal.svg, Viscount File:Coronet of Baron - Portugal.svg,

File:Coronet of Knight - Portugal.svg, Knight / '' Fidalgo''

References

Sources and external links

The Coronets of Members of the Royal Family and of the PeerageHeraldica.org French heraldry
* ttps://web.archive.org/web/20110809182337/http://www.clanjohnstone.org/AnnandalePeerageCase.html Illustration of the coat of arms of the Earl of Annandale and Hartfell, showing the design of coronetbr>The Crowns, Coronets and Crests of the Ladies and Knights of the Garter
{{Authority control Crowns (headgear) Formal insignia Monarchy Regalia State ritual and ceremonies Types of jewellery Crowns in heraldry