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A canyon (from ; archaic British English spelling: ''cañon''), or gorge, is a deep cleft between escarpments or cliffs resulting from weathering and the erosive activity of a river over
The word ''canyon'' is Spanish in origin (, ), with the same meaning. The word canyon is generally used in
Most canyons were formed by a process of long-time erosion from a plateau or table-land level. The cliffs form because harder rock strata that are resistance (geology), resistant to erosion and weathering remain exposed on the valley walls.
Canyons are much more common in arid areas than in wet areas because physical weathering has a more localized effect in arid zones. The wind and water from the river combine to erode and cut away less resistant materials such as shales. The freezing and expansion of water also serve to help form canyons. Water seeps into cracks between the rocks and freezes, pushing the rocks apart and eventually causing large chunks to break off the canyon walls, in a process known as frost wedging. Canyon walls are often formed of resistant sandstones or granite.
Sometimes large rivers run through canyons as the result of gradual geological uplift. These are called entrenched rivers, because they are unable to easily alter their course. In the United States, the Colorado River (U.S.), Colorado River in the Southwestern United States, Southwest and the Snake River in the Northwestern United States, Northwest are two examples of tectonic uplift.
Canyons often form in areas of limestone rock. As limestone is soluble to a certain extent, cave systems form in the rock. When a cave system collapses, a canyon is left, as in the Mendip Hills in Somerset and Yorkshire Dales in Yorkshire, England.
*Itaimbezinho, Itaimbezinho Canyon, Rio Grande do Sul
*American Fork Canyon, Utah
*Antelope Canyon, Arizona
*Apple River Canyon State Park, Apple River Canyon, Illinois
*Ausable Chasm, New York (state), New York
*Big Cottonwood Canyon, Utah
*Black Canyon of the Gunnison, Colorado
*Blackwater Canyon, West Virginia
*Blue Creek Canyon, Colorado
*Bluejohn Canyon, Utah
*Box Canyon (Colorado), Box Canyon
*Breaks Interstate Park, Breaks Canyon, Kentucky and Virginia
*Butterfield Canyon (Utah), Butterfield Canyon, Utah
*Cane Creek Canyon Nature Preserve, Cane Creek, Alabama
*Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Canyon de Chelly, Arizona
*Canyonlands National Park, canyons of the Colorado River and its main tributary the Green River (Colorado River), Green River, Utah
*Cheat Canyon, West Virginia
*John Bryan State Park, Clifton Gorge, Ohio
*Clifty Falls State Park, Clifty Creek Falls, Indiana
*Cloudland Canyon State Park, Cloudland Canyon, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
*Columbia River Gorge, Oregon and Washington (state), Washington
*Conkle's Hollow State Nature Preserve, Conkle's Hollow, Ohio
*Cottonwood Canyon (Kane County, Utah), Cottonwood Canyon, Utah
*Crooked River Gorge, Oregon
*Death Hollow, Utah
*Desolation Canyon, Utah
*Dismals Canyon, Alabama
*Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area, Flaming Gorge, Wyoming and Utah
*Flume Gorge, New Hampshire
*Glen Canyon, Utah and Arizona
*Glenwood Canyon, Colorado
*Gore Canyon, Colorado
*Grand Canyon, Arizona
*Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, Wyoming
*Grandstaff Canyon, Utah
*Guffey Gorge (Colorado), Guffey Gorge, Colorado
*Gulf Hagas, Maine
*Hells Canyon, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington (state), Washington
*Horse Canyon (Garfield County, Utah), Horse Canyon, Utah
*Kern River Canyon, California
*Kings Canyon (Millard County, Utah), Kings Canyon, Utah
*Kings Canyon National Park, Kings Canyon, California
*Leslie Gulch, Oregon
*Linville Gorge Wilderness, Linville Gorge, North Carolina
*Little Cottonwood Canyon, Utah
*Little Grand Canyon, Illinois
*Little River Canyon National Preserve, Little River Canyon, Alabama
*Logan Canyon, Utah
*Mather Gorge, Maryland
*Marysvale Canyon, Utah
*McCormick's Creek State Park, McCormick's Creek Canyon, Indiana
*Millcreek Canyon (Salt Lake County, Utah), Millcreek Canyon, Utah
*New River Gorge National River, New River Gorge, West Virginia
*Ninemile Canyon (Utah), Ninemile Canyon, Utah
*Ogden Canyon, Utah
*Oneonta Gorge, Oregon
*Palo Duro Canyon, Texas
*Parleys Canyon, Utah
*Pine Creek Gorge, Pennsylvania
*Poudre Canyon, Colorado
*Providence Canyon State Park, Providence Canyon, Georgia
*Quechee Gorge, Vermont
*Red River Gorge, Kentucky
*Rio Grande Gorge, New Mexico
*Royal Gorge, Colorado
*Ruby Canyon, Utah
*Snake River, Snake River Canyon, Idaho
*Snow Canyon State Park, Snow Canyon, Utah
*Stillwater Canyon, Utah
*Tallulah Gorge, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
*Tennessee River Gorge, Alabama and Tennessee
*The Trough, West Virginia
*Unaweep Canyon, Colorado
*Uncompahgre Gorge, Colorado
*Waimea Canyon State Park, Waimea Canyon, Hawaii
*The Walls of Jericho (canyon), Walls of Jericho, Alabama
*Weber Canyon, Utah
*Westwater Canyon, Utah
*Wolverine Canyon, Utah
*White Canyon (San Juan County, Utah), White Canyon, Utah
*Zion Canyon, Utah
A canyon (from ; archaic British English spelling: ''cañon''), or gorge, is a deep cleft between escarpments or cliffs resulting from weathering and the erosive activity of a river over geologic time scale
The geologic time scale, or geological time scale, (GTS) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth. It is a system of chronological dating that uses chronostratigraphy (the process of relating strata to time) and geochrono ...
s. Rivers have a natural tendency to cut through underlying surfaces, eventually wearing away rock layers as sediments are removed downstream. A river bed will gradually reach a baseline elevation, which is the same elevation as the body of water into which the river drains. The processes of weathering and erosion will form canyons when the river's headwaters and estuary are at significantly different elevations, particularly through regions where softer rock layers are intermingled with harder layers more resistant to weathering.
A canyon may also refer to a rift between two mountain peaks, such as those in ranges including the Rocky Mountains, the Alps, the Himalayas or the Andes. Usually, a river or stream carves out such splits between mountains. Examples of mountain-type canyons are Provo Canyon in Utah or Yosemite Valley in California's Sierra Nevada
The Sierra Nevada () is a mountain range in the Western United States, between the Central Valley of California and the Great Basin. The vast majority of the range lies in the state of California, although the Carson Range spur lies primarily ...
. Canyons within mountains, or gorges that have an opening on only one side, are called box canyons. Slot canyons are very narrow canyons that often have smooth walls.
Steep-sided valleys in the seabed of the continental slope are referred to as submarine canyons. Unlike canyons on land, submarine canyons are thought to be formed by turbidity currents and landslides.
Etymology
The word ''canyon'' is Spanish in origin (, ), with the same meaning. The word canyon is generally used in North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...
, while the words ''gorge'' and ''ravine'' (French in origin) are used in Europe and Oceania, though ''gorge'' and ''ravine'' are also used in some parts of North America. In the United States, place names generally use ''canyon'' in the southwest (due to their proximity to Mexican Spanish, Spanish-speaking Mexico) and ''gorge'' in the northeast (which is closer to French Canada), with the rest of the country graduating between these two according to geography. In Canada, a ''gorge'' is usually narrow while a ''ravine'' is more open and often wooded. The military-derived word ''defile (geography), defile'' is occasionally used in the United Kingdom.
Formation
Most canyons were formed by a process of long-time erosion from a plateau or table-land level. The cliffs form because harder rock strata that are resistance (geology), resistant to erosion and weathering remain exposed on the valley walls.
Canyons are much more common in arid areas than in wet areas because physical weathering has a more localized effect in arid zones. The wind and water from the river combine to erode and cut away less resistant materials such as shales. The freezing and expansion of water also serve to help form canyons. Water seeps into cracks between the rocks and freezes, pushing the rocks apart and eventually causing large chunks to break off the canyon walls, in a process known as frost wedging. Canyon walls are often formed of resistant sandstones or granite.
Sometimes large rivers run through canyons as the result of gradual geological uplift. These are called entrenched rivers, because they are unable to easily alter their course. In the United States, the Colorado River (U.S.), Colorado River in the Southwestern United States, Southwest and the Snake River in the Northwestern United States, Northwest are two examples of tectonic uplift.
Canyons often form in areas of limestone rock. As limestone is soluble to a certain extent, cave systems form in the rock. When a cave system collapses, a canyon is left, as in the Mendip Hills in Somerset and Yorkshire Dales in Yorkshire, England.
Box canyon
A box canyon is a small canyon that is generally shorter and narrower than a river canyon, with steep walls on three sides, allowing access and egress only through the mouth of the canyon. Box canyons were frequently used in the western United States as convenient corrals, with their entrances fenced.Largest canyons
The definition of "largest canyon" is imprecise, because a canyon can be large by its depth, its length, or the total area of the canyon system. Also, the inaccessibility of the major canyons in the Himalaya contributes to them not being regarded as candidates for the biggest canyon. The definition of "deepest canyon" is similarly imprecise, especially if one includes mountain canyons, as well as canyons cut through relatively flat plateaus (which have a somewhat well-defined rim elevation). The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon (or Tsangpo Canyon), along the Yarlung Tsangpo, Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet Autonomous Region, Tibet, is regarded by some as the deepest canyon in the world at . It is slightly longer than the Grand Canyon in the United States. Others consider the Kali Gandaki Gorge in midwest Nepal to be the deepest canyon, with a difference between the level of the river and the peaks surrounding it. Vying for the deepest canyon in the Americas is the Cotahuasi Canyon and Colca Canyon, in southern Peru. Both have been measured at over deep. The Grand Canyon of northern Arizona in the United States, with an average depth of and a volume of , is one of the world's largest canyons. It was among the 28 finalists of the New7Wonders of Nature worldwide poll. (Some referred to it as one of the Wonders of the World#Seven Natural Wonders of the World, seven natural wonders of the world.) The largest canyon in Africa is the Fish River Canyon in Namibia. In August 2013, the discovery of Greenland's Grand Canyon (Greenland), Grand Canyon was reported, based on the analysis of data from Operation IceBridge. It is located under an ice sheet. At long, it is believed to be the longest canyon in the world. The Capertee Valley in Australia is commonly reported as being the second-widest canyon in the world.Cultural significance
Some canyons have notable cultural significance. Evidence of early hominids has been discovered in Africa's Olduvai Gorge. In the southwestern United States, canyons are important archeology, archeologically because of the many cliff-dwellings built in such areas, largely by the ancient Pueblo people who were their first inhabitants.Notable examples
The following list contains only the most notable canyons of the world, arranged by continent and then country.Africa
Namibia
*Fish River CanyonSouth Africa
*Blyde River Canyon, Mpumalanga *Oribi Gorge, KwaZulu-NatalTanzania
*Olduvai GorgeAmericas
Argentina
*Atuel River, Atuel Canyon, Mendoza ProvinceBrazil
*Itaimbezinho, Itaimbezinho Canyon, Rio Grande do Sul
Canada
*Grand Canyon of the Stikine, British Columbia *Horseshoe Canyon (Alberta), Horseshoe Canyon, Alberta *Niagara Gorge, Ontario *Ouimet Canyon, OntarioColombia
*Chicamocha Canyon, Santander DepartmentMexico
*Barranca de Oblatos, Jalisco *Copper Canyon, Chihuahua (state), Chihuahua *Sumidero Canyon, ChiapasPeru
*Cañón del Pato, Department of Ancash, Ancash Region *Colca Canyon, Arequipa Region *Cotahuasi Canyon, Arequipa RegionUnited States
*American Fork Canyon, Utah
*Antelope Canyon, Arizona
*Apple River Canyon State Park, Apple River Canyon, Illinois
*Ausable Chasm, New York (state), New York
*Big Cottonwood Canyon, Utah
*Black Canyon of the Gunnison, Colorado
*Blackwater Canyon, West Virginia
*Blue Creek Canyon, Colorado
*Bluejohn Canyon, Utah
*Box Canyon (Colorado), Box Canyon
*Breaks Interstate Park, Breaks Canyon, Kentucky and Virginia
*Butterfield Canyon (Utah), Butterfield Canyon, Utah
*Cane Creek Canyon Nature Preserve, Cane Creek, Alabama
*Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Canyon de Chelly, Arizona
*Canyonlands National Park, canyons of the Colorado River and its main tributary the Green River (Colorado River), Green River, Utah
*Cheat Canyon, West Virginia
*John Bryan State Park, Clifton Gorge, Ohio
*Clifty Falls State Park, Clifty Creek Falls, Indiana
*Cloudland Canyon State Park, Cloudland Canyon, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
*Columbia River Gorge, Oregon and Washington (state), Washington
*Conkle's Hollow State Nature Preserve, Conkle's Hollow, Ohio
*Cottonwood Canyon (Kane County, Utah), Cottonwood Canyon, Utah
*Crooked River Gorge, Oregon
*Death Hollow, Utah
*Desolation Canyon, Utah
*Dismals Canyon, Alabama
*Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area, Flaming Gorge, Wyoming and Utah
*Flume Gorge, New Hampshire
*Glen Canyon, Utah and Arizona
*Glenwood Canyon, Colorado
*Gore Canyon, Colorado
*Grand Canyon, Arizona
*Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, Wyoming
*Grandstaff Canyon, Utah
*Guffey Gorge (Colorado), Guffey Gorge, Colorado
*Gulf Hagas, Maine
*Hells Canyon, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington (state), Washington
*Horse Canyon (Garfield County, Utah), Horse Canyon, Utah
*Kern River Canyon, California
*Kings Canyon (Millard County, Utah), Kings Canyon, Utah
*Kings Canyon National Park, Kings Canyon, California
*Leslie Gulch, Oregon
*Linville Gorge Wilderness, Linville Gorge, North Carolina
*Little Cottonwood Canyon, Utah
*Little Grand Canyon, Illinois
*Little River Canyon National Preserve, Little River Canyon, Alabama
*Logan Canyon, Utah
*Mather Gorge, Maryland
*Marysvale Canyon, Utah
*McCormick's Creek State Park, McCormick's Creek Canyon, Indiana
*Millcreek Canyon (Salt Lake County, Utah), Millcreek Canyon, Utah
*New River Gorge National River, New River Gorge, West Virginia
*Ninemile Canyon (Utah), Ninemile Canyon, Utah
*Ogden Canyon, Utah
*Oneonta Gorge, Oregon
*Palo Duro Canyon, Texas
*Parleys Canyon, Utah
*Pine Creek Gorge, Pennsylvania
*Poudre Canyon, Colorado
*Providence Canyon State Park, Providence Canyon, Georgia
*Quechee Gorge, Vermont
*Red River Gorge, Kentucky
*Rio Grande Gorge, New Mexico
*Royal Gorge, Colorado
*Ruby Canyon, Utah
*Snake River, Snake River Canyon, Idaho
*Snow Canyon State Park, Snow Canyon, Utah
*Stillwater Canyon, Utah
*Tallulah Gorge, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
*Tennessee River Gorge, Alabama and Tennessee
*The Trough, West Virginia
*Unaweep Canyon, Colorado
*Uncompahgre Gorge, Colorado
*Waimea Canyon State Park, Waimea Canyon, Hawaii
*The Walls of Jericho (canyon), Walls of Jericho, Alabama
*Weber Canyon, Utah
*Westwater Canyon, Utah
*Wolverine Canyon, Utah
*White Canyon (San Juan County, Utah), White Canyon, Utah
*Zion Canyon, Utah
Asia
China
*Three Gorges, Chongqing *Tiger Leaping Gorge, Yunnan *Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, Tibet Autonomous RegionIndia
*Gandikota, Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh *Raneh Falls, Chatarpur district, Madhya Pradesh *Garadia Mahadev, Kota district, Rajasthan *Idukki, Western Ghats, KeralaIndonesia
* Brown Canyon, Semarang, Central Java * Cukang Taneuh, Pangandaran, West JavaPakistan
* Indus River Gorge through the HimalayaTaiwan
*Taroko Gorge, Hualien CountyOthers
*Afghanistan – Tang-e Gharu *Japan – Tenryū-kyō in Nagano Prefecture *Kazakhstan – Charyn Canyon *Nepal – Kali Gandaki Gorge *Russia - Delyun-Uran (Vitim River) *Turkey – Ihlara Valley in Aksaray Province
Europe
United Kingdom
*Avon Gorge, Bristol *Burrington Combe, Somerset *Cheddar Gorge, Somerset *Corrieshalloch Gorge, Ullapool *Ebbor Gorge, Somerset *Gordale Scar, North Yorkshire *Winnats Pass, DerbyshireFrance
*Ardèche Gorges, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes *Gorges de Daluis, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur *Gorges du Tarn, Occitania (administrative region), Occitanie *Grands Goulets, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes *Verdon Gorge, Alpes-de-Haute-ProvenceSpain
*Tagus River Gorge, Guadalajara Province *Gallo River Gorge, Guadalajara Province *Guadalope River Gorge, Teruel Province *Lobos River Gorge, Soria ProvinceRussia
*Sulak Canyon, DagestanUkraine
*Aktove canyon *Buky Canyon *Dniester CanyonOthers
*Albania – Osum Canyon *Bosnia and Herzegovina – Rakitnica, Drina, Neretva, Vrbas (river), Vrbas *Bulgaria – Trigrad Gorge, Kresna Gorge, Iskar Gorge *Finland – Korouoma Canyon *Germany – Partnach Gorge *Greece – Vikos Gorge, Samaria Gorge *Greenland – Greenland's Grand Canyon *Iceland – Fjaðrárgljúfur, Fjaðrárgljúfur Canyon *Kosovo – Rugova Canyon, White Drin Canyon, Kacanik Gorge *North Macedonia – Matka Canyon *Montenegro/Bosnia and Herzegovina – Tara River Canyon *Montenegro – Morača, Piva (river), Piva *Norway – Sautso, Sautso Canyon *Poland/Slovakia – Dunajec River Gorge *Serbia/Romania - Iron Gates *Slovenia – Vintgar Gorge *Switzerland – Aare Gorge
Oceania
Australia
*Joffre Gorge, Karijini National Park, Western Australia *Katherine Gorge, Northern Territory *Kings Canyon (Northern Territory), Kings Canyon, Northern Territory *Murchison River Gorge, Western Australia *Jamison Valley, New South Wales *Capertee Valley, New South Wales – the world's second-widest canyon *Shoalhaven River, Shoalhaven Gorge, New South Wales *Werribee Gorge, Victoria (Australia), Victoria *The Slot canyon, Slot Canyons of the Blue Mountains (New South Wales), Blue Mountains, New South WalesNew Zealand
*Manawatu Gorge, North Island *Skippers Canyon, South IslandCanyons on other planetary bodies
*Ithaca Chasma on Saturn's moon Tethys (moon), Tethys *Valles Marineris on Mars, the largest-known canyon in the Solar System *Vid Flumina on Saturn's largest moon Titan (moon), Titan is the only known liquid-floored canyon in the Solar System besides Earth *Messina Chasmata on Uranus' moon Titania (moon), Titania Venus has many craters and canyons on its surface. The troughs on the planet are part of a system of canyons that is more than 6,400 km long.See also
* * * * * * * *References
External links
{{Authority control Canyons and gorges, Slope landforms