Cerveteri () is a town and '' comune'' of northern Lazio in the region of the

Metropolitan City of Rome Metropolitan City of Rome Capital ( it, Città metropolitana di Roma Capitale) is an area of local government at the level of metropolitan city in the Lazio region of the Republic of Italy. It comprises the territory of the city of Rome and 120 o ...

. Known by the ancient Romans as Caere, and previously by the Etruscans as Caisra or Cisra, and as Agylla (or ) by the Greeks, its modern name derives from Caere Vetus used in the 13th century to distinguish it from Caere Novum (the current town). It is the site of the ancient Etruscan city which was one of the most important Etruscan cities with an area more than 15 times larger than today's town. Caere was one of the city-states of the

Etruscan League The Etruscan civilization () was developed by a people of Etruria in ancient Italy with a common language and culture who formed a federation of city-states. After conquering adjacent lands, its territory covered, at its greatest extent, roug ...

and at its height, around 600 BC, its population was perhaps around 25,000 – 40,000 people.

Site

The ancient city was situated about 7 km from the sea, a location which made it a wealthy trading town derived originally from the iron-ore mines in the Tolfa Hills.Karl-Wilhelm Weber: Geschichte der Etrusker, Berlin, Köln, Mainz 1979, , S. 38 It had three sea ports including Pyrgi, connected to Caere by a road about 13 km long and 10 m wide, and Punicum. Pyrgi was also known for its sanctuary of monumental temples from 510 BC, built by the king of Caere and dedicated to the goddesses Leucothea and

Ilithyia Eileithyia or Ilithyiae or Ilithyia (; grc-gre, Εἰλείθυια; (''Eleuthyia'') in Crete, also (''Eleuthia'') or (''Elysia'') in Laconia and Messene, and (''Eleuthō'') in literature)Nilsson Vol I, p. 313 was the Greek goddess of chi ...

, of which several sculptures are exhibited at the Villa Giulia.

History

Monuments

Acroterio fittile da un tempio di cerveteri, 525-500 ca

Little is known of the ancient city, although six temples are known from various sources. Two of them have been excavated, one of Hera, the other in the north of the city. Parts of the city walls are still visible today and excavations opened up a theatre. Three necropolis were found. The contents of the tombs were excavated, often chaotically and illegally; over the last few centuries, they have yielded rich and exquisite objects, including ceramics and jewellery which today grace many of the world's museums. One famous and important work of art is the

Sarcophagus of the Spouses The ''Sarcophagus of the Spouses'' (Italian: ''Sarcofago degli Sposi'') is considered one of the great masterpieces of Etruscan art. The Etruscans lived in Italy between two main rivers, the Arno and the Tiber, and were in contact with the An ...

Necropolis of the Banditaccia

The most famous attraction of Cerveteri is the Necropoli della Banditaccia, which has been declared by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site together with the necropolis in Tarquinia. It covers an area of , of which can be visited, encompassing a total of about 1,000 tombs often housed in characteristic mounds. It is the largest ancient necropolis in the Mediterranean area. The name Banditaccia comes from the leasing (''bando'') of areas of land to the Cerveteri population by the local landowners. The tombs date from the 9th century BC ( Villanovan culture) to the later Etruscan period (third century BC). The earliest tombs are in the shape of a pit, in which the ashes of the dead were housed; also, simple potholes are present. The most important tombs include: *Tomb Regolini-Galassi with rich gold finds from the mid-7th century BC *Tomb of the capitals (Tomba dei Capitelli), middle 6th century BC *Tomb of the shields and chairs (Tomba degli Scudi e delle Sedie), middle 6th century BC *Tomb of the Painted Lions (Tomba dei Leoni dipinti), 620 BC *

Tomb of the Reliefs The Tomb of the Reliefs ( it, Tomba dei Rilievi) is an Etruscan tomb in the Banditaccia necropolis near Cerveteri, Italy. It was discovered in 1847 and has been dated to the end of the 4th century BC. It is a unique example of an Etruscan tomb ...

(Tomba dei Rilievi), 4th – 2nd century BC *Tomb of the Sea Waves (Tomba delle Onde Marine), 4th–3rd century BC *Tomb of the Alcove (Tomba dell'Alcova), 4th – 3rd century BC *Tomba della capanna *Tomba dei Vasi Greci *Tomba dei Doli *Tomba calabresi From the later Etruscan period are two types of tombs: tumulus-type tombs and the so-called "dice", the latter being simple square tombs built in long rows along roads within the necropolis. The visitable area contains two such roads, the Via dei Monti Ceriti and the Via dei Monti della Tolfa (6th century BC). The tumuli are circular structures built in tuff, and the interiors, carved from the living rock, house a reconstruction of the house of the dead, including a corridor (''dromos''), a central hall, and several rooms. Modern knowledge of Etruscan daily life is largely dependent on the numerous decorative details and finds from such tombs. One of the most famous tombs is the

, identified from an inscription as belonging to the Matuna family and provided with an exceptional series of frescoes, bas-reliefs and sculptures portraying a large series of contemporary life tools. The most recent tombs date from the 3rd century BC. Some of them are marked by external cippi, which are cylindrical for men, and in the shape of a small house for women. A large number of finds excavated at Cerveteri are in the

National Etruscan Museum The National Etruscan Museum ( it, Museo Nazionale Etrusco) is a museum of the Etruscan civilization, housed in the Villa Giulia in Rome, Italy. History The villa was built for Pope Julius III, for whom it was named. It remained in papal propert ...

, Rome, with others in the Vatican Museums and many other museums around the world. Others, mainly pottery, are in the Archaeological Museum at Cerveteri itself.

Other monuments

*The ''Rocca'' (castle) * Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, including a medieval section reachable from the 1950s addition through a triumphal arch. *''Palazzo Ruspoli'', rebuilt as baronial palace by the Orsini in 1533. The portico and the loggia on the façade are from the 17th century. It is connected to Santa Maria Maggiore through a ''passetto'' (enclosed bridge), built in 1760. *The small church of ''Sant'Antonio Abate'', with a 1472 fresco by

Lorenzo da Viterbo Lorenzo da Viterbo was, together with Antoniazzo Romano, the greatest native painter of the early Renaissance (second half of the fifteenth century) in the region of Rome. He was probably educated in Rome under Piero della Francesca (frescoes ...

. *The medieval burgh of

Ceri Ceri () is a hamlet (''frazione'') of the ''comune'' of Cerveteri, in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Lazio (central Italy). It occupies a fortified plateau of tuff at a short distance from the city of Cerveteri. History Inhabited before the 7t ...

*Castle of Cerenova

Cerveteri DOC

Around the city of Cerveteri is an Italian DOC wine region that produces red and white blended wines. The red wines are blends of 60% Sangiovese and Montepulciano, 25%

Cesanese Cesanese Comune (more commonly known as just Cesanese) is a red Italian wine grape variety that is grown primarily in the Lazio region. The grape has three ''Denominazione di origine controllata'' (DOC) regions dedicated to it-Cesanese di Affil ...

and up to 30% of Canaiolo,

Carignan Carignan (also known as Mazuelo, Bovale Grande, Cariñena, Carinyena, Samsó, Carignane, and Carignano) is a red grape variety of Spanish origin that is more commonly found in French wine but is widely planted throughout the western Mediterra ...

and Barbera. The grapes are limited to a

harvest Harvesting is the process of gathering a ripe crop from the fields. Reaping is the cutting of grain or pulse for harvest, typically using a scythe, sickle, or reaper. On smaller farms with minimal mechanization, harvesting is the most labor-i ...

yield of 15 tonnes/ha and the final wine must have a minimum alcohol level of 11%. The white wines are composed of a minimum blend of 50%

Trebbiano Romagnolo Trebbiano is an Italian wine grape, one of the most widely planted grape varieties in the world. It gives good yields, but tends to yield undistinguished wine. It can be fresh and fruity, but does not keep long. Also known as ugni blanc, it h ...

and Giallo, a maximum of 35% Malvasia di Candia and a maximum of 15% Friulano,

Verdicchio Verdicchio (, also , ) is a white Italian wine grape variety grown primarily in the Marche region of central Italy.J. Robinson ''Jancis Robinson's Guide to Wine Grapes'' pg 195 Oxford University Press 1996 The name ''Verdicchio'' derives from ' ...

Bellone Bellone is a white Italian wine grape variety that wine historians believed was cultivated in Roman times. By 1990, nearly of the variety was still being cultivated and eligible to be blended in the wines of several Latium ''Denominazione di ori ...

and Bombino bianco. The grapes are limited to a harvest yield of 14 tonnes/ha and the final wine must have a minimum alcohol level of 12%.P. Saunders, ''Wine Label Language'', pg 137 Firefly Books 2004

Ancient bishopric

For the ancient bishopric that originally had its seat in Cerveteri and is now a titular see, see Caere.

In popular culture

The Necropolis of the Banditaccia was featured in the 1976 film The Omen as the burial site for the jackal birth mother of the antichrist.

Twin cities

Fürstenfeldbruck Fürstenfeldbruck () is a town in Bavaria, Germany, located 32 kilometres west of Munich. It is the capital of the district of Fürstenfeldbruck. it has a population of 35,494. Since the 1930s, Fürstenfeldbruck has had an air force base. Th ...

, Germany * Livry-Gargan, France * Almuñécar, Spain * Lankaran, Azerbaijan

References

External links

* {{Coord, 42, 00, N, 12, 06, E, display=title Cities and towns in Lazio World Heritage Sites in Italy Etruscan tombs Etruscan cities Villanovan culture