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A bosque ( ) is a type of gallery forest habitat found along the riparian flood plains of stream and river banks in the southwestern United States. It derives its name from the Spanish language, Spanish word for 'wikt:bosque, woodlands'.

Setting

In the predominantly arid or semi-arid southwestern United States, a bosque is an oasis-like ribbon of green vegetation, often Canopy (forest), canopied, that only exists near rivers, streams, or other water courses. The most notable bosque is the -long ecosystem along Rio Grande Valley (New Mexico), the valley of the middle Rio Grande in New Mexico that extends from Santa Fe, New Mexico, Santa Fe south to El Paso, Texas. One of the most famous and ecologically intact sections of the bosque is included in the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge.

Flora and fauna

Common trees in the bosque habitat include mesquite, Populus sect. Aigeiros, cottonwood, Chilopsis, desert willow, and Forestiera pubescens, desert olive. Because there is often only a single canopy layer and because the tree species found in the bosque are generally deciduous, a wide variety of shrubs, grasses, and other understory vegetation is also supported. Celtis, Desert hackberry, blue palo verde, Condalia, graythorn (''Condalia lycioides''), Sambucus, Mexican elder (''Sambucus mexicana''), virgin's bower, and Aralia racemosa, Indian root all flourish in the bosque. The habitat also supports a large variety of lichens. For a semi-arid region, there is extraordinary biodiversity at the interface of the bosque and surrounding desert ecosystems. Certain subsets of vegetative association are defined within the A.W. Kuchler, Kuchler scheme, including the ''Mesquite Bosque''.

The bosque is an important stopover for a variety of migratory birds, such as ducks, geese, egrets, herons, and Sandhill crane, Sandhill Cranes. Year-round avian residents include Red-tailed hawks, Cooper's hawks, American kestrels, hummingbirds, owls, woodpeckers, and the southwestern willow flycatcher. Aquatic fauna of the bosque include the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow. Mammalian residents include desert cottontail, white-footed mouse, North American porcupine, American beaver, long-tailed weasel, common raccoon, coyote, mountain lions, and bobcats.

Restoration

Ongoing efforts to undo damage to the bosque ecosystem caused by human development, fires, and invasive species in the 20th century. Where possible, levees and other flood control devices along the Rio Grande are being removed, to allow the river to undergo its natural cycle. Since 1996, Bosque Ecosystem Monitoring Program (BEMP) of the University of New Mexico has worked on Restoration ecology, habitat restoration and ecological monitoring within the bosque, as well as raising awareness of the ecological importance of this habitat through educational outreach initiatives.

See also

*:Flora of New Mexico, Flora of New Mexico
*Riparian forest
*Tugay, an analogous forest type in the deserts and steppes of Central Asia

References

External links

Save our Bosque Report (.pdf) Fire commander: Bosque’s urban area presents challenge

{{coord missing, New Mexico

Flora of New Mexico,
Flora of the Rio Grande valleys,
Forests of the United States
Habitats
Natural history of New Mexico
Riparian zone