Ariana was a general
geographical term used by some
Greek and
Roman authors of the
ancient period
Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history to as far as late antiquity. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with the Sumerian cuneiform script. Ancient history cov ...
for a district of wide extent between Central Asia
and the Indus River,
comprising the eastern provinces of the Achaemenid Empire that covered the whole of modern-day Afghanistan, as well as the easternmost part of Iran and up to the Indus River in Pakistan.
[The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2008] ''Ariana'' is the Latinization (literature), Latinized form of the Ancient Greek (inhabitants: '; ), originating from the Old Persian word (Ariana) meaning 'the Land of the Aryans', similar to the use of ''Āryāvarta''.
At various times, various parts of the region were governed by the Persian people, Persians (the Achaemenid Empire, Achaemenids from 550 to 330 BC, the Sasanian Empire, Sasanians from 275 to 650 AD and the Indo-Sassanids, Kushano-Sasanians from 345 to 450 AD), the Ancient Macedonians, Macedonians, the Seleucid Empire, Seleucids from 330 to 305 BC, the Maurya Empire from 305 BC to 184 BC, then the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Greco-Bactrians from and the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greeks from 155 to 90 BC), the Indo-Scythians from 90 BC to 20 AD, the Parthian Empire, Parthians from 160 BC to 225 AD including the Indo-Parthian Kingdom, Indo-Parthians from 20 to 225 AD and the Kushan Empire, Kushans from 110 BC to 225 AD, the Xionites (the Kidarites from 360 to 465 AD and the Hephthalite Empire, Hephthalites from 450 to 565 AD) and various other Huna people, Huna peoples.
Etymology
The Greek language, Greek term (Latin: ''Wikt:Ariana, Ariana''), a term found in Iranian Avestan (especially in ''Airyanem Vaejah'', the name of the Iranian peoples' mother country).
The modern name ''Iran'' represents a different form of the ancient name ''Ariana'', which was derived from and implies that Iran is the Ariana itself, a word that is found in Old Persian, a view supported by the traditions of the country preserved in the Muslim writers in the 9th and the 10th centuries. The Greeks also referred to Haroyum/Haraiva (Herat) as ':Aria'', which is one of the many provinces found in Ariana.
The names ''Ariana'' and ''Aria'' and many other ancient titles, of which ''Aria'' is a component element, are connected with the Avestan term , and the Old Persian term , a self-designation of the peoples of History of Iran, Ancient Iran and History of India, Ancient India, meaning 'noble', 'excellent' and 'honourable'.
Extent
The exact limits of Ariana are laid down with little accuracy in classical sources. It seems to have been often confused (as in Pliny the Elder, Pliny, ''Naturalis Historia'', book vi
chapter 23 with the small province of Aria (satrapy), Aria.
As a geographical term, Ariana was introduced by the Greeks, Greek geographer, Eratosthenes (c. 276 BC – c. 195 BC) and was fully described by the Greek geographer Strabo (64/63 BC – ca. AD 24).
Per Eratosthenes' definition, the borders of Ariana were defined by the Indus River in the east, the sea in the south, a line from Carmania (satrapy), Carmania to the Caspian Gates (apparently referring to the pass near the southeastern edge of the Caspian Sea) in the west, and the so-called Taurus Mountains in the north. This large region included almost all of the countries east of Medes, Media and ancient Persia, including south of the great mountain ranges up to the deserts of Gedrosia and Carmania, i.e. the provinces of Carmania, Gedrosia, Drangiana, Arachosia, Aria (satrapy), Aria, the Paropamisadae; also Bactria was reckoned to Ariana and was called "the ornament of Ariana as a whole" by Apollodorus of Artemita.
Strabo mentions that the Indus river flows between Ariana and India. He states that Ariana is bounded on the east by the Indus River, on the south by the great sea and that its parts on the west are marked by the same boundaries by which Parthia is separated from Media and Carmania from Paraetacenê and Persis. After having described the boundaries of Ariana, Strabo writes that the name Αρειανή could also be extended to part of the Persian people, Persians and the Medes and also to the northwards Bactrians and the Sogdians. A detailed description of that region is to be found in Strabo's ''Geographica''
Book XV – "Persia, Ariana, the Indian subcontinent", chapter 2, sections 1–9 Dionysius Periegetes (1097) agrees with Strabo in extending the northern boundary of the Ariani to the Selseleh-ye Safīd Kūh, Paropamisus, and (714) speaks of them as inhabiting the shores of the Erythraean Sea. It is probable, from Strabo
xv. p.724, that the term was extended to include the east Persians, Bactrians, and Sogdians, with the people of Ariana below the mountains, because they were for the most part of one speech.
By Herodotus Ariana is not mentioned, nor is it included in the geographical description of Stephanus of Byzantium and Ptolemy, or in the narrative of Arrian.
Inhabitants of Ariana
The peoples by whom Ariana was inhabited, as enumerated by Strabo were:
* Arachoti;
* Aria (satrapy), Arii;
* Bactrians;
* Drangae;
* Gedrosii;
* Paropamisadae;
* Parthian Empire, Parthians;
* Persian people, Persians
* Sogdians.
Pliny the elder, Pliny
vi. 25 specifies the following ethnicities:
* Angutturi;
* Aria (satrapy), Arii;
* the inhabitants of Daritis;
* Dorisci;
* Drangae;
* Evergetae;
* Gedrosii, Gedrussi;
* Ichthyophagi;
* Methorici;
* Pasires;
* Urbi;
* Drangae, Zarangae.
Rüdiger Schmitt, the Germans, German scholar of Iranian Studies, also believes that Ariana should have included other Iranian peoples. He writes in the ''Encyclopædia Iranica'':
See also
* Arianis
* Āryāvarta
* Avestan geography
* Greater Khorasan
* History of Afghanistan
References
{{Reflist, 30em
Further reading
* Horace Hayman Wilson, Charles Masson, ''Ariana Antiqua: a Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan'', 1841
* Henry Walter Bellew, ''An inquiry into the ethnography of Afghanistan'', 1891
* Tomaschek in Pauly-Wissowa, II/1, cols. 619f., and 813f.
* G. Gnoli, Postilla ad Ariyō šayana, RSO 41, 1966, pp. 329–34.
* P. Calmeyer, AMI 15, 1982, pp. 135ff.
External links
*The Online Etymology Dictionary
Aryana'Ărĭāna', Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Perseus Digital Library.'Ariana', Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography, William Smith, 1870Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Chap. 23. (20.)—The Indus, Perseus Digital Library.Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Chap. 25.—The Ariani and the adjoining nations, Perseus Digital Library.Ariana antiqua: a descriptive account of the antiquities and coins of Afghanistan By Horace Hayman Wilson, Charles Masson
Eratosthenes, Duane W. Roller, Strabo, 2010, 'Eratosthenes' Geography'
Historiography of Afghanistan
Historical regions of Iran
History of Zoroastrianism
History of Iranian peoples
Nomadic groups in Eurasia
Ancient Greek geography
Geographic history of Afghanistan
Historical regions
