Тернопіль - Парк імені Тараса Шевченка - Велосипедис
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Ternópil ( uk, Тернопіль, Ternopil' ; pl, Tarnopol; yi, טאַרנאָפּל, Tarnopl, or ; he, טארנופול (טַרְנוֹפּוֹל), Tarnopol; german: Tarnopol) is a
city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
in the west of Ukraine. Administratively, Ternopil serves as the administrative centre of Ternopil Oblast and has the status of city of oblast significance. Located on the banks of the Seret. Until 1944, it was known mostly as Tarnopol. Ternopil is one of the major cities of Western Ukraine and the historical regions of
Galicia Galicia may refer to: Geographic regions * Galicia (Spain), a region and autonomous community of northwestern Spain ** Gallaecia, a Roman province ** The post-Roman Kingdom of the Suebi, also called the Kingdom of Gallaecia ** The medieval King ...
and Podolia. It is served by Ternopil Airport. The population of Ternópil was estimated at .


Administrative status

The city is the administrative center of Ternopil Oblast ( region), as well as of surrounding Ternopil Raion ( district) within the oblast. It hosts the administration of Ternopil urban hromada, one of the
hromada A hromada ( uk, територіальна громада, lit=territorial community, translit=terytorialna hromada) is a basic unit of administrative division in Ukraine, similar to a municipality. It was established by the Government of Ukra ...
s of Ukraine.


Demography

According to Ukrainian Census (2001), Ternopil city and Ternopil oblast are homogeneously populated by ethnic Ukrainians. Ternopil city and Ternopil oblast are also homogeneously Ukrainian-speaking. National structure of Ternopil Oblast - 1,138.5 (100%) * Ukrainians - 1,113.5 (97.8%) * Russians - 14.2 (1.2%) * Poles - 3.8 (0.3%) Native languages in Ternopil: * Ukrainian language — 94,8 %, *
Russian language Russian (russian: русский язык, russkij jazyk, link=no, ) is an East Slavic languages, East Slavic language mainly spoken in Russia. It is the First language, native language of the Russians, and belongs to the Indo-European langua ...
— 3,37 %, * Belarusian language — 0,07 %, * Polish language — 0,04 %,


History

The city was founded in 1540 by Polish commander and Hetman
Jan Amor Tarnowski Jan Amor Tarnowski (Latin: Joannes Tarnovius; 1488 – 16 May 1561) was a Polish nobleman, knight, military commander, military theoretician, and statesman of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. He was Grand Crown Hetman from 1527, and was t ...
,Snitovsky, O.
Five centuries of Ternopil. The city of Hetman Jan and mason Leontiy
'. Ukrinform. 28 August 2015
as a military stronghold and castle. On 15 April 1540, the
King of Poland Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes and princes (10th to 14th centuries) or by kings (11th to 18th centuries). During the latter period, a tradition of free election of monarchs made it a uniquely electable position in Europe (16t ...
Sigismund I in Cracow handed Tarnowski a permission for the establishment of Tarnopol settlement, in the vicinity of Sopilcze (''Sopilche''). Its Polish name "Tarnopol" means "Tarnowski's city" and stems from a combination of the founder's family name and the Greek term " polis". The etymology of the
Tarnowski family The House of Tarnowski (plural: Tarnowscy) is the name of a Polish noble and aristocratic family (see: Szlachta). Because Polish adjectives have different forms for the genders, Tarnowska is the form for a female family member. History The ...
surname, originating from the city of Tarnów (and thus the Ukrainian name "Ternopil"), is explained as derived from a field covered with thorns ( uk, терен поле, teren pole, thorn field). The city's coat of arms is based on the Tarnowski family Leliwa coat of arms. In 1544 the
Tarnopol Castle The Ternopil Castle ( uk, Тернопільський замок, pl, Zamek w Tarnopolu) is a stronghold which gave birth to the city of Ternopil. It was built in the 16th century to protect the southern border of the Kingdom of Poland and the ...
was completed and repelled the first Tatar attacks. On 20 January 1548, Tarnopol was granted legal rights by the King of Poland
Sigismund I the Old Sigismund I the Old ( pl, Zygmunt I Stary, lt, Žygimantas II Senasis; 1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until his death in 1548. Sigismund I was a member of the Jagiellonian dynasty, the ...
which allowed the town to hold three fairs annually, and weekly trades on Mondays. Tarnopol received Magdeburg city rights two years later from Jan Tarnowski, regulating the duties of town residents. In 1548 the King of Poland also gave permission to create a pond near the Tarnopol suburb of Kutkovets. In 1549 the city managed to survive a Tatar siege by efforts of the Polish Duchess Eudokia Czartoryska (see
House of Czartoryski The House of Czartoryski (feminine form: Czartoryska, plural: Czartoryscy; lt, Čartoriskiai) is a Polish princely family of Lithuanian- Ruthenian origin, also known as the Familia. The family, which derived their kin from the Gediminids dynas ...
). After the death of the Crown Hetman in 1561, Tarnopol became the property of his son Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski, who died childless in 1567. Starting in 1567 the city was owned by the daughter of Crown Hetman
Zofia Tarnowska Countess Zofia Tarnowska (1534–1570) was a Polish–Lithuanian noblewoman and heiress. She was the daughter of Hetman Jan Amor Tarnowski h. Leliwa and Zofia Szydłowiecka h. Odrowąż. Marriage and issue Zofia married Prince Konstanty Wasyl ...
who was married to Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski. In 1570 she died in childbirth, and Tarnopol was passed to the Ostrogski family. In 1575 it was plundered by the Tatars. In 1623 the city passed to the Zamoyski family. In 1589 Tarnopol was visited by the Austrian diplomat who also mentioned the city's castle. With the ongoing 1648–1654
Khmelnytsky Uprising The Khmelnytsky Uprising,; in Ukraine known as Khmelʹnychchyna or uk, повстання Богдана Хмельницького; lt, Chmelnickio sukilimas; Belarusian language, Belarusian: Паўстанне Багдана Хмяльніц ...
, many residents of the city joined the ranks of the Khmelnytsky forces particularly during the 1649 Siege of Zbarazh that is located just .Establishment and development of the Ternopil city (Виникнення і розвиток міста Тернопіль)
In September 1655 the united army of Muscovite and Ukrainian Cossack forces occupied Ternopil among other cities as it was moving towards Lwow ( Lviv). During the 1672–1676 Polish–Ottoman War, Tarnopol was almost completely destroyed by Turkish forces of Ibrahim Shishman Pasha in 1675 and rebuilt by Aleksander Koniecpolski but did not recover its previous glory until it passed to
Marie Casimire Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien ( pl, Maria Kazimiera Ludwika d’Arquien; 28 June 1641 – 30 January 1716), known also by the diminutive form "Marysieńka", was a French noblewoman who became the queen consort of Poland and grand ...
, the wife of king
John III Sobieski John III Sobieski ( pl, Jan III Sobieski; lt, Jonas III Sobieskis; la, Ioannes III Sobiscius; 17 August 1629 – 17 June 1696) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1674 until his death in 1696. Born into Polish nobility, Sobie ...
in 1690. The city was later sacked for the last time by Tatars in 1694, and twice by Russians in the course of the Great Northern War in 1710 and the War of the Polish Succession in 1733. In 1747
Józef Potocki Józef Potocki (; 1673–1751) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic), magnate, Great Hetman of the Crown. Józef was considered as the richest magnate in Poland at that time. He was Voivode of Kijów Voivodship (Kyiv, also Kiev) from 1702 to 1744, R ...
invited the
Dominicanes The Order of Preachers ( la, Ordo Praedicatorum) abbreviated OP, also known as the Dominicans, is a Catholic mendicant order of Pontifical Right for men founded in Toulouse, France, by the Spanish priest, saint and Mysticism, mystic Saint ...
and founded the beautiful late-
baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...
Dominican Church (today the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of The Blessed Virgin Mary of the Ternopil-Zboriv archeparchy of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church). The city was looted during the
Confederation of Bar The Bar Confederation ( pl, Konfederacja barska; 1768–1772) was an association of Poland, Polish nobles (szlachta) formed at the fortress of Bar, Ukraine, Bar in Podolia (now part of Ukraine) in 1768 to defend the internal and external indep ...
(1768–1772) by the confederates, the king's army, and by the Russians. In 1770 it was devastated by an outbreak of smallpox. In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, the city came under
Austrian Austrian may refer to: * Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent ** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law * Austrian German dialect * Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...
rule. In 1809, after the War of the Fifth Coalition, the city came under Russian rule, incorporated into the newly created ''Ternopol krai''. In 1815 the city (then with 11,000 residents) returned to Austrian rule in accordance with the Congress of Vienna. In 1820 Jesuits expelled from Polatsk by the Russians established a gymnasium in Tarnopol. In 1843 the last city's owner Jerzy Michal of Turkul sold the city to its residents for 175,000
florin The Florentine florin was a gold coin struck from 1252 to 1533 with no significant change in its design or metal content standard during that time. It had 54 grains (3.499 grams, 0.113 troy ounce) of nominally pure or 'fine' gold with a purcha ...
s. In 1870 the
Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis The Imperial and Royal privileged Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis (german: k.k.priv. Galizische Carl Ludwig-Bahn, pl, c.k. uprzyw. Kolej Galicyjska im. Karola Ludwika) was a privately owned railway company in the Austro-Hungarian prov ...
connected Tarnopol with
Lemberg Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in Western Ukraine, western Ukraine, and the List of cities in Ukraine, seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is o ...
in Austria-Hungary, accelerating the city's growth. At that time Tarnopol had a population of about 25,000.


20th Century

The region was part of Habsburg Galicia and was an ethnic mix of mainly Roman Catholic Poles, Greek Catholic Ruthenians, and Jews. Intermarriage between Poles and Ruthenians was common. Church of St. Mary of the Perpetual Assistance was consecrated in 1908, with its main tower reaching . In 1954, the church was blown up by Communist authorities and in its place, the city's central supermarket was built. During World War I the city passed from
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...
and Austrian forces to Russia several times. In 1917, the city and its castle were burnt down by fleeing
Russian forces The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (, ), commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces, are the Military, military forces of Russia. In terms of Active duty, active-duty personnel, they are the List of countries by number of milita ...
. After the dissolution of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
, the city was proclaimed as part of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on 11 November 1918. After Polish forces captured
Lwów Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine ...
during the Polish-Ukrainian War, Tarnopol became the country's temporary capital (22 November to 30 December 1918). The Jewish and German population accepted the new Ukrainian state, but the Poles started the
military campaign A military campaign is large-scale long-duration significant military strategy plan incorporating a series of interrelated military operations or battles forming a distinct part of a larger conflict often called a war. The term derives from the ...
against the Ukrainian authority ..On November 11, 1918 following bloody fighting, the Polish forces captured Lwów. The government of the WUPR moved to Ternopol and from the end of December the Council and the Government of the WUPR were located in
Ivano-Frankivsk Ivano-Frankivsk ( uk, Іва́но-Франкі́вськ, translit=Iváno-Frankívśk ), formerly Stanyslaviv ( pl, Stanisławów ; german: Stanislau), is a city located in Western Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of Ivano-Frankivsk O ...
.
West Ukrainian People's Republic
in the "Dovidnyk z istoriï Ukraïny" (A hand-book on the History of Ukraine), 3-Volumes, Kyiv, 1993–1999, (t. 1), (t. 2), (t. 3).
After the act of union between the West Ukrainian Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR), Ternopol formally passed under the UPR's control. On 15 July 1919, the city was captured by Polish forces. In 1920 the exiled Ukrainian government of
Symon Petlura Symon Vasylyovych Petliura ( uk, Си́мон Васи́льович Петлю́ра; – May 25, 1926) was a Ukrainian politician and journalist. He became the Supreme Commander of the Ukrainian Army and the President of the Ukrainian People' ...
accepted Polish control of Tarnopol and of the entire area after receiving the assurance of Józef Piłsudski, the Lithuanian born Field Marshal of the Polish Army, that there would be no peace with the Russians without creating a Ukrainian state. In July and August 1920 the Red Army captured Tarnopol in the course of the Polish-Soviet War. The city then served as the capital of the Galician Soviet Socialist Republic. Although the Poles and their Ukrainian allies badly defeated the Russians on the battle field and the Russians had offered to cede Ukraine and Belarus , Polish politicians in Warsaw refused to honor Piłsudski's promise. By the terms of the
Riga treaty The Peace of Riga, also known as the Treaty of Riga ( pl, Traktat Ryski), was signed in Riga on 18 March 1921, among Poland, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine. The treaty ended the Polish–Soviet War. ...
, the Soviets and Poles effectively partitioned Ukraine. For the next 19 years, the ethnically mixed Ternopol area remained in Polish control. After Poland established control over the West Ukrainian People's Republic, the Polish government started political repressions against ethnic Ukrainians, which culminated in the
Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia The Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia was a punitive action against the Ukrainian minority in Poland, carried out by police and military of the Second Polish Republic from September until November 1930 in reaction to a wave of sabotag ...
in 1930. From 1922 to September 1939, Tarnopol served as the capital of the
Tarnopol Voivodeship Tarnopol Voivodeship ( pl, Województwo tarnopolskie) was an administrative region of interwar Poland (1918–1939), created on 23 December 1920, with an area of 16,500 km² and provincial capital in Tarnopol (now ''Ternopil'', Ukraine). The voi ...
that consisted of 17 powiats. According to the Polish census of 1931, individuals speaking Ukrainian/Ruthenian accounted for 46% of the Tarnopol Voivodeship, while Polish speaking population consisted of 49%. The city itself consisted of 77.7% Poles, 14.0% Jewish and 8.05% Ukrainian/Ruthenian population. After World War II, Communist Party historians reported that
Edward Szturm de Sztrem Edward Szturm de Sztrem (18 July 1885 in Saint Petersburg – 9 September 1962 in Warsaw) was a Polish statistician and demographer. From 1929 till the German invasion of Poland in 1939 he was the director of the Polish Central Statistical Of ...
, the pre-war chairman of the Polish census statistical office, admitted that the census returns, particularly those from the south-east, had been altered at the executive level. Another account stated that he admitted "that officials had been directed to undercount minorities, especially those in the eastern provinces".


World War II

At the onset of World War II, the Soviet invasion of Poland began on September 17, 1939. The Red Army entered eastern Poland in furtherance of the secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and contrary to the Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact. Tarnopol was captured, renamed Ternopol (in Russian) or Ternopil (in Ukrainian), and incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic under
Ternopol Oblast Ternopil Oblast ( uk, Тернопі́льська о́бласть, translit=Ternopilska oblast; also referred to as Ternopilshchyna, uk, Терно́пільщина, label=none, or Ternopillia, uk, Тернопілля, label=none) is an obl ...
. The Soviets made it their first priority to decimate the Polish intelligentsia and destroy Ukrainian political movements. Ukrainian nationalist leaders were imprisoned. Mass arrests, torture, and executions of Ukrainians, Poles and Jews followed. The Soviets also carried out mass deportations of "enemies of the working class" to Kazakhstan. In practice, this translated into members of the former state administration, police, border service, and land and business owners, Christians and Jews alike. On 2 July 1941, the city was occupied by the Nazis who immediately led a Jewish pogrom, partly assisted by the local population. Several thousand Jews were murdered until the Germans ordered the program stopped. Between then and July 1943, 10,000 Jews were murdered by Nazi Germans, another 6,000 were rounded up and sent to Belzec extermination camp, and a few hundred others to labor camps. During most of this time Jews lived in the
Tarnopol Ghetto The Tarnopol Ghetto ( pl, getto w Tarnopolu, german: Ghetto Tarnopol) was a Jewish World War II ghetto established in 1941 by the ''Schutzstaffel'' (''SS'') in the prewar Polish city of Tarnopol (now Ternopil, Ukraine). Joshua D. Zimmerman (2015 ...
. Many Ukrainians were sent as
forced labour Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, violence including death, or other forms of ex ...
to Germany. In the years 1942–1943, the Polish
Armia Krajowa The Home Army ( pl, Armia Krajowa, abbreviated AK; ) was the dominant resistance movement in German-occupied Poland during World War II. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier Związek Walki Zbrojnej (Armed Resistance) esta ...
was active opposing Nazi rule and performing operations in a bid to incorporate Ternopil into a future Polish state. Ukrainians, politically represented by Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), on the other hand, fought for the creation of their independent state. In the years 1942 – 1949, Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) was active in Ternopil region and battled for independence of Ukraine (opposing Nazis, Polish Armia Krajowa and People's Army of Poland as well as the Soviets), following Act of restoration of the Ukrainian state proclaimed in Lviv on 30 June 1941. During the Soviet offensive in March and April 1944, the city was encircled. In March 1944, the city was declared a ''fortified place'' (Gates to the Reich) by Adolf Hitler, to be defended until the last round was fired. The stiff German resistance caused extensive use of heavy artillery by the Red Army on March 7–8, resulting in the complete destruction of the city and killing of nearly all German occupants (55 survivors out of 4,500). Unlike many other occasions, where the Germans had practised a scorched earth policy during their withdrawal from territories of the Soviet Union, the devastation was caused directly by the hostilities. Finally, Ternopol was occupied by the Red Army on 15 April 1944. After the second Soviet occupation, 85% of the city's living quarters were destroyed. Due to heavy destruction, the regional seat was moved to Chortkiv. From 1944 to 1949 (active) and 1949–1956 (localized), the Ukrainian Insurgent Army resisted Soviet rule in the region and fought for Ukraine's independence. Following the defeat of Nazi Germany, the ethnic Polish population of Ternopil and its region was forcibly deported to postwar Poland and settled in, and near Wrocław (among other locations), as part of Stalinist ethnic cleansing in the Soviet Ukraine. In the following decades, Ternopil was rebuilt in a typical Soviet style and only a few buildings were reconstructed.


Jewish Ternopil

Polish Jews settled in Ternopil beginning at its founding and soon formed a majority of the population. During the 16th and 17th centuries there were 300 Jewish families in the city. The Great Synagogue of Ternopil was built in
Gothic Gothic or Gothics may refer to: People and languages *Goths or Gothic people, the ethnonym of a group of East Germanic tribes **Gothic language, an extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths **Crimean Gothic, the Gothic language spoken b ...
Survival style between 1622 and 1628. After the first partition of Poland, Ternopil came under
Austrian Austrian may refer to: * Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent ** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law * Austrian German dialect * Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...
domination. Nevertheless,
Joseph Perl Joseph Perl (also ''Josef Perl''; November 10, 1773, Ternopil – October 1, 1839, Ternopil), was an Ashkenazi Jewish educator and writer, a scion of the Haskalah or Jewish Enlightenment. He wrote in Hebrew, Yiddish, and German; in 1819, he publi ...
was able to continue his efforts to improve the condition of the Jews, which he had begun under the Russian rule. In 1813 he established a Jewish school which had as its chief object the instruction of Jewish youth in
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...
as well as in Hebrew and in various other subjects. Controversy between the traditional Hasidim and the modernising Maskilim which this school caused, resulted four years later in a victory for the latter, whereupon the institution received official recognition and was placed under communal control. Starting in 1863, the school policy was gradually modified by Polish influences, and very little attention was given to instruction in German. The ''
Tempel für Geregelten Gottesdienst Joseph Perl (also ''Josef Perl''; November 10, 1773, Ternopil – October 1, 1839, Ternopil), was an Ashkenazi Jewish educator and writer, a scion of the Haskalah or Jewish Enlightenment. He wrote in Hebrew, Yiddish, and German; in 1819, he publi ...
'', opened by Perl in 1819, also caused dissensions within the community, and its rabbi, Samuel Judah Löb Rapoport, was forced to withdraw. This dispute also was eventually settled in favour of the Maskilim. As of 1905, the Jewish community numbered 14,000 in a total population of 30,415. Jews took an active role in the import/export trade with Russia conducted through the border city of
Pidvolochysk Pidvolochysk ( uk, Підволочиськ, pl, Podwołoczyska, yi, Podvolitchisk, , russian: Подволочиск) is an urban-type settlement in Ternopil, Ternopil Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is situated on the right side of t ...
. In 1939, the Jewish population was 18,500.


The Holocaust

In 1941, soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, 2,000 Jews were killed in a pogrom. In September 1941, the Germans announced the creation of the
Tarnopol Ghetto The Tarnopol Ghetto ( pl, getto w Tarnopolu, german: Ghetto Tarnopol) was a Jewish World War II ghetto established in 1941 by the ''Schutzstaffel'' (''SS'') in the prewar Polish city of Tarnopol (now Ternopil, Ukraine). Joshua D. Zimmerman (2015 ...
for Jews still remaining in the city. In the winter of 1941–42, mortality in the ghetto escalated to such a degree that the '' Judenrat'' was forced to bury the dead in a common grave. Between August 1942 to June 1943 there were 5 "selections" that depleted the Jewish population of the ghetto by sending the Jews to Belzec extermination camp. A few hundred Jews from Tarnopol and its vicinity attempted to survive by hiding within the town limits. Many were denounced to the Germans, including some 200 people shortly before the Soviets established control over the area. A number of Jews survived by hiding with Ukrainians and Poles. A monument in memory of the Holocaust victims was built at Petrikovsky Yar in 1996. On September 19, 2012, the monument was desecrated, in what seems to be an
anti-Semitic Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism. Antis ...
act.


After World War II

Following Potsdam Conference in 1945, Poland's borders were redrawn and Tarnopol (then again, Терно́поль) was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. The Polish population was resettled to new Poland before the end of 1946. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, Ternopil has become part of the independent Ukraine. In 2013, the mayor of the city Serhiy Nadal issued an order which announced the 2013 year as the year of
Jan Tarnowski Jan Amor Tarnowski (Latin: Joannes Tarnovius; 1488 – 16 May 1561) was a Polish nobleman, knight, military commander, military theoretician, and statesman of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. He was Grand Crown Hetman from 1527, and was ...
, the Crown Hetman and Voivode. In 2015, the National Bank of Ukraine released jubilee coins commemorating the founder of Ternopil Jan Tarnowski. Until 18 July 2020, Ternopil was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to Ternopil Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three, the city was merged into Ternopil Raion.


Climate

Ternopil has a moderate
continental climate Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (warm summers and cold winters). They tend to occur in the middle latitudes (40 to 55 north), within large landmasses where prevailing winds blow overland bringing som ...
with cold winters and warm summers.


Higher education

Universities include: *
West Ukrainian National University West Ukrainian National University, WUNU ( uk, Західноукраїнський національний університет, translit=Zakhidnoukrains’kyi Natsional’nyi Universytet) founded in 1971. It is located in the city of Ternop ...
*
Ternopil Ivan Pul'uj National Technical University Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University ( uk, Тернопільський національний технічний університет імені Івана Пулюя) is a university in Ternopil, Ukraine. Ternopil Ivan Pul ...
*
Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatyuk National Pedagogical University Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University (commonly referred to as TNPU) is a university located in Ternopil, Ukraine. TNPU provides courses in the sciences and humanities with a focus on education and teaching. It offers pos ...
*
Ternopil State Medical University Ivan Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University or simply Ternopil National Medical University ( uk, Тернопільський національний медичний університет імені І. Я. Горбачевсько ...
On 31 December 2013, the 11th Artillery Brigade, descendant of artillery units that had been based in the city since 1949, was disbanded.


Main sights

*
Ternopil Regional Art Museum Ternopil Regional Art Museum is a museum in the north-central part of Ternopil, Ukraine. It was founded on 1 May 1991 on the base of the former art gallery — a department of museum of regional ethnography. The museum aims to research the stock, ...
*
Church of the Exaltation of the Cross, Ternopil Church of the Holy Cross (Vozdvizhenskaya, Zdvyzhenska, Nadstavna) is the oldest church in Ternopil in western Ukraine. It is an architectural monument A monument is a type of structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a pers ...
*
Ukrainian Greek Catholic , native_name_lang = uk , caption_background = , image = StGeorgeCathedral Lviv.JPG , imagewidth = , type = Particular church (sui iuris) , alt = , caption = St. George's C ...
Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of The Blessed Virgin Mary * The sanctuary of Our Lady of Zarvanytsia with a miraculous icon of the 13th century called icon of the Mother of God of Zarvanytsia, sanctuary of Greek-Catholic rite. Located about 40 km from Ternopil, celebrated on 22 July.


People

* Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (1890–1963), Polish philosopher and logician, researched
model theory In mathematical logic, model theory is the study of the relationship between formal theories (a collection of sentences in a formal language expressing statements about a mathematical structure), and their models (those structures in which the s ...
*
Henryk Baranowski Henryk Baranowski (9 February 1943 – 27 July 2013) was a Polish theatre, opera and film director, actor, stage designer, playwright, screenwriter, and poet. He is best known for his starring role in the film '' Dekalog: One'' directed by Krzys ...
(1943–2013) a Polish theatre, opera and film director, actor, playwright and poet. *
Vasyl Barvinsky Vasyl Oleksandrovych Barvinsky ( uk, Василь Олександрович Барвінський) (20 February 1888 – 9 June 1963) was a Ukrainian composer, pianist, conductor, teacher, musicologist, and music related social figure. Barvinsk ...
(1888–1963) a Ukrainian composer, pianist, conductor and musicologist *
Eugeniusz Baziak Eugeniusz Baziak (; 8 March 1890 in Tarnopol – 15 June 1962 in Warsaw, Poland) was Archbishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv of the Latins, Lviv and apostolic administrator of Kraków. Baziak was rector of the Clerical Seminarium in Lviv ...
(1890–1962) Archbishop of Lviv and apostolic administrator of Kraków. *
Natalia Buchynska Natalia Lyubomyrivna Buchynska ( uk, Ната́лія Любоми́рівна Бучи́нська ) is a Ukrainian singer. Early life and education Natalia Buchynska was born on 28 April 1977 in Lviv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukra ...
(born 1977), singer, brought up in Ternopil. *
Daria Chubata Daria Dmytrivna Chubata (; born July 27, 1940) is a Ukrainian physician, author, and social activist. She became a member of the National Union of Journalists of Ukraine in 2003, and twice served as a member of the Ternopil Oblast Council (1998- ...
(born 1940), Ukrainian physician, author and social activist * Mykola Chubatyi (1889-1975), historian of Ukrainian Church *
Cyryl Czarkowski-Golejewski Cyryl Czarkowski-Golejewski (9 July 1885 – 20 April 1940) was an aristocratic Polish landowner and wine producer. Following the German and Soviet invasions of Poland in September 1939 the Czarkowski-Golejewskis were thrown out of their home a ...
(1885–1940) aristocratic Polish landowner, Katyn massacre victim. *
Charlotte Eisler Charlotte Eisler (2 August 1894 - 21 August 1970) was an Austrian singer, pianist and music teacher associated with the Second Viennese School. Born Charlotte Demant in Ternopil (now in Ukraine), her family moved to Chernivtsi where she attended ...
(1894-1970) Austrian singer and pianist with the
Second Viennese School The Second Viennese School (german: Zweite Wiener Schule, Neue Wiener Schule) was the group of composers that comprised Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils, particularly Alban Berg and Anton Webern, and close associates in early 20th-century Vienna. ...
. *
Kornel Filipowicz Kornel Filipowicz (27 October 1913 – 28 February 1990) was a Polish novelist, poet and screenwriter, most notable for his short stories. Works (selection) Poetry * ''Mijani'' (''The Ones Passed By'', 1943) * ''Powiedz to słowo'' (''Say This Wo ...
(1913–1990) a Polish novelist, poet, screenwriter and short story writer *
Franciszek Kleeberg Franciszek Kleeberg (1 February 1888, in Tarnopol – 5 April 1941, near Dresden) was a Polish general. He served in the Austro-Hungarian Army before joining the Polish Legions in World War I and later the Polish Army. During the German Invasion ...
(1888–1941) a Polish general in the Austro-Hungarian Army *
Bohdan Levkiv Bohdan Levkiv ( uk, Левків Богдан Євгенович; 22 February 1950 – 25 November 2021) was a Ukrainian politician. He served as mayor of Ternopil from 2002 to 2006. Levkiv died on 25 November 2021, at the age of 71. See also * ...
(1950–2021) a Ukrainian politician, mayor of Ternopil from 2002 to 2006. *
Pepi Litman Pepi Litman ( yi, פּעפּי ליטמאַן, born Pesha Kahane; 1874? – 13 September 1930) was a cross-dressing female Yiddish vaudeville singer associated with the Broderzinger movement. Zylbercweig, Zalmen (1934). "Litman, Pepi", in Leksiko ...
(1874–1930) a cross-dressing female Yiddish vaudeville singer * Kazimierz Michałowski, (1901–1981), Polish archaeologist, Egyptologist and art historian * Serhiy Nadal (born 1975) a Ukrainian politician; mayor of Ternopil since 2010 *
Yuriy Oliynyk Yuriy Oliynyk ( uk, Юрій Олійник; 1 December 193113 September 2021) was a Ukrainian composer, concert pianist, and professor of music who lived and worked in the United States. Biography Yuriy Oliynyk was born in Ternopil, Ukraine. He ...
(1931–2021) a Ukrainian composer, concert pianist and professor of music in the US *
Joseph Perl Joseph Perl (also ''Josef Perl''; November 10, 1773, Ternopil – October 1, 1839, Ternopil), was an Ashkenazi Jewish educator and writer, a scion of the Haskalah or Jewish Enlightenment. He wrote in Hebrew, Yiddish, and German; in 1819, he publi ...
, (1773–1839), an Ashkenazi Jewish educator and writer, a scion of the Haskalah * Simhah Pinsker (1801–1864) a Polish-Jewish scholar and archeologist *
Rudolf Pöch Rudolf Pöch (17 April 1870, Tarnopol, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria – 4 March 1921, Innsbruck) was an Austrian doctor, anthropologist, and ethnologist. Pöch is also known as a pioneer in photography, cinematography, and audio engineering. ...
(1870–1921), doctor and anthropologist; pioneer photographer and cinematographer *
Roza Pomerantz-Meltzer Roza Pomerantz-Meltzer (Polish: Róża Pomeranc-Melcer; November 5, 1880 – October 19, 1934)died at age 55, Oct. 20, 1934, American Jewish Yearbook, By American Jewish Committee, Jewish Publication Society of America, 1935, p. 270 was a Pol ...
(1880–1934) a Polish writer and novelist based in Lviv and politician. * Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport (1786–1867), a Galician and Czech rabbi and Jewish scholar. *
Karol Rathaus Karol Rathaus (Karl Leonhard Bruno Rathaus; also Leonhard Bruno; 16 September 1895 — 21 November 1954) was a German-Austrian Jewish composer who immigrated to the United States via Berlin, Paris, and London, escaping the rise of Nazism in German ...
(1895—1954), Polish-Austrian-American modernist composer *
Eduard Romanyuta Eduard Eduardovych Romanyuta ( uk, Едуард Едуардович Романюта; born 23 October 1992) is a Ukrainian singer, songwriter, actor, and television presenter. He Moldova in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015, represented Moldov ...
(born 1992) a Ukrainian singer, songwriter, actor and TV presenter. * Baron Lajos Simonyi de Barbács et Vitézvár (1824–1894) a Hungarian politician *
Ruslan Stefanchuk Ruslan Oleksiyovych Stefanchuk ( ua, Руслан Олексійович Стефанчук; born 29 October 1975) is a Ukrainian politician, lawyer and Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (since October 2021). Stefanchuk was touted as the ideologue ...
(born 1975) a Ukrainian politician, party chairman and lawyer *
Yaroslav Stetsko Yaroslav Semenovich Stetsko (; 19 January 1912 – 5 July 1986) was a Ukrainian politician, writer and Nazi collaborator, who served as the leader of Stepan Bandera's Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), from 1968 until his death. Dur ...
(1912–1986), a leader of Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) from 1968. *
Oleh Syrotyuk Oleh Myroslavovych Syrotyuk ( uk, Олег Мирославович Сиротюк; born 18 February 1978, Ternopil, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian activist and later politician, member of the Verkhovna Rada. In 1999-2012 he was activist of various patri ...
(born 1978) a Ukrainian politician,
Governor of Ternopil Oblast The Governor of Ternopil Oblast is the head of executive branch for the Ternopil Oblast. The office of Governor is an appointed position, with officeholders being appointed by the President of Ukraine, on recommendation from the Prime Minister ...
in 2014 *
Jan Tarnowski Jan Amor Tarnowski (Latin: Joannes Tarnovius; 1488 – 16 May 1561) was a Polish nobleman, knight, military commander, military theoretician, and statesman of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. He was Grand Crown Hetman from 1527, and was ...
(1488-1561), Polish general and nobleman, founder of Ternopil (as Tarnopol). *
Judd L. Teller Judd L Teller (Yehuda-Leib) (May 5, 1912 – May 3, 1972) was an American author, social historian, lecturer, poet, and held many professional posts in Jewish community life. Teller was born in Tarnopol, (then) Austria, experienced suffering, s ...
(1912–1972) Jewish author, social historian and poet; emigrated to the US in 1921. * Baroness Adelma Vay (1840–1925), a medium and pioneer of spiritualism in Slovenia and Hungary.


Sport

*
Olga Babiy Olga Olehivna Babiy ( uk, Ольга Олегівна Бабій; born 20 June 1989), Kalinina ( uk, Калініна), is a Ukraine, Ukrainian chess player who holds the FIDE title of Woman Grandmaster (WGM, 2013). Chess career In 2009 she won ...
(born 1989), a Ukrainian chess player and Woman Grandmaster *
Petr Badlo Petr Klimentievich Badlo (russian: Пётр Климентьевич Бадло; born 24 May 1976) is a Ukrainian football manager and former footballer. Career Playing career At the age of 16, Badlo debuted for Ukrainian third tier side Dnist ...
(born 1976) a Ukrainian football manager and former footballer with 470 club caps. *
Olha Maslivets Olha Maslivets ( uk, Ольга Вікторівна Маслівець), Olga Maslivets (russian: Ольга Викторовна Масливец), (born 23 June 1978 in Ternopil) is a Ukrainian-born Russian windsurfer who has competed at four O ...
(born 1978) a Russian windsurfer who competed at four Summer Olympics *
Ihor Semenyna Ihor Bohdanovych Semenyna ( uk, Ігор Богданович Семенина; born 1 January 1989) is a Ukrainian professional football midfielder who plays for Holešov. Career Semenyna is a product of the Youth Sportive School Ternopil and ...
(born 1989) a Ukrainian football midfielder with 330 club caps


People from Ternopil Oblast

* Aleksander Brückner, (1856 in Berezhany – 1939), a Polish scholar of Slavic languages and literature * Volodymyr Hnatiuk (1871 in Velesniv, Buchach – 1926), Ukrainian writer, literary scholar, journalist and ethnographer. *
Solomiya Krushelnytska Solomiya Amvrosiivna KrushelnytskaHer name is sometimes spelt as Solomiya Ambrosiyivna Krushelnytska, Salomea Krusceniski, Krushel'nytska or Kruszelnicka. ( uk, Соломія Амвро́сіївна Крушельницька, links=no; Septem ...
(1872 in Biliavyntsi — 1952), an outstanding Ukrainian
Soprano A soprano () is a type of classical female singing voice and has the highest vocal range of all voice types. The soprano's vocal range (using scientific pitch notation) is from approximately middle C (C4) = 261  Hz to "high A" (A5) = 880&n ...
*
Bohdan Lepky Bohdan Teodor Nestor Lepky, ( uk, Богдан Теодор Нестор Лепкий, November 9, 1872, Krehulets, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austria-Hungary – July 21, 1941, Kraków, General Government, Nazi Germany) was a Ukrain ...
(1872 in Krehulets – 1941), a Ukrainian writer, poet, scholar, public figure, and artist. *
Ivan Pului Ivan () is a Slavic male given name, connected with the variant of the Greek name (English: John) from Hebrew meaning 'God is gracious'. It is associated worldwide with Slavic countries. The earliest person known to bear the name was Bulgari ...
(1845 in Hrymailiv – 1918) physicist and inventor, developed use of X-rays for
medical imaging Medical imaging is the technique and process of imaging the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology). Medical imaging seeks to rev ...
. * Casimir Zeglen (1869 near Tarnopol - 1927), Polish-American engineer, inventor of commercial bulletproof vest * Serhiy Prytula (born 1981 in Zbarazh), Ukrainian TV show host, political activist, founder of
Charity Foundation of Serhiy Prytula Charity may refer to: Giving * Charitable organization or charity, a non-profit organization whose primary objectives are philanthropy and social well-being of persons * Charity (practice), the practice of being benevolent, giving and sharing * Ch ...
[uk
/nowiki>">k"> twinned with: * Sliven">k
/nowiki>/sup>


International relations

Ternopil is Twin towns and sister cities">twinned with: * Sliven, Bulgaria * Yonkers, New York, Yonkers, United States ''(since 1991)'' * Elbląg in Poland ''(since 1992)'' *
Chorzów Chorzów ( ; ; german: link=no, Königshütte ; szl, Chorzōw) is a city in the Silesia region of southern Poland, near Katowice. Chorzów is one of the central cities of the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union – a metropolis with a population ...
, Poland * Prudentopolis, Brazil * Batumi, Georgia Former twin towns include: * Tarnów in Poland * Pinsk in Belarus In June 2021, the Polish city of Tarnów decided to suspend its partnership with Ternopil as a reaction to the naming of a stadium in Ternopil in honour of Roman Shukhevych, one of the leaders of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army responsible for the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia between 1943–1945. In June 2022, due to full-scale Russian invasion and missile strikes from the territory of Belarus, Ternopil suspended its partnership with the city of Pinsk.


Festivals

An international open-air music festival called has been held annually near Ternopil for 2–4 days in July since 2013.


References


Sources

* A.
Bresler Bresler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Anton Bresler (born 1988), South African rugby union player *Jerry Bresler (1914–2000), American songwriter, conductor *Jerry Bresler Jerome (Jerry) Bresler (May 29, 1914 in Chicago ...
,
Joseph Perl Joseph Perl (also ''Josef Perl''; November 10, 1773, Ternopil – October 1, 1839, Ternopil), was an Ashkenazi Jewish educator and writer, a scion of the Haskalah or Jewish Enlightenment. He wrote in Hebrew, Yiddish, and German; in 1819, he publi ...
, ''Warsaw'', 1879, passim; * ''
Allg. Zeit. des Jud. ''Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums'' (until May 1903: ''Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums'') was a Jewish German magazine devoted to Jewish interests, founded in 1837 by Ludwig Philippson (1811–89), published first in Leipzig and later in Berlin ...
'' 1839, iii. 606; * *
J. H. Gurland ''J. The Jewish News of Northern California'', formerly known as ''Jweekly'', is a weekly print newspaper in Northern California, with its online edition updated daily. It is owned and operated by San Francisco Jewish Community Publications In ...
, ''Le-Ḳarot ha-Gezerot'', p. 22,
Odessa Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. The city is also the administrativ ...
, 1892; * Meyers Konversations-Lexikon * Orgelbrandt, in ''Encyklopedia Powszechna'', xiv. 409;


External links

* *
Volodymyr Kubijovyč Volodymyr Kubijovyč, also spelled Kubiiovych or Kubiyovych ( uk, Володи́мир Миха́йлович Кубійо́вич, translit=Volodymyr Mykhailovych Kubiiovych; 23 September 1900, Nowy Sącz, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria – 2 ...
, Roman Mykolaievych
Ternopil in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, updated in 2012.

Ternopil City Council

Ternopil photosTernopil City Sights

Historical footage of war damages at Ternopil (1917)
filmportal.de * {{Authority control Cities in Ternopil Oblast Ruthenian Voivodeship Populated places in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Tarnopol Voivodeship Holocaust locations in Ukraine Populated places established in 1540
Tarnopol Ternópil ( uk, Тернопіль, Ternopil' ; pl, Tarnopol; yi, טאַרנאָפּל, Tarnopl, or ; he, טארנופול (טַרְנוֹפּוֹל), Tarnopol; german: Tarnopol) is a city in the west of Ukraine. Administratively, Ternopi ...
Cities of regional significance in Ukraine City name changes in Ukraine Oblast centers in Ukraine Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust