In document

ISO 10303 ISO 10303 is an ISO standard for the computer-interpretable representation and exchange of product manufacturing information. It is an ASCII-based format. Its official title is: ''Automation systems and integration — Product data represe ...

-226, a fault is defined as an abnormal condition or defect at the component, equipment, or sub-system level which may lead to a

failure Failure is the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, and may be viewed as the opposite of success. The criteria for failure depends on context, and may be relative to a particular observer or belief system. One ...

. In

telecommunications Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It has its origin in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than that ...

, according to the Federal Standard 1037C of the United States, the term ''fault'' has the following meanings: #An accidental condition that causes a functional unit to fail to perform its required function. See . #A defect that causes a reproducible or catastrophic malfunction. A malfunction is considered reproducible if it occurs consistently under the same circumstances. See . # In power systems, an unintentional

short circuit A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c) is an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an unintended path with no or very low electrical impedance. This results in an excessive current flowing through the circu ...

, or partial short circuit, between energized conductors or between an energized conductor and

ground Ground may refer to: Geology * Land, the surface of the Earth not covered by water * Soil, a mixture of clay, sand and organic matter present on the surface of the Earth Electricity * Ground (electricity), the reference point in an electrical c ...

. A distinction can be made between symmetric and

asymmetric fault In an electric power system, a fault or fault current is any abnormal electric current. For example, a short circuit is a fault in which a live wire touches a neutral or ground wire. An open-circuit fault occurs if a circuit is interrupted by a fa ...

s. See Fault (power engineering).

Random fault

A random fault is a fault that occurs as a result of

wear Wear is the damaging, gradual removal or deformation of material at solid surfaces. Causes of wear can be mechanical (e.g., erosion) or chemical (e.g., corrosion). The study of wear and related processes is referred to as tribology. Wear in ...

or other deterioration. Whereas the time of a particular occurrence of such a fault cannot be determined, the rate at which such faults occur within the equipment population on average can be predicted with accuracy. Manufacturers will often accept random faults as a risk if the chances are virtually negligible. A fault can happen in virtually any object or appliance, most common with electronics and machinery. For example, an

Xbox 360 The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft. As the successor to the original Xbox, it is the second console in the Xbox series. It competed with Sony's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo's Wii as part of the seventh generati ...

console will deteriorate over time due to dust buildup in the fans. This will cause the Xbox to overheat, cause an

error An error (from the Latin ''error'', meaning "wandering") is an action which is inaccurate or incorrect. In some usages, an error is synonymous with a mistake. The etymology derives from the Latin term 'errare', meaning 'to stray'. In statistics ...

, and shut the console down.

Systematic fault

Systematic faults are often a result of an

in the specification of the equipment and therefore affect all examples of that type. Such faults can remain undetected for years, until conditions conduce to create the

. Given the same circumstances, each and every example of the equipment would fail identically at that time. Failures in hardware can be caused by random faults or systematic faults, but failures in

software Software is a set of computer programs and associated documentation and data. This is in contrast to hardware, from which the system is built and which actually performs the work. At the lowest programming level, executable code consist ...

are always systematic.

Random fault

Systematic fault

See also