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Francis Marion Crawford (August 2, 1854 – April 9, 1909) was an American writer noted for his many novels, especially those set in Italy, and for his classic weird and fantastical stories.
In December 1882, he produced his first novel, ''Mr Isaacs,'' a sketch of modern Anglo-Indian life mingled with a touch of Oriental mystery. It had an immediate success, and ''Dr Claudius'' (1883) followed promptly. In May 1883, he returned to Italy, where he made his permanent home. He lived at the historic Hotel Cocumella in Sorrento during 1885 and settled permanently in Sant'Agnello, where in the fall he bought the Villa Renzi that became Villa Crawford. More than half his novels are set in Italy. He wrote three long historical studies of Italy and was well advanced with a history of Rome in the Middle Ages when he died. This may explain why Marion Crawford's books stand apart from any distinctively American current in literature.
Year by year Crawford published a number of successful novels. However his 1896 novel ''Adam Johnstone's Son'' was thought by the late nineteenth century English novelist George Gissing to be "rubbish". Late in the 1890s, Crawford began to write his historical works. These are: ''Ave Roma Immortalis'' (1898), ''Rulers of the South'' (1900) renamed ''Southern Italy and Sicily and The Rulers of the South'' in 1905 for the American market, and ''Gleanings from Venetian History'' (1905) with the American title ''Salvae Venetia'', reissued in 1909 as ''Venice; the Place and the People''. In these, his intimate knowledge of local Italian history combines with the romanticist's imaginative faculty to excellent effect. His shorter book ''Constantinople'' (1895) belongs to this category.
After most of his fictional works had been published, most came to think he was a gifted narrator; and his books of fiction, full of historic vitality and dramatic characterization, became widely popular among readers to whom the realism of problems or the eccentricities of subjective analysis were repellent. In ''The Novel: What It Is'' (1893), he defended his literary approach, self-conceived as a combination of romanticism and realism, defining the art form in terms of its marketplace and audience. The novel, he wrote, is "a marketable commodity" and "intellectual artistic luxury" (8, 9) that "must amuse, indeed, but should amuse reasonably, from an intellectual point of view. . . . Its intention is to amuse and please, and certainly not to teach and preach; but in order to amuse well it must be a finely-balanced creation. . . ." (82).
The
"The Upper Berth"
Creative Commons Audio Book. * This article has information about Francis Marion Crawford toward its end.
F. Marion Crawford Papers
at Houghton Library, Harvard University * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Crawford, Francis Marion 1854 births 1909 deaths 19th-century American novelists 19th-century American male writers 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American male writers American male novelists Ghost story writers American horror writers American fantasy writers American historical novelists Writers of historical fiction set in antiquity Writers of historical fiction set in the Middle Ages Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period Harvard University alumni St. Paul's School (New Hampshire) alumni Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge Heidelberg University alumni Sapienza University of Rome alumni People from the Province of Lucca People from Sorrento American expatriates in Italy American Roman Catholics Converts to Roman Catholicism Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Early life
Crawford was born in Bagni di Lucca, in theGrand Duchy of Tuscany
The Grand Duchy of Tuscany ( it, Granducato di Toscana; la, Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Republic of Florence. The grand duchy's capital was Florence. In th ...
, on August 2, 1854. He was the only son of the American sculptor Thomas Crawford and Louisa Cutler Ward. His sister was the writer Mary Crawford Fraser
Mary Crawford Fraser (April 8, 1851 – 1922), usually known as Mrs. Hugh Fraser, was a writer noted for her various memoirs and historical novels.
Early life
Mary Crawford was born in Italy on April 8, 1851. She was the daughter of American s ...
(''aka'' Mrs. Hugh Fraser), and he was the nephew of Julia Ward Howe, the American poet. After his father's death in 1857, his mother remarried to Luther Terry, with whom she had Crawford's half-sister, Margaret Ward Terry, who later became the wife of Winthrop Astor Chanler
Winthrop Astor Chanler (October 14, 1863 – August 24, 1926) was an American sportsman and soldier who fought in the Spanish–American War and World War I.
Chanler, a descendant of many prominent American families including the Dudley–Winthr ...
.
He studied successively at St Paul's School, Concord, New Hampshire
Concord () is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Hampshire and the seat of Merrimack County. As of the 2020 census the population was 43,976, making it the third largest city in New Hampshire behind Manchester and Nashua.
The village of ...
; Cambridge University; University of Heidelberg; and the University of Rome.
In 1879, he went to India, where he studied Sanskrit and edited in Allahabad
Allahabad (), officially known as Prayagraj, also known as Ilahabad, is a metropolis in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.The other five cities were: Agra, Kanpur (Cawnpore), Lucknow, Meerut, and Varanasi (Benares). It is the administrat ...
''The Indian Herald''. Returning to America in February 1881, he continued to study Sanskrit at Harvard University for a year and for two years contributed to various periodicals, mainly '' The Critic''. Early in 1882, he established his lifelong close friendship with Isabella Stewart Gardner
Isabella Stewart Gardner (April 14, 1840 – July 17, 1924) was a leading American art collector, philanthropist, and patron of the arts. She founded the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston.
Gardner possessed an energetic intellectual cur ...
.
During this period he lived most of the time in Boston at his aunt Julia Ward Howe's house and in the company of his uncle, Sam Ward. His family was concerned about his financial prospects. His mother had hoped he could train in Boston for a career as an operatic baritone based on his private renditions of Schubert lieder. In January 1882, George Henschel, conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra
The Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) is an American orchestra based in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the second-oldest of the five major American symphony orchestras commonly referred to as the " Big Five". Founded by Henry Lee Higginson in 1881, ...
, assess his prospects and determined Crawford would "never be able to sing in perfect tune". His uncle Sam Ward suggested he try writing about his years in India and helped him develop contacts with New York publishers.
Career
In December 1882, he produced his first novel, ''Mr Isaacs,'' a sketch of modern Anglo-Indian life mingled with a touch of Oriental mystery. It had an immediate success, and ''Dr Claudius'' (1883) followed promptly. In May 1883, he returned to Italy, where he made his permanent home. He lived at the historic Hotel Cocumella in Sorrento during 1885 and settled permanently in Sant'Agnello, where in the fall he bought the Villa Renzi that became Villa Crawford. More than half his novels are set in Italy. He wrote three long historical studies of Italy and was well advanced with a history of Rome in the Middle Ages when he died. This may explain why Marion Crawford's books stand apart from any distinctively American current in literature.
Year by year Crawford published a number of successful novels. However his 1896 novel ''Adam Johnstone's Son'' was thought by the late nineteenth century English novelist George Gissing to be "rubbish". Late in the 1890s, Crawford began to write his historical works. These are: ''Ave Roma Immortalis'' (1898), ''Rulers of the South'' (1900) renamed ''Southern Italy and Sicily and The Rulers of the South'' in 1905 for the American market, and ''Gleanings from Venetian History'' (1905) with the American title ''Salvae Venetia'', reissued in 1909 as ''Venice; the Place and the People''. In these, his intimate knowledge of local Italian history combines with the romanticist's imaginative faculty to excellent effect. His shorter book ''Constantinople'' (1895) belongs to this category.
After most of his fictional works had been published, most came to think he was a gifted narrator; and his books of fiction, full of historic vitality and dramatic characterization, became widely popular among readers to whom the realism of problems or the eccentricities of subjective analysis were repellent. In ''The Novel: What It Is'' (1893), he defended his literary approach, self-conceived as a combination of romanticism and realism, defining the art form in terms of its marketplace and audience. The novel, he wrote, is "a marketable commodity" and "intellectual artistic luxury" (8, 9) that "must amuse, indeed, but should amuse reasonably, from an intellectual point of view. . . . Its intention is to amuse and please, and certainly not to teach and preach; but in order to amuse well it must be a finely-balanced creation. . . ." (82).
The Saracinesca
''Saracinesca'' is a novel by F. Marion Crawford, first published as a serial in ''Blackwood's Magazine'' and then as a book in New York ('' Macmillan'') and Edinburgh (''Blackwood'') in 1887. Set chiefly in Rome of twenty years earlier, the nov ...
series is perhaps known to be his best work, with the third in the series, ''Don Orsino'' (1892) set against the background of a real estate bubble, told with effective concision. The second volume is ''Sant' Ilario'' ilary(1889). A fourth book in the series, ''Corleone'' (1897), was the first major treatment of the Mafia in literature, and used the now-familiar but then-original device of a priest unable to testify to a crime because of the Seal of the Confessional; the novel is not one of his major works, having failed to live up to the standard set by the books earlier in the series. Crawford ended ''Rulers of the South'' (1900) with a chapter about the Sicilian Mafia
The Sicilian Mafia, also simply known as the Mafia and frequently referred to as Cosa nostra (, ; "our thing") by its members, is an Italian Mafia-terrorist-type organized crime syndicate and criminal society originating in the region of Sicily a ...
.
Crawford himself was fondest of '' Khaled: A Tale of Arabia'' (1891), a story of a genie (''genius'' is Crawford's word) who becomes human, which was reprinted (1971) in the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series of the early 1970s. ''A Cigarette-Maker's Romance'' (1890) was dramatized, and had considerable popularity on the stage as well as in its novel form; and in 1902 an original play from his pen, ''Francesca da Rimini,'' was produced in Paris by his friend Sarah Bernhardt
Sarah Bernhardt (; born Henriette-Rosine Bernard; 22 or 23 October 1844 – 26 March 1923) was a French stage actress who starred in some of the most popular French plays of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including '' La Dame Aux Camel ...
. Crawford's best known dramatization was that of ''The White Sister'' (1909). Its main actress was Viola Allen, whose first film was the 1915 film of this novel; it was filmed again in 1923
Events
January–February
* January 9 – Lithuania begins the Klaipėda Revolt to annex the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory).
* January 11 – Despite strong British protests, troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area, t ...
and 1933
Events
January
* January 11 – Sir Charles Kingsford Smith makes the first commercial flight between Australia and New Zealand.
* January 17 – The United States Congress votes in favour of Philippines independence, against the wis ...
. ''In the Palace of the King'' (1900) was filmed in 1915 and 1923
Events
January–February
* January 9 – Lithuania begins the Klaipėda Revolt to annex the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory).
* January 11 – Despite strong British protests, troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area, t ...
; ''Mr. Isaacs'' (1882) was filmed in 1931 as '' Son of India''.
Several of his short stories, such as "The Upper Berth" (1886; written in 1885), "For the Blood Is the Life" (1905, a vampiress tale), "The Dead Smile" (1899), and "The Screaming Skull" (1908), are often-anthologized classics of the horror genre. An essay on Crawford's weird tales can be found in S. T. Joshi
Sunand Tryambak Joshi (born June 22, 1958) is an American literary critic whose work has largely focused on weird and fantastic fiction, especially the life and work of H. P. Lovecraft and associated writers.
Career
His literary criticis ...
's ''The Evolution of the Weird Tale'' (2004); there are many other essays and introductions. The collected weird stories were posthumously published in 1911 as ''Wandering Ghosts'' in the U.S. and as ''Uncanny Tales'' in the UK, both without the long-forgotten "The King's Messenger" (1907). The present definitive edition is that edited by Richard Dalby as ''Uncanny Tales'' and published by the Tartarus Press (1997; 2008). Crawford's novella ''Man Overboard!'' (1903) is often overlooked, but belongs with his supernatural works.
In 1901, the American Macmillan firm began a deluxe uniform edition of his novels, as reprintings required. In 1904 the P. F. Collier Co. (N. Y.) was authorized to publish a 25-volume edition, later increased to 32 volumes. Around 1914 the subscription firm McKinlay, Stone, Mackenzie was authorized to publish an edition using the Macmillan binding decorations. In 1919 the American Macmillan firm published the "Sorrento Edition". They also had issued some first American editions and reprints in a uniform binding from 1891 through 1899. The British Macmillan firm used two separate uniform bindings from 1889 until after 1910.
Crawford wrote numerous articles for major periodicals and a few contributions to books. See the section "Bibliographical History" in ''An F. Marion Crawford Companion'' (1981) by John C. Moran.
Personal life
In 1880, Crawford converted toRoman Catholicism
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwide . It is am ...
. In October 1884 he married Elizabeth Berdan, the daughter of the American Civil War Union General Hiram Berdan. They had two sons and two daughters, Eleanor, Harold, Clara and Bertram.
Crawford died at Sorrento on Good Friday 1909 at Villa Crawford of a heart attack. It was the result of a severe lung injury ten years previous, caused by inhalation of toxic gases at a glass-smelting works in Colorado, which happened during his American lecture tour in the winter of 1897–1898. He was gathering technical information for his historical novel ''Marietta'' (1901), that describes glass-making in late medieval Venice. After his death, his widow sued for breach of contract related to the production of Crawford's novels into a film.
Legacy and influence
In his 1929 article "Some Remarks on Ghost Stories" M. R. James praised Crawford's supernatural fiction. James stated that "Marion Crawford and his horrid story of 'The Upper Berth', which (with 'The Screaming Skull' some distance behind) is the best in his collection of ''Uncanny Tales'', and stands high among ghost stories in general."H. Russell Wakefield
Herbert Russell Wakefield (1888 – 2 August 1964) was an English short-story writer, novelist, publisher, and civil servant chiefly remembered today for his ghost stories.
Life
Wakefield was the third of four children of the clergyman Henry Russ ...
, in an essay on ghost stories, called Crawford's "The Upper Berth" "the very best one" of such stories. Norman Douglas credits Crawford's financial success as instrumental in encouraging himself to write (though he remained critical of Crawford's habit of inserting first-person editorial comments into his fiction).
The F. Marion Crawford Memorial Society was founded in 1975 and published the literary review ''The Romantist'' from 1977 until 1997.
In 1997 the Centro Studi e Ricerche Francis Marion Crawford was founded at Sant'Agnello di Sorrento. It is formally associated with the FMC Memorial Society and continues ''The Romantist'' in its annual review ''Genius Loci'' (1997–).
In early May 1988 at Sant'Agnello, a Conference was held to commemorate Crawford. It was organized by the Comune di Sant' Agnello di Sorrento and the Istituto Universitario Orientale (Naples). Its "Acta" were published in English and Italian as ''Il Magnifico Crawford. Scrittore per Mestiere'' / ''The Magnificent Crawford. Writer by Trade'' (1990), edited by Gordon Poole. In mid-May 2009 the Centro Studi e Ricerche Francis Marion Crawford and the Comune di Sant' Agnello organized another Conference – ''Francis Marion Crawford; 100 Anni Dopo'' – to remember Crawford on the centenary of his death. Its "Acta" were published in Italian and English as ''Nuova Luce Su Francis Marion Crawford. Cento Anni Dopo 2009-1909'' / ''A Hundred Years Later: New Light on Francis Marion Crawford'' early in 2011, edited by Gordon Poole. The F. Marion Crawford Memorial Society collaborated in the organization of both Conferences.
There is a major street in the Italian town of Sant'Agnello di Sorrento (the town where he died) named after him, the ''Corso Marion Crawford''. There is a historical marker on the house where Crawford was born, in Bagni di Lucca. Villa Crawford was donated many years ago by Crawford's daughters Lady Eleanor Rocca-Crawford and Mother Clare Marion-Crawford to the Salesian Sisters, who operate it today as a high school for girls.
In San Nicola Arcella
San Nicola Arcella is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy.
American writer Francis Marion Crawford
Francis Marion Crawford (August 2, 1854 – April 9, 1909) was an American writer noted fo ...
, in the province of Cosenza
Cosenza (; local dialect: ''Cusenza'', ) is a city in Calabria, Italy. The city centre has a population of approximately 70,000; the urban area counts more than 200,000 inhabitants. It is the capital of the Province of Cosenza, which has a populati ...
, the Saracen tower where Francis Marion Crawford stayed in the summer is remembered as Torre Crawford. In 2020, the writer Andrea Carlo Cappi with Matteo Fazzolari and Cosimo Gentile, created the literary prize for short story "Torre Crawford", whose annual theme is taken from a short story by Francis Marion Crawford (the theme of the first edition was "For the blood is the life ").
Bibliography
Novels
*''Mr. Isaacs: A Tale of Modern India'' (1882) *''Dr. Claudius'' (1883) *''To Leeward'' (1884), actually late 1883. The second American edition (Macmillan, 1893) is the only novel that Crawford substantively revised. *'' A Roman Singer'' (1884); BernhardTauchnitz
Tauchnitz was the name of a family of German printers and publishers. They published English language literature for distribution on the European continent outside Great Britain, including initial serial publications of novels by Charles Dickens. ...
, Leipzig, Vol. 2254 of the ''Collection of British Authors''. All of Crawford's novels, except for ''Love in Idleness'' (1893), were authorized by him for inclusion in his friend Baron Tauchnitz's series ''Collection of British Authors'', whose name was later changed to ''Collection of British and American Authors''. The Tauchnitz editions do not take bibliographical precedence over the British and United States editions. See the Crawford section of the ''Bibliography of American Literature''.
*''An American Politician'' (1884); U.S. title-page has 1885.
*''Zoroaster'' (1885), historical novel about the Persian religious leader.Nield, Jonathan (1925). ''A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales''. G. P. Putnam's sons. (pp.34,44, 51,241.)
*''A Tale of a Lonely Parish'' (1886)
*''Saracinesca
''Saracinesca'' is a novel by F. Marion Crawford, first published as a serial in ''Blackwood's Magazine'' and then as a book in New York ('' Macmillan'') and Edinburgh (''Blackwood'') in 1887. Set chiefly in Rome of twenty years earlier, the nov ...
'' (1887)
*''Marzio's Crucifix'' (1887)
*''Paul Patoff'' (1887)
*''With the Immortals'' (1888)
*''Greifenstein'' (1889)
*''Sant' Ilario'' (1889); sequel to ''Saracinesca''
*''A Cigarette-Maker's Romance'' (1890)
*'' Khaled: A Tale of Arabia'' (1891)
*''The Witch of Prague'' (1891)
*''The Three Fates'' (1892)
*''Don Orsino'' (1892); sequel to ''Sant' Ilario''
*''The Children of the King'' (1893)
*''Pietro Ghisleri'' (1893)
*''Marion Darche'' (1893)
*''Katharine Lauderdale'' (1894) (partly written while Crawford was staying at the Sinclair House)
*''The Upper Berth'' (1894); with "By the Waters of Paradise"
*''Love in Idleness'' (1894)
*''The Ralstons'' (1894); sequel to ''Katharine Lauderdale''
*''Casa Braccio'' (1895); related to ''Katharine Lauderdale'' and ''The Ralstons''.
*''Adam Johnstone's Son'' (1896)
*''Taquisara'' (1896)
*''A Rose of Yesterday'' (1897)
*''Corleone'' (1897)
*''Via Crucis'' (1899) historical novel about the Second Crusade
The Second Crusade (1145–1149) was the second major crusade launched from Europe. The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144 to the forces of Zengi. The county had been founded during the First Crusa ...
.
*''In the Palace of the King'' (1900) historical novel about Philip II of Spain
Philip II) in Spain, while in Portugal and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as Philip I ( pt, Filipe I). (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent ( es, Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from ...
.
*''Marietta'' (1901) historical novel set in Venice in 1470.
*''Cecilia'' (1902)
*''Man Overboard!'' (1903) ovella*''The Heart of Rome'' (1903)
*''Whosoever Shall Offend'' (1904)
*''Soprano'' (1905); U.S. title ''Fair Margaret''.
*''A Lady of Rome'' (1906)
*''Arethusa'' (1907)
*''The Little City of Hope'' (1907)
*''The Primadonna'' (1908); sequel to ''Soprano'' / ''Fair Margaret''
*''The Diva's Ruby'' (1908); sequel to ''The Primadonna''
*''The White Sister'' (1909)
*''Stradella'' (1909)
*''The Undesirable Governess'' (1910)
Short stories
*''Wandering Ghosts''; British title: ''Uncanny Tales'' (1911)Nonfiction
*''Our Silver'' (1881) amphlet*''The Novel: What It Is'' (1893) *''Constantinople'' (1895) *''Bar Harbor'' (1896) *''Ave Roma Immortalis'' (1898) *''Rulers of the South'' (1900; 1905 in the U.S. as ''Southern Italy and Sicily and The Rulers of the South'') *''Gleanings from Venetian History'' (1905; in the U.S. as ''Salvae Venetia'' and in 1909 as ''Venice; the People and the Place'')Drama
*''In the Palace of the King'' (1900); with Lorrimer Stoddard. *''Francesca da Rimini'' (1902). Written at the request of Crawford's good friend Sarah Bernhardt. Translated byMarcel Schwob
Mayer André Marcel Schwob, known as Marcel Schwob (23 August 1867 – 26 February 1905), was a French symbolist writer best known for his short stories and his literary influence on authors such as Jorge Luis Borges, Alfonso Reyes, Roberto Bolaà ...
(Paris: Charpentier et Fasquelle, 1902); new edition traduction de l'américain en français par Marcel Schwob, Sulliver, 1996. The English text was not published until 1980, with introductory matter, by The F. Marion Crawford Memorial Society. Ten unpublished copies of the English text were set up and printed for The Macmillan Company (New York City) in 1902 to copyright the text. The piece was adapted into an opera by Franco Leoni in 1904.
*''Evelyn Hastings'' (1902). Unpublished typescript discovered in 2008.
*''The White Sister'' (1909); with Walter C. Hackett
Walter C. Hackett (November 10, 1876 – January 20, 1944) was an American-British playwright.
Biography
Several of his stage works (such as ''Ambrose Applejohn's Adventure'', ''The Freedom of the Seas'', ''The Regeneration'', ''Hyde Park Corne ...
.
Filmography
*''A Cigarette-Maker's Romance
''A Cigarette-Maker's Romance'' is a 1913 British silent drama film directed by Frank Wilson and starring John Martin Harvey, Nell de Silva and Margaret Yarde.Palmer p.530 It was based on a novella by Francis Marion Crawford which had been tu ...
'', directed by Frank Wilson (UK, 1913, based on the novella ''A Cigarette-Maker's Romance'')
*'' The White Sister'', directed by Fred E. Wright (1915, based on the novel ''The White Sister'')
*', directed by Fred E. Wright (1915, based on the novel ''In the Palace of the King'')
*'' Whosoever Shall Offend'', directed by Arrigo Bocchi (UK, 1919, based on the novel ''Whosoever Shall Offend'')
*''Il cuore di Roma'', directed by Edoardo Bencivenga
Edoardo Bencivenga (Naples, ? – Rome, June 6, 1934) was an Italian film director; Bencivegna started in 1907 filming his first short film ''Raffaello e la Fornarina '', in his career he made over 60 films, the last one in 1922.
Filmography
* ...
(Italy, 1919, based on the novel ''The Heart of Rome'')
*''A Cigarette-Maker's Romance'', directed by Tom Watts (UK, 1920, based on the novella ''A Cigarette-Maker's Romance'')
*', directed by Gaston Ravel (Italy, 1921, based on the novel ''Saracinesca
''Saracinesca'' is a novel by F. Marion Crawford, first published as a serial in ''Blackwood's Magazine'' and then as a book in New York ('' Macmillan'') and Edinburgh (''Blackwood'') in 1887. Set chiefly in Rome of twenty years earlier, the nov ...
'')
*', directed by Henry Kolker (Italy, 1923, based on the novel ''Sant' Ilario'')
*'' The White Sister'', directed by Henry King (1923, based on the novel ''The White Sister'')
*'' In the Palace of the King'', directed by Emmett J. Flynn
Emmett J. Flynn (November 9, 1891 in Denver, Colorado – June 4, 1937 in Hollywood, California) was an American director, screenwriter, actor, and producer.
Filmography
As director
* 1917 : ''Alimony''
* 1918 : '' The Racing Strain'' ...
(1923, based on the novel ''In the Palace of the King'')
*'' Son of India'', directed by Jacques Feyder
Jacques Feyder (; 21 July 1885 – 24 May 1948) was a Belgian actor, screenwriter and film director who worked principally in France, but also in the US, Britain and Germany. He was a director of silent films during the 1920s, and in the 1930 ...
(1931, based on the novel ''Mr. Isaacs'')
*'' The White Sister'', directed by Victor Fleming
Victor Lonzo Fleming (February 23, 1889 – January 6, 1949) was an American film director, cinematographer, and producer. His most popular films were ''Gone with the Wind (film), Gone with the Wind'', for which he won an Academy Award for Best ...
(1933, based on the novel ''The White Sister'')
*'' The Screaming Skull'', directed by Alex Nicol
Alexander Livingston Nicol Jr. (January 20, 1916 – July 29, 2001) was an American actor and film director. Nicol appeared in many Westerns including ''The Man from Laramie'' (1955). He appeared in more than forty feature films as well as dire ...
(1958, named after the short story ''The Screaming Skull'')
*'' The White Sister'', directed by Tito Davison (Mexico, 1960, based on the novel ''The White Sister'')
See also
* Crawford and Theosophy *List of horror fiction authors
This is a list of some (not all) notable writers in the horror fiction genre.
Note that some writers listed below have also written in other genres, especially fantasy and science fiction.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
...
Notes
References
* *John Pilkington, Jr. (1964): ''Francis Marion Crawford'', Twayne Publishers Inc. (Library of Congress Catalog Number: 64-20717) *Maud Howe Elliott (1934): ''My Cousin, F. Marion Crawford'', The Macmillan Company *John C. Moran (1981): ''An F. Marion Crawford Companion'', Greenwood Press (LC Catalog Num.: 80-1707) * *Alessandra Contenti (1992) : ''Esercizi di Nostalgia. La Roma Sparita di F. Marion Crawford'', Archivo Guido Izzi *Crawford has been the subject of a voluminous amount of biographical and critical writings beginning in 1883: articles in periodicals, sections of books, introductions, theses and dissertations (mainly in the U.S. and Italy), etc. *Crawford's works form a section of the ''Bibliography of American Literature''.Further reading
* "F. Marion Crawford" by Chris Morgan, inE. F. Bleiler
Everett Franklin Bleiler (April 30, 1920 – June 13, 2010) was an American editor, bibliographer, and scholar of science fiction, detective fiction, and fantasy literature. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, he co-edited the first "year's best" s ...
, ed. ''Supernatural Fiction Writers''. New York: Scribner's, 1985, pp. 747–752.
* "The Wandering Ghosts of F. Marion Crawford" by Douglas Robillard, in Robillard (ed.), ''American Supernatural Fiction: From Edith Wharton to the Weird Tales Writers''. New York: Garland, 1996. pp. 43–58.
* "F. Marion Crawford and The Witch of Prague: A Prague Novel?" by Cyril Simsa, '' Foundation'' No. 73, pp. 17–46. Summer 1998.
* "F. Marion Crawford: Blood-and-Thunder Horror" in S.T. Joshi, ''The Evolution of the Weird Tale''. NY: Hippocampus Press, 2004, pp. 26–38.
* "I Was to Have a Companion": Rereading F. Marion Crawford's "The Upper Berth" as Victorian Double Tale" by Terry W. Thompson. '' The New York Review of Science Fiction'' 25(10): 19–22. June 2013. (No. 298)
External links
* * * * *"The Upper Berth"
Creative Commons Audio Book. * This article has information about Francis Marion Crawford toward its end.
F. Marion Crawford Papers
at Houghton Library, Harvard University * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Crawford, Francis Marion 1854 births 1909 deaths 19th-century American novelists 19th-century American male writers 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American male writers American male novelists Ghost story writers American horror writers American fantasy writers American historical novelists Writers of historical fiction set in antiquity Writers of historical fiction set in the Middle Ages Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period Harvard University alumni St. Paul's School (New Hampshire) alumni Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge Heidelberg University alumni Sapienza University of Rome alumni People from the Province of Lucca People from Sorrento American expatriates in Italy American Roman Catholics Converts to Roman Catholicism Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters