Extinct Kannada literature

Extinct Kannada literature is a body of literature of the Kannada language dating from the period preceding the first extant work, ''Kavirajamarga'' ( ca. 850 CE).

Although no works of this period are available now, references to them are found in the Kavirajamarga and a handful of other extant works. While a few scholars may have expressed reservations regarding the extent of this literature, noted modern scholars such as A.K. Ramanujan,Ramanujan A.K. (1973), p. 11 K.A. Nilakanta Sastri,Sastri (1955), p. 355 R. S. Mugali,Mugali R.S. (2006), pp. 173-175 and A. K. Warder,Warder (1988), p. 240 to name a few, have hypothesized that a body of literature must have existed in an earlier period.

Some early writings and forms

The earliest available examples of a Kannada inscriptions are the Halmidi inscription, allegedly a Kadamba royal edict commonly dated to fifth or sixth century CE,Sahitya Akademi (1988), pp. 1717, 1474Kamath (1980), p. 10 the Tamatekallu inscription which has been identified by some scholars to be from the 5th century,Pai in Bhat, (1993), p. 102 the Siragunda inscription of 500 CE,Rice E.P. (1921), p. 13 and the dated Badami cave inscription of King Mangalesha (578 CE).Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1717Kamath (2001), p. 10, 57 The Kappe Arabhatta record of the 7th century and the Shravanabelagola inscription of Nandisena, also from the 7th century, form the earliest surviving record of Kannada poetry.Kamath (1980), p. 67

The earliest surviving literature in rich manuscript form, the ''Kavirajamarga'' ("Royal Path for Poets") is dated to 850 CE; references are made in it to earlier prose writers such as Durvinita, Vimalachandra, Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabhandu and to poets including Kavisvara, Srivijaya, Pandita Chandra, Ravi Kirti (634) and Lokapala.Warder (1988), p. 240Rao in Datta (1994), pp. 2278-2283Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 2Rice E.P., (1921), pp. 25, 28

Extinct writings and forms

''Kavirajamarga'' discusses earlier composition forms peculiar to Kannada, the ''gadyakatha'', a mixture of prose and poetry, the ''chattana'' and the ''bedande'', poems of several stanzas that were meant to be sung with the optional use of a musical instrument.Garg (1987), vol 4Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 13, 17Nagaraj in Sheldon (2003), p. 333 Regarding earlier poetry in Kannada, the author of ''Kavirajamarga'' states "''Hala Gannada'' (''lit'' old Kannada) is appropriate in ancient poems but insipid in works of the present time, like an association with an old woman" .Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 12

Other writers, whose works are not in existence now but titles of which are mentioned in independent referencesSuch as Indranandi's ''Srutavatara'', Devachandra's ''Rajavalikathe'' (Narasimhacharya, 1934, pp. 4–5); Bhattakalanka's ''Sabdanusasana'' of 1604 (Sastri 1955, p. 355), writings of Jayakirthi (Kamath 1980, p. 67) are Syamakundacharya (c. 650), who authored the ''Prabhrita'', and Srivaradhadeva (also called Tumubuluracharya, c. 650 or earlier), who wrote the ''Chudamani'' ("Crest Jewel"), a 96,000-verse commentary on logic.Sastri (1955), p. 355Rice B.L. (1897), pp. 496–497Rice E.P. (1921), p. 27Mugali (1975), p. 13 The ''Karnatheshwara Katha'', a eulogy of the Chalukya King Pulakesi II, is ascribed to the 7th or 8th century.Chidananda Murthy in Kamath (1980), p. 67 The ''Gajashtaka'', a lost ''ashtaka'' (eight line verse) composition, was authored by King Shivamara II in c. 800. The composition served as the basis for two popular folk songs, ''ovanige'' and ''onakevadu'', which were sung either while pounding corn or to entice wild elephants into a pit (''ovam'').Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 248Kamath (1980), p. 50

Srivijaya, a court poet of Amoghavarsha I, wrote the ''Chandraprabha Purana'' in the early 9th century. His writing has been mentioned by Vijayanagara poets Mangarasa III and Doddiah (also spelt Doddayya, c. 1550) and praised by Durgasimha (c. 1025).Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 17–18 During the same period, the Digambara Jain poet Asaga (or Asoka) authored, among other writings, ''Karnata Kumarasambhava Kavya'' and ''Varadamana Charitra''. His works have been praised by later poets, although none of his works are available today.Warder (1988), pp. 240–241 ''Gunagankiyam'', the earliest known Prosody (poetry), prosody in Kannada, was referenced in a Tamil language, Tamil work dated to the 10th century or earlier (''Yapparungalakkarigai'' by Amritasagara). Gunanandi, who was known as an expert in logic, Kannada grammar and prose lived in the 9th century.Narasimhacharya 1934, p. 29Rice E.P. (1921), p. 28 Around c. 900, Gunavarma I wrote ''Shudraka'' and ''Harivamsha'' (also known as ''Neminatha Purana''). In ''Shudraka'' he compared his patron, Western Ganga Dynasty, Ganga king Ereganga Neetimarga II, to a noted king called Shudraka.Narasimhacharya (1934), p. 18 Jinachandra, who is referred to by Sri Ponna (c. 950) as the author of ''Pujyapada Charita'', had earned the honorific "modern Samantha Bhadra".Lewis Rice (1985), p xvAltekar (1934), p412

Notes

References

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* {{cite book , last= Warder, first= A.K., author-link= A. K. Warder, title= Indian Kavya Literature, orig-year=1988, year=1988, publisher= Motilal Banarsidass, isbn= 81-208-0450-3

Kannada literature
History of literature in India