Everett Shinn
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Everett Shinn (November 6, 1876 – May 1, 1953) was an American painter and member of the urban realist
Ashcan School The Ashcan School, also called the Ash Can School, was an artistic movement in the United States during the late 19th-early 20th century that produced works portraying scenes of daily life in New York, often in the city's poorer neighborhoods. ...
. Shinn started as a newspaper illustrator in Philadelphia, demonstrating a rare facility for depicting animated movement, a skill that would, however, soon be eclipsed by photography. Here he worked with
William J. Glackens William James Glackens (March 13, 1870 – May 22, 1938) was an American realist painter and one of the founders of the Ashcan School, which rejected the formal boundaries of artistic beauty laid-down by the conservative National Academy of Des ...
,
George Luks George Benjamin Luks (August 13, 1867 – October 29, 1933) was an American artist, identified with the aggressively realistic Ashcan School of American painting. After travelling and studying in Europe, Luks worked as a newspaper illustrator a ...
and
John Sloan John French Sloan (August 2, 1871 – September 7, 1951) was an American painter and etcher. He is considered to be one of the founders of the Ashcan school of American art. He was also a member of the group known as The Eight. He is best known ...
, who became core-members of the Ashcan School, led by
Robert Henri Robert Henri (; June 24, 1865 – July 12, 1929) was an American painter and teacher. As a young man, he studied in Paris, where he identified strongly with the Impressionists, and determined to lead an even more dramatic revolt against A ...
, which defied official good taste in favour of robust images of real life. Shinn is best known for scenes of disaster or street violence, as well as theatrical subjects, regarding the theatre as a place of satisfying illusion. Shinn was the only Ashcan artist who preferred to work in pastels. He was reportedly a model for the protagonist of Theodore Dreiser's novel The "Genius".


Early life

Shinn was born in
Woodstown, New Jersey Woodstown is a Borough (New Jersey), borough in Salem County, New Jersey, Salem County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States census, the borough's population was 3,505,Edward Everett Hale Edward Everett Hale (April 3, 1822 – June 10, 1909) was an American author, historian, and Unitarian minister, best known for his writings such as "The Man Without a Country", published in ''Atlantic Monthly'', in support of the Union dur ...
, of whom his father was a great fan. "Shinn's ability to draw was evident from very early childhood." At age 15 he was enrolled at the
Spring Garden Institute Spring Garden College—founded in 1851 as the Spring Garden Institute—was a private technical college in the Spring Garden section of Philadelphia. Its building at 523-25 North Broad Street (demolished) was designed by architect Steph ...
in Philadelphia, where he studied mechanical drawing. The following year he took classes at the
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA) is a museum and private art school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Philadelphia Press ''The Philadelphia Press'' (or ''The Press'') is a defunct newspaper that was published from August 1, 1857, to October 1, 1920. The paper was founded by John Weiss Forney. Charles Emory Smith was editor and owned a stake in the paper from 1880 un ...
''. Moving to New York City in 1897, he was soon known as one of the more talented urban realists who were chronicling in paint the energy and class divisions of modern metropolitan life. In 1898 Shinn married Florence "Flossie" Scovel, another artist from New Jersey; in 1912 they divorced, and in 1913 he married Corinne Baldwin, going on to have two children, Janet and David. By 1933 Shinn had divorced two more wives and was the subject of many tabloid rumors. Though he exhibited less frequently later in his life, Shinn had a well-established career by the 1920s but suffered serious financial losses during the Depression and sold very few paintings during that time. Between 1937 and his death in 1953, Shinn received several awards for his innovative paintings and participated in a number of exhibitions; he would always be associated, however, with the achievements of the
Ashcan School The Ashcan School, also called the Ash Can School, was an artistic movement in the United States during the late 19th-early 20th century that produced works portraying scenes of daily life in New York, often in the city's poorer neighborhoods. ...
of American art . He died of lung cancer in New York City in 1953. Shinn was reportedly a model for the talented, promiscuous artist-protagonist of Theodore Dreiser's 1915 novel '' The "Genius"''. With his well-known taste for the good life, Shinn was dubbed by art historian
Sam Hunter Sam Hunter may refer to: People *Sam Hunter (art historian) (1923–2014), American historian of modern art * Sam Hunter (cartoonist) (1858–1939), Canadian cartoonist * Samuel Hunter (gymnast) (born 1988), British male artistic gymnast * Samuel D ...
"the dandy of the realists."


Career

Most art historians, as well as Shinn himself, consider his employment by the ''Philadelphia Press'' the true beginning of his art career. He was entering the field of newspaper illustration in its heyday, and he was a draughtsman of great facility. (In later years, Shinn would express his dismay over the development of
photography Photography is the art, application, and practice of creating durable images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. It is employed ...
as the new art form that eventually replaced drawing as the principal source of visuals in all American newspapers.) Shinn moved from paper to paper for the rest of his illustrating career, receiving a larger salary with each move. The ability to convey animated movement and the attention to detail necessary for his newspaper illustrations is reflected in Shinn's paintings and pastels, especially those treating urban themes. In 1899, he quit the newspaper business and began working for ''Ainslee's Magazine'', a magazine that also employed his wife, who was by that time a successful illustrator and who brought in a good deal of the household income. He ultimately illustrated for a wide range of popular journals over the next twenty years, including ''Harper's,'' ''Vanity Fair,'' ''Life,'' ''Look,'' and ''Judge.'' Shinn also started displaying his paintings and pastels publicly in 1899 to mixed reactions. In 1900, he and Flossie traveled to Europe to allow him an opportunity to study other painters and to prepare to produce enough work for another exhibition. The trip influenced his art in years to come; he was especially taken with Impressionism and European art that focused on depictions of the theater. Shinn has said of his experience at the ''Philadelphia Press'':
"In the Art Department of the Philadelphia Press on wobbling, ink-stained drawing boards
William J. Glackens William James Glackens (March 13, 1870 – May 22, 1938) was an American realist painter and one of the founders of the Ashcan School, which rejected the formal boundaries of artistic beauty laid-down by the conservative National Academy of Des ...
,
George Luks George Benjamin Luks (August 13, 1867 – October 29, 1933) was an American artist, identified with the aggressively realistic Ashcan School of American painting. After travelling and studying in Europe, Luks worked as a newspaper illustrator a ...
, Everett Shinn and
John Sloan John French Sloan (August 2, 1871 – September 7, 1951) was an American painter and etcher. He is considered to be one of the founders of the Ashcan school of American art. He was also a member of the group known as The Eight. He is best known ...
went to school, a school now lamentably extinct…a school that trained memory and quick perception."
It was during Shinn's time in Philadelphia that artists
Robert Henri Robert Henri (; June 24, 1865 – July 12, 1929) was an American painter and teacher. As a young man, he studied in Paris, where he identified strongly with the Impressionists, and determined to lead an even more dramatic revolt against A ...
, John Sloan, and Joseph Laub established the Charcoal Club as an informal alternative art school. The group, which included Henri, Sloan, Shinn, and fellow illustrators and would-be painters like William Glackens and George Luks, reached a peak membership of thirty-eight and sketched nudes and critiqued of each other's work. The club, which was both ribaldly social and intellectual, is often thought of a point of origin for what became known as the Ashcan school of American art. To his friends and fellow artists, Henri (the elder statesman of the group) urged the study of Whitman, Emerson, Zola, and Ibsen and the need for painters to forge a new style of art that spoke more to their time and experience. He believed that younger artists should look to the modern city for their subject matter and paint in a freer, less academic style than art lovers of the time were accustomed to. It was an outlook with which Shinn readily agreed.


New York and The Eight

image:Shinn Henri Sloan.jpg, 300px, left,
Ashcan School The Ashcan School, also called the Ash Can School, was an artistic movement in the United States during the late 19th-early 20th century that produced works portraying scenes of daily life in New York, often in the city's poorer neighborhoods. ...
Artists, circa 1896. L-R: Everett Shinn,
Robert Henri Robert Henri (; June 24, 1865 – July 12, 1929) was an American painter and teacher. As a young man, he studied in Paris, where he identified strongly with the Impressionists, and determined to lead an even more dramatic revolt against A ...
, John French Sloan In 1897, Shinn was offered a higher paying job as an illustrator for Joseph Pulitzer's ''New York World.'' (Theodore Dreiser also worked for the ''World'' at that time.) He was joined shortly after by his wife, Flossie, and by other members of the Charcoal Club. Shinn enjoyed living in the city and observing the hustle and bustle of Manhattan. His fascination with the intensity of urban life is evident in paintings like ''Fire on Mott Street'' and ''Fight'' or in his renderings of election rallies and matinee crowds. Shinn had a particular interest in scenes of drama (accidents, buildings on fire) and street violence. His preferred medium at this time when not drawing for the newspaper was pastel, the medium least associated with the grittiness of his subject matter. He is the only Ashcan artist to produce a large body of work in pastel. Shinn left no record or notes of any kind about his time in Europe, but it is generally assumed that he saw the work of Daumier, Degas, and Lautrec while in France and Walter Sickert while in England. Echoes of the style of all four artists can be found in Shinn's work, especially in the affinity he shares with Degas in depictions of stages marked by unusual croppings and compositions. Some of these paintings, like ''Trapeze, Winter Garden, New York'' (1903) or ''Curtain Call'' (n.d.), view the performers from the rear of the stage and include the audience as a backdrop to the picture itself; others, like ''London Hippodrome'' (1902), assume an imaginary aerial perspective from a balcony; and others take as a vantage point the middle of the orchestra pit (e..g, the 1906 ''The Orchestra Pit: Old Proctor's Fifth Avenue Theater''), looking up toward the stage at a sharp angle. Whether depicting ballet dancers, magicians, actors, acrobats, or vaudevillians, Shinn (who presumably spent a good deal of time at the theater himself) presents performance art as an enlivening and sensuous, if sometimes raucous, experience for both the men and women on the stage and the audience. Shinn became friendly with a number of major theater professionals in New York, including playwright
Clyde Fitch Clyde Fitch (May 2, 1865 – September 4, 1909) was an American dramatist, the most popular writer for the Broadway stage of his time (c. 1890–1909). Biography Born in Elmira, New York, and educated at Holderness School and Amherst College (cl ...
, actress Julia Marlowe, and producer David Belasco. They were able to introduce him to a social elite in Manhattan that included interior designer Elsie de Wolfe and architect Stanford White. As a result, "Shinn did a number of murals for houses built by Stanford White and for many houses and apartments decorated by Elsie de Wolfe." His clients were usually interested in a Louis XVI style called "rococo revivalism." The ceilings and pianos in Clyde Fitch's apartments were also decorated by Shinn, and Fitch was happy to recommend his services to other wealthy acquaintances. It was a lucrative arrangement and a somewhat incongruous one for a man who also painted dock workers and brawling barflies. Shinn's most lasting contribution in this area, recently restored, are the murals he painted for Belasco's Stuyvesant Theatre (today the Belasco Theatre), which opened in 1907 and is still a prominent Broadway playhouse. About this space, one theater historian has written: "The rich walnut paneling, ornamental Tiffany lamps, and eighteen murals by Everett Shinn created a warm, comfortable setting for Belasco's standard mix of dazzling scenic effects and melodramatic hokum." In February 1908, Shinn exhibited in a legendary exhibition at the Macbeth Galleries in New York that was intended as a protest against the conservative tastes and restrictive exhibition practices of the powerful National Academy of Design. The show, which also traveled to several cities from Newark to Chicago, occasioned considerable comment in the press about appropriate styles and content in art and gave the Ashcan painters more national publicity than they had previously enjoyed. The exhibiting artists, known as The Eight, included five realists (Shinn, Henri, Sloan, Glackens, and Luks) and three other artists (Arthur B. Davies, Ernest Lawson, Maurice Prendergast) who painted in a less realistic, more impressionistic style. Among the paintings Shinn chose to exhibit with The Eight was ''The London Hippodrome'' (1902), his most reproduced work and a painting that art historian Milton Brown called "among the best that the Ashcan school produced."


Later life

Unlike the other members of The Eight, Shinn did not exhibit in the famous 1913
Armory Show The 1913 Armory Show, also known as the International Exhibition of Modern Art, was a show organized by the Association of American Painters and Sculptors in 1913. It was the first large exhibition of modern art in America, as well as one of ...
of modern art and, in fact, became over the years a confirmed anti-Modernist, expressing nothing but disdain for Picasso and Matisse. He remained a representational artist all his life with no interest in stylistic experimentation, and throughout the 1910s and 1920s he cultivated a market for deftly-made drawings in the spirit of a latter-day Watteau or Boucher. This resistance to the changing era he was living in accounts, in part, for his declining place in art history after his death. His style, in the view of many observers, also took on a more facile, commercial quality, and some of his later works, like the murals painted for the bar of the Plaza Hotel, have an essentially nostalgic aim, reimagining in the 1940s the world of hansom cabs and city streets lighted by gas-lamps. "Except for one exhibition at Knoedler's in 1920," his biographer writes, "Everett Shinn does not seem to have exhibited paintings between 1910 and 1937." (In 1937, Shinn was included in the Whitney Museum's "New York Realists" show, which was, in essence, a reunion of the major Ashcan painters now that their day had passed.) The 1940s saw his work included in more museum exhibitions, though, and just prior to his death he was taken on by the prestigious James Graham Gallery in New York. In his best years, Shinn was well-paid and owned large houses in Connecticut and Upstate New York, but he went through a vast amount of money (along with four wives and numerous mistresses) and was financially straitened in his final days.


Legacy

Shinn was the youngest member of The Eight. Though his work is varied and resistant to easy categorization, it is considered most commonly in art histories in the context of The Eight and the Ashcan school, designations that do not quite fit the range of his individual vision. Shinn's relations with other members of The Eight, most of whom remained friendly into their later years, were never strong. "He was an accidental member of The Eight," John Sloan remarked in the late 1940s when he cast a vote against Shinn's nomination for membership in the Institute of Arts and Letters.Loughery, p. 364. Shinn's commitment to the high life and to interior decoration rubbed a Socialist and true urban realist like Sloan the wrong way. Yet Shinn had never claimed for himself a political stance in his art or intended to narrow his interests in service to a movement or school of art. His best works effectively capture a slice of American urban life in the first years of the twentieth century, in both a realist and a romantic spirit, and his most ambitious paintings (''The London Hippodrome,'' ''The Orchestra Pit: Old Proctor's Fifth Avenue Theater'') are among the greatest theater-inspired images in American art.


Gallery

File:Brooklyn Museum - Winter on 21st Street, New York - Everett Shinn - overall.jpg, ''Winter on 21st Street, New York'' 1889 –
Brooklyn Museum The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. At , the museum is New York City's second largest and contains an art collection with around 1.5 million objects. Located near the Prospect Heights, Crown H ...
File:Shinn revue2.jpg, ''Revue'', 1903 File:Everett Shinn - Rehearsal of the Ballet.jpg, Rehearsal of the Ballet, 1903 Image:girlinabathtub.jpg, ''Girl in a Bathtub'', 1903 File:Eviction (Everett Shinn painting).jpg, ''Eviction'', 1904 File:Shinn girl on stage 1906.jpg, ''A girl on stage'', 1906 Image:strongmanclownanddancer.jpg, ''Strong Man, Clown and Dancer'', 1909 File:Shinn 1910 Mrs A Stewart Walker in a Fur.jpg, ''Mrs A Stewart Walker in a Fur'', 1910 File:Brooklyn Museum - Fifth Avenue - Everett Shinn - overall.jpg, ''Fifth Avenue'', 1910 –
Brooklyn Museum The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. At , the museum is New York City's second largest and contains an art collection with around 1.5 million objects. Located near the Prospect Heights, Crown H ...
File:Everett Shinn - The Canfield Gambling House.jpg, ''The Canfield Gambling House'', 1912 File:Shinn 1912 Girl with Japanese Lanterns.jpg, ''Girl with Japanese Lanterns'', 1912


Selected painting analysis

''The Fight'', 1899 (Charcoal). In ''The Fight'', a group of men stand on the right side of the drawing, watching a fistfight outside a bar. Both black and white men are represented in the drawing, an unusual feature for period, which added to its controversial nature. The bold, sketchy quality of the brushstrokes makes the subjects appear appropriately uneasy and off-balance. The bulk of the drawing is heavily on the right side with much more open urban space depicted on the left. Though Shinn is often associated with portrayals of more elegant settings (notably, theater interiors), this drawing is typical of his equally pronounced interest in working-class subjects and is a classic example of Ashcan realism. ''Spoiling for a Fight, New York Docks'' (1899), ''Barges on the East River'' (1899), ''Cross Streets of new York'' (1899), ''The Docks, New York City'' (1901), ''The Laundress'' (1903), ''Eviction'' (1904), and ''Night Life: Accident'' (1908) are other examples of work produced by Shinn through his walks about the city, observing intently and sketching on the spot. ''Theater Scene'', 1906 (oil pastel on canvas). This painting is representative of Shinn's work depicting theater scenes, his favorite subject, and an intricate set design, another of Shinn's hobbies. The artist portrays of a group of dancers, clad in mostly white, onstage with a detailed backdrop of picturesque hills and a garden. The brushstrokes are broad and wide, giving the painting has a vivid sense of immediacy; the figures within the painting almost seem to be moving. The painting has a faintly dream-like quality, making it seem more impressionist than realist in style. Stagestruck from youth, Shinn never tired of depicting the theater as a place of energy, skill, and satisfying illusion.


Selected works

*''Fifth Avenue Coach, Winter'' (1906):
Montclair Art Museum The Montclair Art Museum (MAM) is located in Montclair, New Jersey, United States, a few miles west of New York City. Since it opened in 1914 as the first museum in New Jersey that granted access to the public and the first dedicated solely to a ...
*''Backstage Scene'' (1900):
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*''Tenements at Hester Street'' (1900):
The Phillips Collection The Phillips Collection is an art museum founded by Duncan Phillips and Marjorie Acker Phillips in 1921 as the Phillips Memorial Gallery located in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Phillips was the grandson of James H. Laughlin, ...
,
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*''Self-Portrait'' (1901): National Portrait Gallery,
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*''The Hippodrome, London'' (1902):
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*''The Vaudeville Act'' (1902–1903):
Palmer Museum of Art The Palmer Museum of Art is the art museum of Pennsylvania State University, located on the University Park campus in State College, Pennsylvania. Collections The museum has an increasing permanent collection of more than 7,000 works. The colle ...
at
Pennsylvania State University The Pennsylvania State University (Penn State or PSU) is a Public university, public Commonwealth System of Higher Education, state-related Land-grant university, land-grant research university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvan ...
*''Theater Scene'' (1903): Terra Foundation for the Arts,
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*''Outdoor Stage, France'' (1905): Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco *''A French Music Hall'' (1906):
Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art is a museum of American art in Bentonville, Arkansas. The museum, founded by Alice Walton and designed by Moshe Safdie, officially opened on 11 November 2011. It offers free public admission. Overview ...
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*''The Orchestra Pit: Old Proctor's Fifth Avenue Theater'' (1906): Yale University Art Gallery *''Dancer in White Before the Footlights'' (1910):
Butler Institute of American Art The Butler Institute of American Art, located on Wick Avenue in Youngstown, Ohio, United States, was the first museum dedicated exclusively to American art. Established by local industrialist and philanthropist Joseph G. Butler, Jr., the museum h ...
,
Youngstown, Ohio Youngstown is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio, and the largest city and county seat of Mahoning County, Ohio, Mahoning County. At the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, Youngstown had a city population of 60,068. It is a principal city of ...
*''Actress in Red Before Mirror'' (1910):
Hunter Museum of American Art The Hunter Museum of American Art is an art museum in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The museum's collections include works representing the Hudson River School, 19th century genre painting, American Impressionism, the Ashcan School, early modernism, ...
,
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*''Trenton Mural'' (1911): City Council chambers, Trenton City Hall,
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Selected exhibitions

*1899, January 16–February 25:
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA) is a museum and private art school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.hinn's first extensive one-man show*1903, March 9–21: Knoedler & Co. New York *1903, April 24–June 1:
Art Institute of Chicago The Art Institute of Chicago in Chicago's Grant Park, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the world. Recognized for its curatorial efforts and popularity among visitors, the museum hosts approximately 1.5 mill ...
*1904, March 2–16: Durand-Ruell Galleries, New York *1905–1906, November 20–January 1: Carnegie Institute,
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*1907, January 21–February 2:
Corcoran Gallery of Art The Corcoran Gallery of Art was an art museum in Washington, D.C., United States, that is now the location of the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design, a part of the George Washington University. Overview The Corcoran School of the Arts & Design ...
,
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*1908, February: ''The Eight'' exhibition at the Macbeth Galleries, New York *1910, April: American Watercolor Society,
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*1920, June–August: Knoedler & Co., New York *1937, February 9–March 5: "New York Realists at the
Whitney Museum of American Art The Whitney Museum of American Art, known informally as "The Whitney", is an art museum in the Meatpacking District and West Village neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City. It was founded in 1930 by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney (1875–1942), ...
*1944, Fall: Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh *1946, November 19–December 7: American British Art Center *1950–1951, December 9–February 25:
Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...
*1952, November: James Graham & Sons, New York


See also

*
American realism American Realism was a style in art, music and literature that depicted contemporary social realities and the lives and everyday activities of ordinary people. The movement began in literature in the mid-19th century, and became an important te ...


References


Sources

*Brown, Milton. ''American Painting from the Armory Show to the Depression.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955. *De Shazo, Edith, ''Everett Shinn, 1876–1953: A Figure in His Time.'' New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1974. *Hunter, Sam. ''Modern American Painting and Sculpture.'' New York: Dell, 1959. *''Life's Pleasures: The Ashcan Artists' Brush with Leisure, 1895–1925'' (exhibition catalogue for the Detroit Institute of Arts and the New York Historical Society). London: Merrill Publishers, 2007. *Loughery, John. ''John Sloan: Painter and Rebel.'' New York: Henry Holt, 1995. *Mazow, Leo G. "Everett Shinn's Time Warp" (pp. 129–137) in Elizabeth Kennedy (ed.), ''The Eight and American Modernisms.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1009. *''Metropolitan Lives: The Ashcan Artists and Their New York'' (exhibition catalogue). Washington, D.C.: the National Museum of American Art, 1996. *Perlman, Bennard N. ''Painters of the Ashcan School: The Immortal Eight.'' New York: Dover, 1999 edition. *Wong, Janay. ''Everett Shinn: The Spectacle of Life'' (exhibition catalogue). New York: Berry-Hill Galleries, 2000.


External links


National Portrait Gallery artist profile



Everett Shinn biography at artfact.com (auction website)

Everett Shinn
Hunter Museum of American Art
Everett Shinn collection, 1877-1958
digitized archive of Shinn's papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Shinn, Everett 1876 births 1953 deaths American illustrators American muralists 19th-century American painters 19th-century American male artists American male painters 20th-century American painters People from Woodstown, New Jersey Artists from New Jersey 20th-century American male artists