Prince Eustachy Erazm Sanguszko (1768–1844) was a Polish

nobleman Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. The characteristi ...

, general, military commander, diplomat and politician.

Early life

Eustachy Erazm Sanguszko was born in 1768 to

Hieronim Janusz Sanguszko Hieronim is the Polish form of Hieronymus and may refer to: *Adam Hieronim Sieniawski (1576–1616) (1576–1616), Polish–Lithuanian noble * Adam Hieronim Sieniawski (1623–1650) (1623–1650), Polish noble * Dominik Hieronim Radziwiłł (1786 ...

and Cecylia Usrzula Potocka.

French Royal army

In the years 1780–1786, Sanguszko graduated from the military school of

Strasbourg Strasbourg (, , ; german: Straßburg ; gsw, label=Bas Rhin Alsatian, Strossburi , gsw, label=Haut Rhin Alsatian, Strossburig ) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France and the official seat of the Eu ...

and served in the Régiment Royal-Allemand (together with

Stanisław Mokronowski Stanisław Mokronowski (1761-1821) was a prominent member of the Polish landed gentry of Bogoria coat of arms. A general of the Polish Army and a royal Chamberlain Mokronowski took part in both the Polish–Russian War of 1792 (War in the Defe ...

) of the

French Royal army The French Royal Army (french: Armée Royale Française) was the principal land force of the Kingdom of France. It served the Bourbon Dynasty from the reign of Louis XIV in the mid-17th century to that of Charles X in the 19th, with an interlude ...

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Four-Year Sejm

On 3 February 1789, Sanguszko began service in the

Crown A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, partic ...

Army as a

captain Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police department, election precinct, e ...

in the . On 5 October 1789, he was promoted to

major Major (commandant in certain jurisdictions) is a military rank of commissioned officer status, with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces throughout the world. When used unhyphenated and in conjunction with no other indicators ...

, and on 28 April 1792, to vice-brigadier. He was a representative of the

Lublin Voivodeship The Lublin Voivodeship, also known as the Lublin Province (Polish: ''województwo lubelskie'' ), is a voivodeship (province) of Poland, located in southeastern part of the country. It was created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Lublin, Che� ...

in the

Great Sejm The Great Sejm, also known as the Four-Year Sejm ( Polish: ''Sejm Wielki'' or ''Sejm Czteroletni''; Lithuanian: ''Didysis seimas'' or ''Ketverių metų seimas'') was a Sejm (parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that was held in War ...

of 1788–1792. Sanguszko partook in the War of the Second Partition where he fought at the

Battle of Zieleńce The Battle of Zieleńce was a battle in the Polish–Russian War of 1792, in defence of the Polish Constitution of 3 May 1791. The battle took place on 18 June 1792, between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Army of Józef Poniatowski and an I ...

as a cavalry brigadier, receiving the

Virtuti Militari The War Order of Virtuti Militari (Latin: ''"For Military Virtue"'', pl, Order Wojenny Virtuti Militari) is Poland's highest military decoration for heroism and courage in the face of the enemy at war. It was created in 1792 by Polish King Stan ...

in its wake on June 23. On 29 July 1792, the 24-year-old Sanguszko was promoted to

brigadier Brigadier is a military rank, the seniority of which depends on the country. In some countries, it is a senior rank above colonel, equivalent to a brigadier general or commodore, typically commanding a brigade of several thousand soldiers. In ...

, having taken over the command of the whole brigade on June 25. As the

Targowica Confederation The Targowica Confederation ( pl, konfederacja targowicka, , lt, Targovicos konfederacija) was a Confederation (Poland), confederation established by Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish and Lithuanian magnates on 27 April 1792, in Saint Pe ...

had won, he joined the

Imperial Russian Army The Imperial Russian Army (russian: Ру́сская импера́торская а́рмия, tr. ) was the armed land force of the Russian Empire, active from around 1721 to the Russian Revolution of 1917. In the early 1850s, the Russian Ar ...

to save his goods and possessions from confiscation.

Kościuszko Uprising

During the

Kościuszko Uprising The Kościuszko Uprising, also known as the Polish Uprising of 1794 and the Second Polish War, was an uprising against the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Pr ...

in 1794 he was a major general and a divisional commander. At the

Battle of Szczekociny The Battle of Szczekociny was fought on the 6 June 1794 near the town of Szczekociny, Lesser Poland, between Poland and the combined forces of the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia. Polish forces were led by Tadeusz Kościuszko, and the Russ ...

he saved Kościuszko's life. Then during the siege of

Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...

he was wounded.

Napoleonic Wars

He was a member of the general staff of

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

during the Russian campaign (with the rank of brigadier general) and took part in the march on Moscow. In the

Duchy of Warsaw The Duchy of Warsaw ( pl, Księstwo Warszawskie, french: Duché de Varsovie, german: Herzogtum Warschau), also known as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and Napoleonic Poland, was a French client state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during ...

he was the vice-Regimentarz of the

pospolite ruszenie ''Pospolite ruszenie'' (, lit. ''mass mobilization''; "Noble Host", lat, motio belli, the French term ''levée en masse'' is also used) is a name for the mobilisation of armed forces during the period of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Li ...

(general call-up). To protect family land holdings in

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

, Sanguszko refused to participate in Prince Poniatowski's 1813 campaign, for which the commander-in-chief, an old friend, punished him harshly with a dishonourable discharge from the army.

Congress of Poland

After the fall of Napoleon, Sanguszko settled on his ancestral lands that included the battlefield of Zieleńce. There he often pondered on past historic events in which he took part and described his thoughts in his "Memoirs". Between 1817–1820 he was the governor marshal of

Volhynia Volhynia (also spelled Volynia) ( ; uk, Воли́нь, Volyn' pl, Wołyń, russian: Волы́нь, Volýnʹ, ), is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe, between south-eastern Poland, south-western Belarus, and western Ukraine. Th ...

Personal life

Family

On June 26, 1798 in

Slavuta Slavuta (, russian: link=no, Славу́та, , ) is a city in Shepetivka Raion, Khmelnytskyi Oblast (province) of western Ukraine, located on the Horyn River. The city is located approximately 80 km from the oblast capital, Khmelnytskyi, ...

, he married Klementyna Czartoryska with whom he had three children: Dorota (1799-1831),

Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a letter ...

(1800-81), and Władysław (1803–70). Earlier on he had been romantically involved with Julia Lubomirska.

Honours

He was decorated with the

Knight's Cross Knight's Cross (German language ''Ritterkreuz'') refers to a distinguishing grade or level of various orders that often denotes bravery and leadership on the battlefield. Most frequently the term Knight's Cross is used to refer to the Knight's Cr ...

of the Polish Virtuti Militari and Chevalier of the French

Legion of Honour The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon, ...

References

* Memoirs: ''Wykaz doswiadczen przez ojca dla dzieci w roku 1815 spisany'' (published 1876 with the title ''Pamiętnik 1786-1815'').

Footnotes

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanguszko, Eustachy Erazm 1768 births 1844 deaths People from Radzyń Podlaski Generals of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Ruthenian nobility of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish generals Generals of the Kościuszko Uprising Polish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Knights of the Virtuti Militari Kościuszko insurgents Members of the Great Sejm Eustachy Erazm