The Espíritu Santo antelope squirrel (''Ammospermophilus insularis'') is a species of antelope squirrel in the family

Sciuridae Squirrels are members of the family Sciuridae, a family that includes small or medium-size rodents. The squirrel family includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels (including chipmunks and prairie dogs, among others), and flying squirrels. Squ ...

. It is

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found else ...

to Mexico, where it is known only from the island of

Espíritu Santo Espiritu Santo (, ; ) is the largest island in the nation of Vanuatu, with an area of and a population of around 40,000 according to the 2009 census. Geography The island belongs to the archipelago of the New Hebrides in the Pacific regio ...

in the

Gulf of California The Gulf of California ( es, Golfo de California), also known as the Sea of Cortés (''Mar de Cortés'') or Sea of Cortez, or less commonly as the Vermilion Sea (''Mar Bermejo''), is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean that separates the Baja C ...

. The species was originally described by

Edward William Nelson Edward William Nelson (May 8, 1855 – May 19, 1934) was an American naturalist and ethnologist. A collector of specimens and field naturalist of repute, he became a member of several expeditions to survey the fauna and flora. He was part o ...

and

Edward Alphonso Goldman Edward Alphonso Goldman (July 7, 1873 – September 2, 1946) was an American zoologist and botanist. He worked extensively in Mexico with Edward William Nelson and described and revised many groups of mammals. He was born Edward Alphonso Goltman i ...

in 1909 as a subspecies of the white-tailed antelope squirrel (''Ammospermophilus leucurus''), a wide-ranging species in the southwestern U.S. and Mexico. In 1938, Arthur H. Howell elevated the subspecies to full species status, on the basis of slightly larger skull proportions and the absence or reduction of the third upper premolar. Studies of DNA and chromosomes have variously suggested close relationships with

Harris's antelope squirrel Harris's antelope squirrel (''Ammospermophilus harrisii'') is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is found in Arizona and New Mexico in the United States, and in Sonora in Mexico. They are adapted to hot weather conditions including ...

s (''A. harrisii'') or other subspecies of white-tailed antelope squirrel. A 2007 comparison of DNA and morphological traits suggested the differences between Espíritu Santo squirrels and those on the Baja California peninsula and other islands were not enough to warrant distinct species but rather a subspecies of white-tailed antelope squirrels. Since 2008 the IUCN has similarly recognized the Espíritu Santo antelope squirrel as a subspecies of white-tailed antelope squirrel.

Description

''Ammospermophilus insularis'' diverged from ''Ammospermophilus leucurus'' species (specific to southern Baja California peninsula) and display similar characteristics. Both species contain two defined black bands alternating with three white bands on the underside of the tail. There are, however, several unique traits that distinguish ''A. insularis'' from ''A. leucurus''. ''A. insularis'' males and females are slightly larger and darker compared to ''A. leucurus'' and display missing or vestigial upper premolar. An upper premolar is generally variable among the family Sciuridae but is significantly different as seen in ''A. insularis'' compared to other ''Ammospermophilus'' species. A larger skull is also observed in ''A. insularis'', specifically the zygomatic arches, nasals, and auditory bullae.

Biogeography

''A. insularis'' is distributed in specific location of Mexican state regions. It is found in the Nearctic sub region, Californian Dominion, Baja California Province, and Baja California Sur Mexican state. There are three major lineages of the ''Ammospermophilus'' including, ''A. nelsoni'', ''A. leucurus'', and ''A. harrisii''. Geographic isolation of ''A. leucurus'' gave rise to the sub species ''A. insularis''. ''A. insularis'' inhabits rocky desert environments in Baja California Sur, Mexico including Isla Espiritu Santo and Isla San Marcos. The elevation range is from sea level to about 600 meters above sea level and generally not seen in higher elevation coniferous forests.

Phylogenetic History

''A. insularis'' diverged from the southern Baja California lineage ''A. leucurus''. Cytochrome B data analysis displays a divergence value of 2% indicating intraspecific variation. Haplotypes have also displayed an overlap and close resemblance between ''A. insularis'' and ''A. leucurus''. Even though the ''A. insularis'' haplotypes are monophyletic, they are nested within the ''A. leucurus'' lineage. Glacial expansion and retreat during the Pleistocene resulted in isolation of the genus ''Ammospermophilus'' leading to divergence into its three general groups. Southern Baja California ''A. leucurus'' species diverged approximately 2.5 million years ago somewhere between the end of the Pliocene and beginning of Pleistocene era. ''A. insularis diverged from A. leucurus about 640,00 years ago during Pleistocene era.''

References

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Espiritu Santo antelope squirrel Ammospermophilus Endemic mammals of Mexico Endemic fauna of the Baja California Peninsula Fauna of Gulf of California islands Mammals described in 1909 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Taxa named by Edward Alphonso Goldman