Eskişehir ( , ; from "old" and "city") is a city in northwestern

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...

and the capital of the

Eskişehir Province Eskişehir Province ( tr, ) is a province in northwestern Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Bilecik to the northwest, Kütahya to the west, Afyon to the southwest, Konya to the south, Ankara to the east, and Bolu to the north. The provincia ...

. The urban population of the city is 898,369 with a metropolitan population of 797,708. The city is located on the banks of the

Porsuk River The Porsuk River also Kocasu-Porsuk River ( tr, Porsuk Çayı, Kocasu-Porsuk Çayı), ancient Tembris, is a river in Turkey, that flows for . The city of Eskişehir is sited on the banks of this river. The river is dammed by the Porsuk dam formin ...

, 792 m above sea level, where it overlooks the fertile Phrygian Valley. In the nearby hills one can find hot springs. The city is to the west of

Ankara Ankara ( , ; ), historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and over 5.7 million in Ankara Province, maki ...

, to the southeast of

Istanbul ) , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = 34000 to 34990 , area_code = +90 212 (European side) +90 216 (Asian side) , registration_plate = 34 , blank_name_sec2 = GeoTLD , blank_i ...

and to the northeast of Kütahya. It is located in the vicinity of the ancient city of

Dorylaeum Dorylaeum or Dorylaion ( el, Δορύλαιον; tr, Şarhöyük) was an ancient city in Anatolia. It is now an archaeological site located near the city of Eskişehir, Turkey. Its original location was about 10 km southwest of Eskişehi ...

. Known as a

university town A college town or university town is a community (often a separate town or city, but in some cases a town/city neighborhood or a district) that is dominated by its university population. The university may be large, or there may be several sma ...

;

Eskişehir Technical University Eskişehir Technical University (ESTU) is a state technical university in Turkey. On May 18, 2018, it started to provide education in Eskişehir with five faculties, three institutes and two vocational schools in two different campuses. As of 2019, ...

Eskişehir Osmangazi University Eskisehir Osmangazi University ( tr, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi), abbreviated as ESOGU, is located in Eskişehir, in the Eskişehir Province of Turkey. History Eskişehir Osmangazi University (ESOGU) is a state university that dates ...

, and

Anadolu University Anadolu University ( tr, Anadolu Üniversitesi) is a public university in Eskişehir, Turkey. The university is known for its success in verbal fields such as history and communication. Its Faculty of Communication Sciences is sometimes considered ...

are based in Eskişehir. The province covers an area of .

Name

The name literally means 'Old City' in Turkish.

History

Cybele Figure with lions (Roman period) - 3

The city was founded by the Phrygians in at least 1000 BC, although it has been estimated to be older than 4000 years old. The current city lies about a mile from the ancient Phrygian city of

. Many Phrygian artifacts and sculptures can still be found in the city's archeological museum. There is also a museum of

meerschaum Sepiolite, also known in English by the German name meerschaum ( , ; ; meaning " sea foam"), is a soft white clay mineral, often used to make tobacco pipes (known as meerschaum pipes). A complex magnesium silicate, a typical chemical formula ...

stone, whose production remains still notable, used to make high quality meerschaum

pipes Pipe(s), PIPE(S) or piping may refer to: Objects * Pipe (fluid conveyance), a hollow cylinder following certain dimension rules ** Piping, the use of pipes in industry * Smoking pipe ** Tobacco pipe * Half-pipe and quarter pipe, semi-circula ...

. In the fourth century AD the city moved about ten km northeast, from Karacahisar to Şehirhöyük. The region was originally inhabited by

Hittites The Hittites () were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing first a kingdom in Kussara (before 1750 BC), then the Kanesh or Nesha kingdom (c. 1750–1650 BC), and next an empire centered on Hattusa in north-centra ...

. Many ancient geographers described the city as one of the most beautiful in

Anatolia Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The ...

. As with many towns in

Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.38 billion followers representing one-third of the global pop ...

arrived after

Constantine the Great Constantine I ( , ; la, Flavius Valerius Constantinus, ; ; 27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337, the first one to convert to Christianity. Born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterran ...

legalized the

religion Religion is usually defined as a social- cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relates humanity to supernatural, ...

in the

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediter ...

. Beginning in the 4th century, records exist of bishops holding office in Eskişehir. The city was known as () in

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

in that period. One of these bishops,

Eusebius Eusebius of Caesarea (; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος ; 260/265 – 30 May 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilus (from the grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος τοῦ Παμφίλου), was a Greek historian of Christianity, exegete, and Chris ...

, was heavily involved in shaping the evolving

dogma Dogma is a belief or set of beliefs that is accepted by the members of a group without being questioned or doubted. It may be in the form of an official system of principles or doctrines of a religion, such as Roman Catholicism, Judaism, Isla ...

of the church. It was called during the

Seljuk Seljuk or Saljuq (سلجوق) may refer to: * Seljuk Empire (1051–1153), a medieval empire in the Middle East and central Asia * Seljuk dynasty (c. 950–1307), the ruling dynasty of the Seljuk Empire and subsequent polities * Seljuk (warlord) (di ...

period.Türkiye İller Ansiklopedisi 1.Cilt s.409 In 1097 it was the site of a

battle A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...

of the

First Crusade The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The objective was the recovery of the Holy Land from Islamic r ...

in which the

Crusaders The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were in ...

defeated the Seljuk Turkish sultan

Kilij Arslan I Kilij Arslan ibn Suleiman ( 1ca, قِلِج اَرسلان; fa, , Qilij Arslān; tr, I. Kılıç Arslan or ''Kılıcarslan'', "Sword Lion") (‎1079–1107) was the Seljuq Sultan of Rum from 1092 until his death in 1107. He ruled the Sultan ...

; the town later fell to the Turks in 1176, or the 13th century.

Economy

Traditionally dependent on flour milling and brickyards, the city expanded with the building of railway workshops in 1894 for work on the Berlin–Baghdad railway. As of 1920, Eskişehir was one of the major locations for

mining. At that time, most of the mining sites were owned by the state.

Devrim Devrim (, meaning ''Revolution'' in Turkish) was the first ever automobile designed and produced in Turkey. Automotive Industry Congress On 15 May 1961, the ''Otomotiv Endüstri Kongresi'' (Automotive Industry Congress) was opened by Presiden ...

, the first Turkish automobile, was produced in 1961 at the

TÜLOMSAŞ TÜLOMSAŞ ( tr, Türkiye Lokomotif ve Motor Sanayi Anonim Şirketi) is a locomotive and wagon builder in Turkey. It is the main locomotive supplier of the Turkish State Railways and is one of the 2 companies that designs and assembles locomotive ...

factory in Eskişehir.

never put into mass production and stayed a concept study and can be viewed in TÜLOMSAŞ factory Eskişehir. In addition to production, first Turkish steam powered locomotive called Karakurt was produced at the TÜLOMSAŞ in 1961. Eskişehir was also the site of Turkey's first aviation industry (Aeronautical Supply Maintenance Centre) and its

air base An air base (sometimes referred to as a military air base, military airfield, military airport, air station, naval air station, air force station, or air force base) is an aerodrome used as a military base by a military force for the operation ...

was the command center of Turkey's first Tactical Air Force headquarters on

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two No ...

's southern flank during the Cold War. Eskişehir produces trucks, home appliances, railway locomotives, fighter aircraft engines, agricultural equipment, textiles, brick, cement, chemicals, processed meerschaum and refined sugar. , one of Turkey's largest food brands (mostly producing biscuit, chocolate and candy varieties) is based in Eskişehir.

Arçelik Arçelik A.Ş. is a Turkish multinational household appliances manufacturer which owns Beko and Grundig. The company engages in the production and marketing of durable goods, components, consumer electronics and after-sale services. Its produc ...

, a major Turkish home appliances and consumer electronics manufacturer, has one of its production plants in Eskişehir. Eskişehir was the first stage of

High-speed rail in Turkey The Turkish State Railways (TCDD) started building high-speed rail lines in 2003. TCDD has branded its high-speed service as Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT) which currently operates on two lines: the Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway and the Ank ...

from

. This service improved the travel and commerce between Eskişehir and Ankara, thanks to reduced journey time. GKN, a major global automotive supplier for passenger and commercial car powertrain systems has a plant in Eskişehir. The city is served by the

Anadolu Airport Hasan Polatkan Airport ( tr, Hasan Polatkan Havalimanı) is an international airport that serves the city of Eskişehir. Located within the Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Eskişehir Technical University. History Hasan Polatkan Airpo ...

Education

There are three universities in Eskişehir. These are the

, and the

which is the first university in the world that gained the privilege of managing airports. Anadolu University, in addition to its on-campus studies, started open university courses through TV broadcasts in the 1980s. Allowing access to tertiary education for thousands of students who otherwise would not have been able to benefit from any. The current Metropolitan Mayor of Eskişehir, Prof. Dr. Yılmaz Büyükerşen, was formerly the rector of the

Culture

The city has a significant population of Turkic

Crimean Tatars , flag = Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg , flag_caption = Flag of Crimean Tatars , image = Love, Peace, Traditions.jpg , caption = Crimean Tatars in traditional clothing in front of the Khan's Palace ...

. It also attracted ethnic

Turks Turk or Turks may refer to: Communities and ethnic groups * Turkic peoples, a collection of ethnic groups who speak Turkic languages * Turkish people, or the Turks, a Turkic ethnic group and nation * Turkish citizen, a citizen of the Republic ...

emigrating from Balkan countries such as

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...

, Bosnia, North Macedonia and the

Sandžak Sandžak (; sh, / , ; sq, Sanxhaku; ota, سنجاق, Sancak), also known as Sanjak, is a historical geo-political region in Serbia and Montenegro. The name Sandžak derives from the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, a former Ottoman administrative dis ...

region of

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hungar ...

, who contributed to the development of the city's metalworking industries. Eskişehir also hosted the inaugural

Turkvision Song Contest The Turkvision Song Contest (TSC, tr, Türkvizyon Şarkı Yarışması), also known as the Türkvizyon Song Contest, is a recurring song contest created by Turkish music channel TMB TV, inspired by the format of the Eurovision Song Contest. T ...

in 2013, which aims to highlight music and artists from various Turkic-speaking regions. The city is also home to the Dünya Müzeleri Müzesi or Museum of World Museums. Other museums in the city are Eti Archaeology Museum, Aviation Museum, Meerschaum Museum,

Museum of Independence The Museum of Independence ( pl, Muzeum Niepodległości) is a museum in Warsaw, Poland. It was established on 30 January 1990 as the Museum of the History of Polish Independence and Social Movements and is located in the former Przebendowski Palac ...

, Museum of Modern Glass Art,

Tayfun Talipoğlu Typewriter Museum Tayfun Talipoğlu Typewriter Museum, or shortly Typewriter Museum, ( tr, Tayfun Talipoğlu Daktilo Müzesi or ''Daktilo Müzesi'') is a technology museum in Odunpazarı, Eskişehir, Turkey exhibiting typewriters. The Typewriter Museum is the first ...

Yılmaz Büyükerşen Wax Museum Yılmaz Büyükerşen Wax Museum, also known as Eskişehir Wax Museum, ( tr, Yılmaz Büyükerşen Balmumu Heykeller Müzesi) is a wax museum in Odunpazarı second level municipality in Greater Eskişehir, Turkey. The museum is situated on Atatü ...

and the Odunpazarı Modern Museum.

Attractions

Bridge over Porsuk, Eskişehir 01 (cropped)

Most of modern-day Eskişehir was rebuilt after the

Turkish War of Independence The Turkish War of Independence "War of Liberation", also known figuratively as ''İstiklâl Harbi'' "Independence War" or ''Millî Mücadele'' "National Struggle" (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns waged by th ...

(1919–1923), but a number of historic buildings remain, such as the Kurşunlu Mosque. The archaeological site of the ancient Phrygian city of

is close to Eskişehir. The city is noted for its natural hot sulphur springs.

Climate

Eskişehir has a

cold semi-arid climate A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type. It is located on regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate. There are different kinds of semi-ar ...

(''BSk'') under the

Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notabl ...

, and a temperate continental climate (''Dc'') under the

Trewartha climate classification The Trewartha climate classification (TCC) or the Köppen–Trewartha climate classification (KTC) is a climate classification system first published by American geographer Glenn Thomas Trewartha in 1966. It is a modified version of the Köppen ...

. The city features cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn. Due to Eskişehir's high altitude and its dry summers, nightly temperatures in the summer months are cool. Precipitation levels are low, but precipitation can be observed throughout the year.

Sports

Odunpazarı_Modern_Museum_Tanabe_Chikuunsai_IV

Association football Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch. The objective of the game is ...

club

Eskişehirspor Eskişehirspor Kulübü is a Turkish professional football club located in Eskişehir. Eskisehirspor has a total of six trophies, making them the sixth most trophies holders in Turkey. Founded in 1965, Eskişehirspor competed in the top division ...

, founded in 1965, plays in the

TFF Second League TFF 2. Lig (Turkish Football Federation Second League), is the third level in the Turkish football league system. It was founded in the 2001–02 season with the name of ''Turkish Second League Category B'' as a continuation of the then second lev ...

after being relegated during the

2021-22 TFF First League Increment or incremental may refer to: * Incrementalism, a theory (also used in politics as a synonym for gradualism) * Increment and decrement operators, the operators ++ and -- in computer programming * Incremental computing * Incremental backu ...

. It plays its home games in the

New Eskişehir Stadium The New Eskişehir Atatürk Stadium ( tr, Yeni Eskişehir Atatürk Stadyumu) is a stadium Eskişehir, Turkey. It opened to the public in late 20 November 2016 and has a capacity of 32,500spectators. It is the home ground of Eskişehirspor Esk ...

Notable natives

* Eusebius of Dorylaeum5th century bishop * Battal Gazi8th century Muslim saint buried in

Seyitgazi Seyitgazi is a town and district of Eskişehir Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. The central town of Seyitgazi lies at a distance of towards the south from the province capital of Eskişehir. According to 2010 census, population o ...

Yunus Emre Yunus Emre () also known as Derviş Yunus (Yunus the Dervish) (1238–1328) (Old Anatolian Turkish: يونس امره) was a Turkish folk poet and Islamic Sufi mystic who greatly influenced Turkish culture. His name, ''Yunus'', is the Muslim ...

13th century Turkish folk poet * Sheik Edebali13th century religious leader, spiritual founder of the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

* Behiç Erkin - Turkish Schindler, first director (1920–1926) of the Turkish State Railways, Minister of Public Works (1926–1928), Turkish Ambassador (Budapest 1928–1939, Paris and Vichy 1939-1943) *

Yakup Satar Yakup Satar (11 March 1898 – 2 April 2008) is believed to have been the last Ottoman veteran of the First World War. He died at age 110. Born in Crimea, Satar joined the army of the Ottoman Empire in 1915. On 23 February, 1917, he was t ...

- last Turkish veteran of the First World War *

Fahrettin Kerim Gökay Fahrettin Kerim Gökay (January 9, 1900 Eskişehir – July 22, 1987 Istanbul) was a Turkish politician, civil servant, professor ordinarius and physician. He served as government minister, and is well known for his long-term position as governo ...

- Professor, former Mayor of Istanbul (1949–1957), former Turkish Ambassador (Bern), former Minister of State * Yılmaz Büyükerşen - Professor, Metropolitan Mayor of Eskişehir, Reporter, Columnist, Caricaturist, Editor, former Rector of Anadolu University, former member of RTYK, Professional Wax Sculptor *

Cüneyt Arkın Fahrettin Cüreklibatır (8 September 1937 – 28 June 2022), better known by his stage name Cüneyt Arkın, was a Turkish film actor, director, producer and martial artist. Having starred in somewhere around 300 movies and TV series, he is wi ...

- Actor, Director, Producer, Martial Artist, Doctor in Medicine * Nuri Alço - Actor, Director, Producer * Eqrem Çabej - Linguist and scholar *

Melis Birkan Melis Birkan (born 15 July 1982) is a Turkish actress. She has starred in Çağan Irmak Çağan Irmak (born 4 April 1970) is a Turkish film and television writer and director, who has managed to attract a large audience in Turkey and is b ...

- Actress *

Zeki Sezer Mehmet Zeki Sezer (born 12 April 1957) is a Turkish politician and former chairman of the Democratic Left Party (Demokratik Sol Parti, DSP), he was elected in the 6th ordinary party congress in 2004 after the resignation of Bülent Ecevit. Ea ...

- former Leader of the Democratic Left Party

DSP DSP may refer to: Computing * Digital signal processing, the mathematical manipulation of an information signal * Digital signal processor, a microprocessor designed for digital signal processing * Yamaha DSP-1, a proprietary digital signal ...

, Chemical Engineer, Minister of State (57th government) *

Hasan Polatkan Hasan Polatkan (1915 – 16 September 1961) was a Turkish politician and Minister of Labor and Finance, who was executed by hanging after the coup d'état in 1960 along with two other cabinet members. Early years He was born 1915 in Eski� ...

- Politician *

Mehmet Terzi Mehmet Terzi (born May 5, 1955) is a medal-winning former long-distance runner from Turkey, who specialized in running marathons. He served as the president of the Turkish Athletic Federation ( tr, Türkiye Atletizm Federasyonu) (TAF) for nine ye ...

- Long-Distance Runner * Gamze Bulut - Mid-Distance Runner *

Zeki Önder Özen Zeki as Turkish masculine name and may refer to: * Zeki Yim (born 2003), Hong Kong Pornography actor * Zeki Akar (born 1944), Turkish judge * Zeki Alasya (1943-2015), Turkish actor * Zeki Demir (born 1982), Turkish karateka * Zeki Demirkubuz (bor ...

- Football Manager * Ömer Çatkıç - Football Goalkeeper *

Neslihan Demir Darnel Neslihan Demir (born 9 December 1983) is a retired Turkish volleyball star. She is one of the most successful athletes of Turkey and has been among FIVB Heroes. She represented her country as the flag bearer at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the ...

- Volleyball Player *

İpek Şenoğlu İpek Şenoğlu (born 8 June 1979), nicknamed İpeko, is a former Turkish tennis player. She first made history in June 2004, when she was accepted into the women's doubles qualifying for Wimbledon. Though Şenoğlu did not advance into the ma ...

- Tennis Player *

Ersan İlyasova Ersan İlyasova (born 15 May 1987) is a Turkish professional basketball player who last played for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has previously played in Turkey, Spain and the NBA Development League. Professional ...

- Basketball Player *

Kerem Gönlüm Kerem Gönlüm (born November 22, 1977) is a Turkish former professional basketball player for Sigortam.net İTÜ Basket of the Turkish Basketball League. In 2019 January, he started punditry on a local radio station. Gonlum served a one-year ba ...

- Basketball Player *

Ceyhun Yıldızoğlu Ceyhun Yıldızoğlu (born 6 March 1967) is a Turkish professional basketball coach. He is currently coaching the Turkish pro side Çukurova Basketbol. Managing career National level * 2008–2015 Turkey * 2018–2022 Turkey Honors * Turkish W ...

- Basketball Coach *

Asya (singer) Asya (born 24 February 1965) is a Turkish Pop music, pop singer and songwriter who appeared as backing vocalist for Nilüfer Yumlu, Nilüfer between 1990 and 1994. Her first album, ''Asya'' was released in 1994. She worked with Onno Tunç, Garo Ma ...

- Pop Singer, Song-Writer * Tuna Kiremitçi - Author, Poet, Columnist, Composer *

Enis Batur Ahmet Enis Batur (born 28 June 1952, Eskişehir, Turkey) is a Turkish poet, essayist, novelist, and editor. Education Born in Eskişehir on 28 June 1952, Enis Batur studied at St. Joseph High School Istanbul, METU-Sociology (Ankara), and So ...

- Author, Lecturer * Alper Erturk - Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology *

Gürer Aykal Gürer Aykal (born May 22, 1942) is a Turkish conductor and adjunct professor at Bilkent University. He has been the musical director and principal conductor of the Borusan Istanbul Philharmonic Orchestra since 1999. Education Aykal was born in ...

- Conductor, Adjunct Professor at Bilkent University * Banu Avar - Writer and journalist * Mete Erpek (Joker) - Rapper

Non-natives

Fikri Cantürk, Professor of Painting, Anadolu University

International relations

Twin towns — sister cities

Eskişehir is twinned with: *

Changzhou Changzhou ( Changzhounese: ''Zaon Tsei'', ) is a prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu province, China. It was previously known as Yanling, Lanling and Jinling. Located on the southern bank of the Yangtze River, Changzhou borders the provin ...

, China *

Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , "Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on its na ...

, Germany *

Kazan Kazan ( ; rus, Казань, p=kɐˈzanʲ; tt-Cyrl, Казан, ''Qazan'', IPA: ɑzan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka rivers, covering an ...

, Russia *

Kyrenia Kyrenia ( el, Κερύνεια ; tr, Girne ) is a city on the northern coast of Cyprus, noted for its historic harbour and castle. It is under the ''de facto'' control of Northern Cyprus. While there is evidence showing that the wider region ...

, Northern Cyprus *

Linz Linz ( , ; cs, Linec) is the capital of Upper Austria and third-largest city in Austria. In the north of the country, it is on the Danube south of the Czech border. In 2018, the population was 204,846. In 2009, it was a European Capital ...

, Austria *

Paju Paju () is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Paju was made a city in 1997; it had previously been a county (''gun''). The city area of Paju is ,"Paju (Gyeonggi-do Province)." ''Naver Encyclopedia of Knowledge''. Naver, 2015. 4 Mar. 2016. ...

, South Korea *

Saint-Josse-ten-Noode Saint-Josse-ten-Noode () or Sint-Joost-ten-Node (), often simply called Saint-Josse or Sint-Joost, is one of the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium. Located in the north-eastern part of the region, it is bordered by the C ...

, Belgium

Notes

References

* *

External links

District governor's official website

District municipality's official website

Eskişehir Police Headquarters

Eskişehir News

Eskişehirspor Sports Club
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Eskisehir Cities in Turkey Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey