Erythranthe peregrina
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''Erythranthe peregrina'' is a species of
monkeyflower Monkey flower can refer to: *Several genera of plant family Phrymaceae, including: ** ''Diplacus'' ** ''Erythranthe'' ** ''Mimulus'' *Various snapdragon-like Lamiales, including: ** ''Linaria vulgaris'' ** ''Phyllocarpus septentrionalis ''Barne ...
. Its
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
name means "foreign", or more loosely "the foreigner". This species is a rare example of polyploidization and speciation where sterility did not occur. It was discovered in 2011, first reported in 2012, and named ''Mimulus peregrinus''. Around the same time, the genus ''Mimulus'' was restructured and this species is now called ''Erythranthe peregrina'' and is in the
section Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sig ...
''Simiolus''. The species was less than 140 years old at the time of discovery in 2011; its discoverer, Mario Vallejo-Marin of the
University of Stirling The University of Stirling (, gd, Oilthigh Shruighlea (abbreviated as Stir or Shruiglea, in post-nominals) is a public university in Stirling, Scotland, founded by royal charter in 1967. It is located in the Central Belt of Scotland, built ...
, compared finding it to "looking at the big bang in the first milliseconds of its occurrence".


Description

''Erythranthe peregrina'' has a high level of pollen and seed fertility. Its vegetative and floral characteristics are intermediate between its two ancestral species, '' E. guttata'' and '' E. lutea''. ''E. peregrina'' is a perennial herb high. The leaves are generally variable, ovate-oblong . Petioles are about 75% as long as the blades.
Pedicel Pedicle or pedicel may refer to: Human anatomy *Pedicle of vertebral arch, the segment between the transverse process and the vertebral body, and is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty procedures ...
s are .
Sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coine ...
s are and have five triangular teeth. The flowers are yellow with red spots. Throats are slightly hairy. Stamens produce large amounts of pollen. The germination rates of self-fertilized seeds is about 80%.


Origin

Polyploidization is a mechanism of  sympatric speciation because
polyploid Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of ( homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei ( eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, where each set contain ...
s are usually unable to interbreed with their diploid ancestors due to the difference in
chromosome A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are ...
numbers. Sequencing confirmed that this species originated from ''E.'' × ''robertsii'', a sterile triploid hybrid (2''n'' = 3''x'' = 46) between ''E. guttata'' and ''E. lutea'', both of which have been introduced and naturalized in the United Kingdom. Due to allopolyploidization, complete chromosomal inheritance, ''E. peregrina'' has double the amount of genetic material, genome size and chromosomes of ''E.'' × ''robertsii'' (2''n'' = 6''x'' = 92). Wheat, cotton and tobacco also formed in this manner. Such an event has been rare in the last two centuries and is the first such instance in the order
Lamiales The order Lamiales (also known as the mint order) are an order in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes about 23,810 species, 1,059 genera, and is divided into about 25 families. These families include Acanthaceae, Big ...
. Such genetic doubling resulting in a new species is instantaneous in evolutionary terms.


Distribution

''Erythranthe peregrina'' was photographed on the banks of the River Tees, Northern England in 2005, where it was mis-identified as ''Mimulus luteus'' by Dr. Peter Llewellyn, an amateur botanist. Vallejo-Marin later collected one of its seeds on 27 August 2011 from the banks of Shortcleuch Water, near
Leadhills Leadhills, originally settled for the accommodation of miners, is a village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, WSW of Elvanfoot. The population in 1901 was 835. It was originally known as Waterhead. It is the second highest village in Scotland, ...
, South Lanarkshire, in southern Scotland. Making this species even more unusual, two separate populations of ''E. peregrina'' arose independently; one on the Scottish mainland and the Orkney Islands off the coast of northern Scotland, via genome duplication from local populations of ''E.'' × ''robertsii'', a hybrid of ''Erythranthe guttata'' from western North America and ''Erythranthe lutea'' from the Andes of South America; both of those species had been imported into Britain. Scientists had known about ''E.'' × ''robertsii'' for some time, but until 2011 had always found it to be sterile. New species generally form in one locale and then spread to other areas. However, in this very unusual case, ''E. peregrina'' formed independently in the same way in two different areas. This proves that under the right conditions multiple independent evolution of the same species is repeatable. The two colonies are confirmed as having the same parentage but slight genetic differences show they arose independently. While the Orkney colony was discovered about 2 years after the Leadhills colony, there is no way to tell which colony developed first. ''
Senecio cambrensis ''Senecio cambrensis'' (Welsh groundsel or Welsh ragwort) is a flowering plant of the family Asteraceae. It is endemic to Great Britain and currently known only from North Wales. It is a recently evolved plant that arose as a result of hyb ...
'' is another case of multiple independent evolution; having arisen in Wales and Scotland. About one-third of the wild hybrids in the British Isles have at least one non-native parent.


References


External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q17746377 peregrina Flora of Scotland