Ernakh

Ernak was the last known ruler of the Huns, and the third son of Attila. After Attila's death in 453 AD, his Empire crumbled and its remains were ruled by his three sons, Ellac, Dengizich and Ernak. He succeeded his older brother Ellac in 454 AD, and probably ruled simultaneously over Huns in dual kingship with his brother Dengizich, but in separate divisions in separate lands.

Priscus, during his stay at Attila's court in 448 or 449 AD, recorded a personal occasion between Attila and Ernak. At a banquet Attila looked on him with serene eyes, while taking small account of his other sons. He was Attila's favorite son, because as a certain Hun explained to him, the Hunnic prophets prophesied his ''genos'' would fail, but would be restored by this son.

Ernak has often been identified with ''Irnik'' from the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans, who is noted as a descendant of the Dulo clan and leader of the Bulgars for 150 years, starting approximately from 437 AD.

History

The oldest brother Ellac died in 454 AD, at the Battle of Nedao. Jordanes recorded 'When Ellac was slain, his remaining brothers were put to fight near the shore of the Sea of Pontus where we have said the Goths settled ... dwelling again in their ancient abodes". Jordanes recounts c. 454-455:

" fter_the_Ostrogoths_led_by_their_king_Valamir,_and_his_brothers_Theodemir_(Ostrogothic_king).html" ;"title="Valamir.html" ;"title="fter the Ostrogoths led by their king Valamir">fter the Ostrogoths led by their king Valamir, and his brothers Theodemir (Ostrogothic king)">Theodemir and Vidimir received Pannonia] Now it happened that the sons of Attila, regarding the Goths as deserters from their rule, came against them as though they were seeking fugitive slaves and attacked Valamir alone, when his brothers knew nothing of it. He sustained their attack, though he had but few with him, and after harassing them a long time, so utterly overwhelmed them that scarcely a portion of the enemy remained. The remnant turned in flight and sought the parts of Scythia which border on the stream of the river Danaber, which the Huns call in their own tongue Var. Whereupon he sent a messenger of good tidings to his brother Theodemir ... on the very day the messenger arrived ... Theoderic was born n 454.

"Hernac, the younger son of Attila, with his followers, chose a home in the most distant part of Scythia Minor. Emnetzur and Ultzindur kinsmen of his, seized by force Oescus and Vtus and Almus in Dacia on the bank of the Danube, and many of the Huns, then swarming everywhere, betook themselves into Romania; descendants of them are to this day called Sacromontisi and Fossatisii".

The toponyms ''Vtus'' (at the mouth of river Utus, today Vit), '' Oescus'', near present Gigen at the mouth of river Iskar, and ''Almus'', the present Lom, were situated in Dacia Ripensis. The ''Sacromontisi'' may have received their name from the holy mountain in Thrace, while the ''Fossatisii'' (''fossatum'', military camp) linguistically points to Moesia. Jordanes makes distinction between the Huns who ''seized'' land, and Alanic and Germanic tribes who ''received'' it.

In early 458, Western Roman Emperor Majorian gathered a vast army formed by barbarian tribes, including ''Chunus'', for the campaign against the Vandals. Sidonius Apollinaris recounts that "around thee thronged thousands under diverse standards. Only one race denied thee obedience, a race who had lately, in a mood even more savage than their wont, withdrawn their untamed host from the Danube because they had lost their lords in warfare, and Tuldila stirred in that unruly multitude a mad lust for fight which they must needs pay dear". This account refers to the loss of Ellac and other chieftains, the Battle of Nedao was fought only few years before, and they withdrawn from the Danube, now occupied by former Germanic subjects. Those Huns were situated in Moesia Superior and Dacia Ripensis.

Priscus recorded that in 465-466, Dengizich and Ernak sent diplomats to Constantinople. They wanted a peace treaty, and a market place on Danube "according to the ancient customs" between Romans and Huns, but were rejected. While Dengizich died in 469, it is considered that Ernak managed to maintain peaceful relations with the Romans living in the Dobruja region. It seems he was content, compared to Dengizich, with the limited land he was given. The fate of Ernak is unclear.

Etymology

The name is recorded in two, possibly three variants, ''Ήρνάχ'' (Ernakh) by Priscus, and ''Hernac'' by Jordanes in ''Getica'', and possibly ''Ирникъ'' (Irnik) in Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans. Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen discounted this last connection, arguing that the name is just as similar to the Armenian Arnak, a figure living at the same time as Ernak, as it is to Irnik. Nicholas Poppe argued that the name originally had ''h-'' in initial position (''er'' < ''här'', ''her'').

Omeljan Pritsak derived the name from Turkic ''erän'', irregular plural of ''ēr'', meaning "man, real man, hero". He argued that the ending ''-nik'' was a diminutive suffix, ''-näk'' or ''-nik'', found only in the Altaic dialects, sometime also used as an augmentation. The name, reconstructed by Pritsak as ''Hērnäk'', could thus mean both "hero" and "little uckyman".

Maenchen-Helfen, while aware of Pritsak's theory, considered the name to be of unknown origin.

Legacy

Irnik, a village in Bulgaria is named after Irnik (Ernak).

Irnik Point on Snow Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Irnik (Ernak).

References

Sources

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5th-century Hunnic rulers
Hunnic rulers
5th-century monarchs in Europe
6th-century monarchs in Europe
Dulo clan