Epistle to the Philippians

The Epistle to the Philippians is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle and Timothy is named with him as co-author or co-sender. The letter is addressed to the Christian church in Philippi. Paul, Timothy, Silas (and perhaps Luke) first visited Philippi in Greece ( Macedonia) during Paul's second missionary journey from Antioch, which occurred between approximately 49 and 51 AD. In the account of his visit in the Acts of the Apostles, Paul and Silas are accused of "disturbing the city".

There is a general consensus that Philippians consists of authentically Pauline material, and that the epistle is a composite of multiple letter fragments from Paul to the church in Philippi. These letters could have been written from Ephesus in 52–55 AD or Caesarea Maritima in 57–59, but the most likely city of provenance is Rome, around 62 AD, or about 10 years after Paul's first visit to Philippi. Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.

Composition

Starting in the 1960s, a general consensus has emerged among biblical scholars that Philippians was not written as one unified letter, but is rather a compilation of fragments from three separate letters from Paul to the church in Philippi. According to Philip Sellew, Philippians contains the following letter fragments:
* Letter A consists of Philippians 4:10–20. It is a short thank-you note from Paul to the Philippian church, regarding gifts they had sent him.
* Letter B consists of Philippians 1:1–3:1, and may also include 4:4–9 and 4:21–23.
* Letter C consists of Philippians 3:2–4:1, and may also include 4:2–3. It is a testament to Paul's rejection of all worldly things for the sake of the gospel of Jesus.
In support of the idea that Philippians is a composite work, scholars point to the abrupt shifts in tone and topic within the text. There also seem to be chronological inconsistencies from one chapter to the next concerning Paul's associate Epaphroditus:
These letter fragments likely would have been edited into a single document by the first collector of the Pauline corpus, although there is no clear consensus among scholars regarding who this initial collector may have been, or when the first collection of Pauline epistles may have been published.

Today, a number of scholars believe that Philippians is a composite of multiple letter fragments. According to the theologian G. Walter Hansen, "The traditional view that Philippians was composed as one letter in the form presented in the NT '' ew Testament' can no longer claim widespread support." Nevertheless, many scholars continue to argue for the unity of Philippians.

Regardless of the literary unity of the letter, scholars agree that the material that was compiled into the Epistle to the Philippians was originally composed in Greek, sometime during the 50s or early 60s AD.

Place of writing

It is uncertain where Paul was when he wrote the letter(s) that make up Philippians. Internal evidence in the letter itself points clearly to it being composed while Paul was in custody, but it is unclear ''which'' period of imprisonment the letter refers to. If the testimony of the Acts of the Apostles is to be trusted, candidates would include the Roman imprisonment at the end of Acts, and the earlier Caesarean imprisonment. Any identification of the place of writing of Philippians is complicated by the fact that some scholars view Acts as being an unreliable source of information about the early Church. In the words of Hornik and Parsons, "Acts must be carefully sifted and mined for historical information." (pg. 10)

Jim Reiher has suggested that the letters could stem from the second period of Roman imprisonment attested by early church fathers. The main reasons suggested for a later date include:
# The letter's highly developed Ecclesiology
# An impending sense of death permeating the letter
# The absence of any mention of Luke in a letter to Luke's home church (when the narrative in Acts clearly suggests that Luke was with Paul in his first Roman imprisonment)
# A harsher imprisonment than the open house arrest of his first Roman imprisonment
# A similar unique expression that is shared only with 2 Timothy
# A similar disappointment with co-workers shared only with 2 Timothy

Contents

In Chapters 1 and 2 of Philippians (Letter B), Paul sends word to the Philippians of his upcoming sentence in Rome and of his optimism in the face of death, along with exhortations to imitate his capacity to rejoice in the Lord despite one's circumstances. Paul assures the Philippians that his imprisonment is actually helping to spread the Christian message, rather than hindering it. He also expresses gratitude for the devotion and heroism of Epaphroditus, who the Philippian church had sent to visit Paul and bring him gifts. Some time during his visit with Paul, Epaphroditus apparently contracted some life-threatening debilitating illness. But he recovers before being sent back to the Philippians.

In Chapter 3 (Letter C), Paul warns the Philippians about those Christians who insist that circumcision is necessary for salvation. He testifies that while he once was a devout Pharisee and follower of the Jewish law, he now considers these things to be worthless and worldly compared to the gospel of Jesus.

In Chapter 4, Paul urges the Philippians to resolve conflicts within their fellowship. In the latter part of the chapter (Letter A), Paul expresses his gratitude for the gifts that the Philippians had sent him, and assures them that God will reward them for their generosity.

Throughout the epistle there is a sense of optimism. Paul is hopeful that he will be released, and on this basis he promises to send Timothy to the Philippians for ministry, and also expects to pay them a personal visit.

Christ poem

Chapter 2 of the epistle contains a famous poem describing the nature of Christ and his act of redemption:

Due to its unique poetic style, Bart D. Ehrman suggests that this passage constitutes an early Christian poem that was composed by someone else prior to Paul's writings, as early as the mid-late 30s AD and was later used by Paul in his epistle. While the passage is often called a "hymn," some scholars believe this to be an inappropriate name since it does not have a rhythmic or metrical structure in the original Greek.

Incarnation Christology

The Christ poem is significant because it strongly suggests that there were very early Christians who understood Jesus to be a pre-existent celestial being, who chose to take on human form, rather than a human who was later exalted to a divine status.

Importantly, while the author of the poem did believe that Jesus existed in heaven before his physical incarnation, this does not necessarily mean that he was believed to be ''equal'' to God the Father prior to his death and resurrection. This largely depends on how the Greek word ''harpagmon'' (, accusative form of ) is translated in verse 6 ("Something to be grasped after / exploited"). If ''harpagmon'' is rendered as "something to be exploited," as it is in many Christian Bible translations, then the implication is that Christ was already equal to God prior to his incarnation. But Bart Ehrman and others have argued that the correct translation is in fact "something to be grasped after," implying that Jesus was ''not'' equal to God before his resurrection. Outside of this passage, ''harpagmon'' and related words were almost always used to refer to something that a person doesn't yet possess but tries to acquire.

It is widely agreed by interpreters, however, that the Christ poem depicts Jesus as equal to God ''after'' his resurrection. This is because the last two stanzas quote Isaiah 45:22–23: ("Every knee shall bow, every tongue confess"), which in the original context clearly refers to God the Father.

Outline

:I. Preface (1:1–11)
:
::A. Salutation (1:1–2)
::
::B. Thanksgiving for the Philippians’ Participation in the Gospel (1:3–8)
::
::C. Prayer for the Philippians’ Discerning Love to Increase until the Day of Christ (1:9–11)
:
:II. Paul’s Present Circumstances (1:12–26)
:
::A. Paul’s Imprisonment (1:12–13)
::
::B. The Brothers’ Response (1:14–17)
::
::C. Paul’s Attitude (1:18–26)
:
:III. Practical Instructions in Sanctification (1:27–2:30)
:
::A. Living Boldly as Citizens of Heaven (1:27–1:30)
::
::B. Living Humbly as Servants of Christ (2:1–11)
::
:::1. The Motivation to Live Humbly (2:1–4)
:::
:::2. The Model of Living Humbly (2:5–11)
::
::::a. Christ’s Emptying (2:5–8)
::::
::::b. Christ’s Exaltation (2:9–11)
::
::C. Living Obediently as Children of God (2:12–18)
::
:::1. The Energizing of God (2:12–13)
:::
:::2. The Effect on the Saints (2:14–18)
::
::D. Examples of Humble Servants (2:19–30)
::
:::1. The Example of Timothy (2:19–24)
:::
:::2. The Example of Epaphroditus (2:25–30)
::
:IV. Polemical Doctrinal Issues (3:1–4:1)
:
::A. The Judaizers Basis: The Flesh (3:1–6)
::
::B. Paul’s Goal: The Resurrection (3:7–11)
::
::C. Perfection and Humility (3:12–16)
::
::D. Paul as an Example of Conduct and Watchfulness (3:17–4:1)
:
:V. Postlude (4:2–23)
:
::A. Exhortations (4:2–9)
::
:::1. Being United (4:2–3)
:::
:::2. Rejoicing without Anxiety (4:4–7)
:::
:::3. Thinking and Acting Purely (4:8–9)
::
::B. A Note of Thanks (4:10–20)
::
:::1. Paul’s Contentment (4:10–13)
:::
:::2. The Philippians’ Gift (4:14–18)
:::
:::3. God’s Provision (4:19–20)
::
::C. Final Greetings (4:21–23)

See also

* Textual variants in the Epistle to the Philippians
* '' Cupio dissolvi''

Notes

References

*

Further reading

*
* Barclay, William. 1975. ''The Letters to the Philippians, Colossians, and Thessalonians''. Rev. ed. Daily Bible Study Series. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster.
* Barnes, Albert. 1949. ''Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians''. Enlarged type edition. Edited by Robert Frew. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker.
* Black, David A. 1995. "The Discourse Structure of Philippians: A Study in Textlinquistics." ''Novum Testamentum'' 37.1 (Jan.): 16–49
* Blevins, James L. 1980. "Introduction to Philippians." ''Review and Expositor'' 77 (Sum.): 311–325.
* Brooks, James A. 1980. “Introduction to Philippians.” '' Southwestern Journal of Theology'' 23.1 (Fall): 7–54.
* Bruce, Frederick F. 1989. ''Philippians''. New International Biblical Commentary. New Testament Series. Edited by W. Ward Gasque. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 2002.
* Burton, Ernest De Witt. 1896. “The Epistles of the Imprisonment.” ''Biblical World'' 7.1: 46–56.
* Elkins, Garland. 1976. “The Living Message of Philippians.” pp. 171–180 in ''The Living Messages of the Books of the New Testament''. Edited by Garland Elkins and Thomas B. Warren. Jonesboro, Ark.: National Christian.
* Garland, David E. 1985. “The Composition and Unity of Philippians: Some Neglected Literary Factors.” ''Novum Testamentum'' 27.2 (April): 141–173.
* Hagelberg, Dave. 2007. ''Philippians: An Ancient Thank You Letter – A Study of Paul and His Ministry Partners’ Relationship''. English ed. Metro Manila: Philippine Challenge.
* Hawthorne, Gerald F. 1983. ''Philippians''. Word Biblical Commentary 43. Edited by Bruce Metzger. Nashville, Tenn.: Nelson.
* Herrick, Greg
“Introduction, Background, and Outline to Philippians.”
''Bible.org''.
* Jackson, Wayne. 1987. ''The Book of Philippians: A Grammatical and Practical Study''. Abilene, Tex.: Quality.
* Kennedy, H. A. A. 1900. “The Epistle to the Philippians.” ''Expositor’s Greek Testament''. Vol. 3. Edited by W. Robertson Nicoll. New York, NY: Doran.
* Lenski, Richard C. H. 1937. ''The Interpretation of St. Paul’s Epistles to the Galatians, to the Ephesians, and to the Philippians''. Repr. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 2001.
* Lipscomb, David and J.W. Shepherd. 1968. ''Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians''. Rev. ed. Edited by J.W. Shepherd. Gospel Advocated Commentary. Nashville, Tenn.: Gospel Advocate.
* Llewelyn, Stephen R. 1995
“Sending Letters in the Ancient World: Paul and the Philippians.”
''Tyndale Bulletin'' 46.2: 337–356.
* Mackay, B. S. 1961. “Further Thoughts on Philippians.” ''New Testament Studies'' 7.2 (Jan.): 161–170.
* Martin, Ralph P. 1959. ''The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians''. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. Ed. By R.V.G. Tasker. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1977.
* Martin, Ralph P. 1976. ''Philippians''. New Century Bible Commentary. New Testament. Edited by Matthew Black. Repr. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans.
* McAlister, Bryan. 2011. “Introduction to Philippians: Mindful of How We Fill Our Minds.” ''Gospel Advocate'' 153.9 (Sept.): 12–13
* Mule, D. S. M. (1981). The Letter to the Philippians. Cook Book House.
* Müller, Jacobus J. 1955. ''The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians''. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Ed. By Frederick F. Bruce. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1991.
* Pelaez, I. N. (1970). Epistle on the Philippians. Angel & Water;reprint, Angels new books, ed. Michael Angelo. (1987). Peabody, MA: Hendrickson.
* ''Dictionary of Paul and His Letters'', s.v. "Philippians, Letter to the"
* Reicke, Bo. 1970
“Caesarea, Rome, and the Captivity Epistles.”
pp. 277–286 in ''Apostolic History and the Gospel: Biblical and Historical Essays Presented to F. F. Bruce''. Edited by W. Ward Gasque and Ralph P. Martin. Exeter: Paternoster Press.
* Roper, David. 2003
“Philippians: Rejoicing in Christ.”
''BibleCourses.com''. Accessed: 3 Sept. 2011.
* Russell, Ronald. 1982
"Pauline Letter Structure in Philippians."
''Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society'' 25.3 (Sept.): 295–306.
* Sanders, Ed. 1987. “Philippians.” pp. 331–339 in ''New Testament Survey''. Edited by Don Shackelford. Searcy, Ark.: Harding University.
* Sergio Rosell Nebreda, ''Christ Identity: A Social-Scientific Reading of Philippians 2.5–11'' (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011) (Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments, 240).
* Swift, Robert C. 1984

''Bibliotheca Sacra'' 141 (July): 234–254.
* Synge, F.C. 1951. ''Philippians and Colossians''. Torch Bible Commentaries. Edited by John Marsh, David M. Paton, and Alan Richardson. London: SCM, 1958.
* Thielman, Frank. 1995. ''Philippians''. NIV Application Commentary. General Editor. Terry Muck. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan.
* Vincent, Marvin R. 1897. ''The Epistle to the Philippians and to Philemon''. International Critical Commentary. Ed. By Samuel R. Driver, Alfred Plummer, Charles A. Briggs. Edinburgh: Clark, 1902.
* Vincent, Marvin R. ''Vincent’s Word Studies in the New Testament''. 4 vols. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, n.d.
* Wallace, Daniel B
“Philippians: Introductions, Argument, and Outline.”
''Bible.org''.
* Walvoord, John F. 1971. ''Philippians: Triumph in Christ''. Everyman's Bible Commentary. Chicago, Ill.: Moody.

External links

Online translations of the Epistle to the Philippians:

''Online Bible'' at GospelHall.org
* Various versions
Online Study of Philippians:

Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room
Commentaries and other resources (Tyndale Seminary)

Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room
Commentaries and other resources (BiblicalStudies.org.uk)

Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room
Commentaries and other resources (NTGateway.com)


Commentaries and other resources (TextWeek.com)

Related articles:

Bible.org introduction to Philippians


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Epistle To The Philippians

1st-century Christian texts
Philippians
Pauline epistles
Prison writings
Philippians
Philippians
Ancient Philippi