The
United States

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or sometimes
U.S. EPA) is an agency of the federal government of the United States
which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the
environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed
by Congress.[2] President
Richard Nixon
.jpg/440px-Richard_M._Nixon,_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679_(3x4).jpg)
Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of
EPA and it began operation on December 2, 1970, after Nixon signed an
executive order. The order establishing the EPA was ratified by
committee hearings in the House and Senate. The agency is led by its
Administrator, who is appointed by the President and approved by
Congress. The current Administrator is Scott Pruitt. The EPA is not a
Cabinet department, but the Administrator is normally given cabinet
rank.
The EPA has its headquarters in Washington, D.C., regional offices for
each of the agency's ten regions, and 27 laboratories.[3] The agency
conducts environmental assessment, research, and education. It has the
responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a
variety of environmental laws, in consultation with state, tribal, and
local governments. It delegates some permitting, monitoring, and
enforcement responsibility to U.S. states and the federally recognized
tribes. EPA enforcement powers include fines, sanctions, and other
measures. The agency also works with industries and all levels of
government in a wide variety of voluntary pollution prevention
programs and energy conservation efforts.
In 2016, the agency had 15,376 full-time employees.[1] More than half
of EPA's employees are engineers, scientists, and environmental
protection specialists; other employees include legal, public affairs,
financial, and information technologists. In 2017 the Trump
administration proposed a 31% cut to the EPA's budget to $5.7 billion
from $8.1 billion and to eliminate a quarter of the agency jobs.[4]
Contents
1 History
2 Organization
2.1 Offices
2.2 Regions
3 Related legislation
3.1 Air
3.2 Water
3.3 Land
3.4 Endangered species
3.5 Hazardous waste
3.6 Other
4 Programs
4.1 EPA Safer Choice
4.2 Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative
4.3 Energy Star
4.4 Smart Growth
4.5 Pesticides
4.6 Fuel economy
4.7 Air quality
4.8 Oil spill prevention program
4.9 Toxics Release Inventory
4.10 WaterSense
4.11 Drinking water
4.12 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
4.13 Radiation protection
4.14 Tools for Schools
4.15 Environmental Education
4.16
Environmental Impact Statement

Environmental Impact Statement Reviews
4.17 Clean School Bus USA
4.18 Environmental justice
4.18.1 Barriers to enforcing environmental justice
5 Research vessel, 2004–2013
6 Advance identification
7 Freedom of Information Act processing performance
8 Controversies (1983–present)
8.1 Fiscal mismanagement, 1983
8.2 Political pressure and scientific integrity, 2001–present
8.3 Fuel economy, 2005–2010
8.4 Mercury emissions, 2005
8.5 Climate change, 2007–2017
8.6 Gold King Mine waste water spill, 2015
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
History[edit]
Stacks emitting smoke from burning discarded automobile batteries,
photo taken in Houston in 1972 by Marc St. Gil (cs), official
photographer of recently founded EPA
Same smokestacks in 1975 after the plant was closed in a push for
greater environmental protection
Beginning in the late 1950s and through the 1960s, Congress reacted to
increasing public concern about the impact that human activity could
have on the environment.[5][6][7] Senator
James E. Murray introduced a
bill, the Resources and Conservation Act (RCA) of 1959, in the 86th
Congress. The 1962 publication of
Silent Spring

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson
alerted the public about the detrimental effects on the environment of
the indiscriminate use of pesticides.[8]
In the years following, similar bills were introduced and hearings
were held to discuss the state of the environment and Congress's
potential responses. In 1968, a joint House–Senate colloquium was
convened by the chairmen of the Senate Committee on Interior and
Insular Affairs, Senator Henry M. Jackson, and the House Committee on
Science and Astronautics, Representative George Miller, to discuss the
need for and means of implementing a national environmental policy. In
the colloquium, some members of Congress expressed a continuing
concern over federal agency actions affecting the environment.[9]
The
National Environmental Policy Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)[10] was modeled
on the Resources and Conservation Act of 1959 (RCA).[11] RCA would
have established a
Council on Environmental Quality

Council on Environmental Quality in the office of
the President, declared a national environmental policy, and required
the preparation of an annual environmental report.[12][13][14][15]
President Nixon signed NEPA into law on January 1, 1970. The law
created the
Council on Environmental Quality

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) in the Executive
Office of the President.[5][16] NEPA required that a detailed
statement of environmental impacts be prepared for all major federal
actions significantly affecting the environment. The "detailed
statement" would ultimately be referred to as an environmental impact
statement (EIS).[5]
Ruckelshaus sworn in as first EPA Administrator.
On July 9, 1970, Nixon proposed an executive reorganization that
consolidated many environmental responsibilities of the federal
government under one agency, a new Environmental Protection
Agency.[17] After conducting hearings during that summer, the House
and Senate approved the proposal. The agency’s first Administrator,
William Ruckelshaus, took the oath of office on December 4, 1970.[7]
EPA staff recall that in the early days there was "an enormous sense
of purpose and excitement" and the expectation that “there was this
agency which was going to do something about a problem that clearly
was on the minds of a lot of people in this country,” leading to
tens of thousands of resumes from those eager to participate in the
mighty effort to clean up America’s environment.[18]
When EPA first began operation, members of the private sector felt
strongly that the environmental protection movement was a passing fad.
Ruckelshaus stated that he felt pressure to show a public which was
deeply skeptical about government’s effectiveness, that EPA could
respond effectively to widespread concerns about pollution.[19]
Organization[edit]
The EPA is led by an Administrator of the Environmental Protection
Agency. As of 2017[update]
Scott Pruitt

Scott Pruitt is the 14th Administrator.[20]
Offices[edit]
Office of the Administrator (OA).[21] As of March 2017 the office
consisted of 11 divisions, the Office of Administrative and Executive
Services, Office of Children's Health Protection, Office of Civil
Rights, Office of Congressional and Intergovernmental Relations,
Office of the Executive Secretariat, Office of Homeland Security,
Office of Policy, Office of Public Affairs, Office of Public
Engagement and Environmental Education, Office of Small and
Disadvantaged Business Utilization, Science Advisory Board.
Office of Administration and Resources Management (OARM)[22]
Office of Air and Radiation (OAR)[23]
Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP)[24]
Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO)[25]
Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA)[26]
Office of Environmental Information (OEI)[27]
Office of General Counsel (OGC)[28]
Office of Inspector General (OIG)[29]
Office of International and Tribal Affairs (OITA)[30]
Office of Research and Development (ORD)[31] which as of March 2017
consisted of the
National Center for Computational Toxicology, National Center for
Environmental Assessment,[32] National Center for Environmental
Research, National Exposure Research Laboratory, National Health and
Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, National Homeland Security
Research Center, National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Land and Emergency Management (OLEM)[33]
which as of March 2017 consisted of the Office of Superfund
Remediation and Technology Innovation, Office of Resource Conservation
and Recovery, Office of Underground Storage Tanks, Office of
Brownfields and Land Revitalization, Office of Emergency Management,
Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office.
Office of Water (OW)[34] which as of March 2017 consisted of the
Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water (OGWDW), Office of Science
and Technology (OST), Office of Wastewater Management (OWM) and Office
of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds (OWOW).[35]
Regions[edit]
The administrative regions of the
United States

United States Environmental
Protection Agency.
Creating 10 EPA regions was an initiative that came from President
Richard Nixon.[36] See Standard Federal Regions.
Each EPA regional office is responsible within its states for
implementing the Agency's programs, except those programs that have
been specifically delegated to states.
Region 1: responsible within the states of Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and
Vermont

Vermont (New England).
Region 2: responsible within the states of
New Jersey

New Jersey and New York. It
is also responsible for the US territories of Puerto Rico, and the
U.S. Virgin Islands.
Region 3: responsible within the states of Delaware, Maryland,
Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia.
Region 4: responsible within the states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee.
Region 5: responsible within the states of Illinois, Indiana,
Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
Region 6: responsible within the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, New
Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.
Region 7: responsible within the states of Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and
Nebraska.
Region 8: responsible within the states of Colorado, Montana, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
Region 9: responsible within the states of Arizona, California,
Hawaii, Nevada, the territories of
Guam

Guam and American Samoa, and the
Navajo Nation.[37]
Region 10: responsible within the states of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and
Washington.
Each regional office also implements programs on Indian Tribal lands,
except those programs delegated to tribal authorities.
Related legislation[edit]
The laws below are general environmental protection measures, and may
also apply to other units of the government, including the Department
of the Interior and the Department of Agriculture.
Air[edit]
1955:
Air Pollution Control Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Air Pollution Control Act PL 84-159
1963: Clean Air Act PL 88-206
1965: Motor Vehicle
Air Pollution Control Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Air Pollution Control Act PL 89-272
1966:
Clean Air Act Amendments
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Clean Air Act Amendments PL 89-675
1967:
Air Quality Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Air Quality Act PL 90-148
1970: Clean Air Act Extension PL 91-604
1977:
Clean Air Act Amendments
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Clean Air Act Amendments PL 95-95
1990:
Clean Air Act Amendments
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Clean Air Act Amendments PL 101-549
Water[edit]
1948: Water Pollution Control Act PL 80-845
1965: Water Quality Act PL 89-234
1966:
Clean Waters Restoration Act PL 89-753
1970: Water Quality Improvement Act PL 91-224
1972: Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972 PL 92-500
1974:
Safe Drinking Water Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Safe Drinking Water Act PL 93-523
1977:
Clean Water Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Clean Water Act PL 95-217
1987: Water Quality Act PL 100-4
1996:
Safe Drinking Water Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996
Land[edit]
1964:
Wilderness Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Wilderness Act PL 88-577
1968:
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act

Wild and Scenic Rivers Act PL 90-542
1970:
Wilderness Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Wilderness Act PL 91-504
1977:
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act PL 95-87
1978:
Wilderness Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Wilderness Act PL 98-625
1980:
Alaska

Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act PL 96-487
1994:
California

California Desert Protection Act PL 103-433
2010:
California

California Desert Protection Act
Endangered species[edit]
1946:
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act PL 79-732
1966:
Endangered Species Preservation Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Endangered Species Preservation Act PL 89-669
1969:
Endangered Species Conservation Act

Endangered Species Conservation Act PL 91-135
1972: Marine Mammal Protection Act PL 92-522
1973:
Endangered Species Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Endangered Species Act PL 93-205
1979:
Endangered Species Preservation Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Endangered Species Preservation Act PL 95 335
Hazardous waste[edit]
1965:
Solid Waste Disposal Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Solid Waste Disposal Act PL 89-272
1970: Resource Recovery Act PL 91-512
1976:
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act PL 94-580
1980: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act ("Superfund") PL 96-510
1984: Hazardous and Solid Wastes Amendments Act PL 98-616
1986:
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act PL 99-499
2002: Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization
Act ("Brownfields Law") PL 107-118
Other[edit]
1947:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act PL 80-104
1969:
National Environmental Policy Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
National Environmental Policy Act PL 91-190
1972: Federal Environmental
Pesticide

Pesticide Control Act PL 92-516
1976:
Toxic Substances Control Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Toxic Substances Control Act PL 94-469
1982:
Nuclear Waste Policy Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Nuclear Waste Policy Act PL 97-425
1996:
Food Quality Protection Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Food Quality Protection Act PL 104-170
Programs[edit]
A bulldozer piles boulders in an attempt to prevent lake shore
erosion, 1973 (photograph by Paul Sequeira, photojournalist and
contributing photographer to the Environmental Protection Agency's
DOCUMERICA

DOCUMERICA project in the early 1970s)
This section is missing information about several major EPA programs.
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details
may exist on the talk page. (October 2010)
It is worth noting that, in looking back in 2013 on the agency he
helped shape from the beginning, Administrator William Ruckelshaus
observed that a danger for EPA was that air, water, waste and other
programs would be unconnected, placed in “silos,” a problem that
persists more than 50 years later, albeit less so than at the
start.[38]
EPA Safer Choice[edit]
The
EPA Safer Choice

EPA Safer Choice label, previously known as the Design for the
Environment (DfE) label, helps consumers and commercial buyers
identify and select products with safer chemical ingredients, without
sacrificing quality or performance. When a product has the Safer
Choice label, it means that every intentionally-added ingredient in
the product has been evaluated by EPA scientists. Only the safest
possible functional ingredients are allowed in products with the Safer
Choice label.
Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative[edit]
Through the Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative (SDSI),[39] EPA's
Design for the Environment (DfE) recognizes environmental leaders who
voluntarily commit to the use of safer surfactants. Safer surfactants
are the ones that break down quickly to non-polluting compounds and
help protect aquatic life in both fresh and salt water. Nonylphenol
ethoxylates, commonly referred to as NPEs, are an example of a
surfactant class that does not meet the definition of a safer
surfactant.
The Design for the Environment, which was renamed to EPA Safer Choice
in 2015, has identified safer alternative surfactants through
partnerships with industry and environmental advocates. These safer
alternatives are comparable in cost and are readily available.
CleanGredients[40] is a source of safer surfactants.
Energy Star[edit]
In 1992 the EPA launched the
Energy Star

Energy Star program, a voluntary program
that fosters energy efficiency. As of 2006, more than 40,000 Energy
Star products were available including major appliances, office
equipment, lighting, home electronics, and more. In addition, the
label can also be found on new homes and commercial and industrial
buildings. In 2006, about 12 percent of new housing in the United
States was labeled Energy Star.[41]
The EPA estimates it saved about $14 billion in energy costs in 2006
alone. The
Energy Star

Energy Star program has helped spread the use of LED
traffic lights, efficient fluorescent lighting, power management
systems for office equipment, and low standby energy use.[42]
Smart Growth[edit]
EPA's Smart Growth Program, which began in 1998, is to help
communities improve their development practices and get the type of
development they want. Together with local, state, and national
experts, EPA encourages development strategies that protect human
health and the environment, create economic opportunities, and provide
attractive and affordable neighborhoods for people of all income
levels.[43]
Pesticides[edit]
EPA administers the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA) (which is much older than the agency) and registers all
pesticides legally sold in the United States.
Fuel economy[edit]
Manufacturers selling automobiles in the
United States

United States are required to
provide EPA fuel economy test results for their vehicles and the
manufacturers are not allowed to provide results from alternate
sources.[citation needed] The fuel economy is calculated using the
emissions data collected during two of the vehicle's Clean Air Act
certification tests by measuring the total volume of carbon captured
from the exhaust during the tests.[citation needed]
The testing system was originally developed in 1972 and used driving
cycles designed to simulate driving during rush-hour in Los Angeles
during that era. Until 1984 the EPA reported the exact fuel economy
figures calculated from the test.[citation needed] In 1984, the EPA
began adjusting city (aka Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule or UDDS)
results downward by 10% and highway (aka HighWay Fuel Economy Test or
HWFET) results by 22% to compensate for changes in driving conditions
since 1972, and to better correlate the EPA test results with
real-world driving. In 1996, the EPA proposed updating the Federal
Testing Procedures[44] to add a new higher-speed test (US06) and an
air-conditioner-on test (SC03) to further improve the correlation of
fuel economy and emission estimates with real-world reports. In
December 2006 the updated testing methodology was finalized to be
implemented in model year 2008 vehicles and set the precedent of a
12-year review cycle for the test procedures.[45]
In February 2005, EPA launched a program called "Your MPG" that allows
drivers to add real-world fuel economy statistics into a database on
the EPA's fuel economy website and compare them with others and with
the original EPA test results.[46]
The EPA conducts fuel economy tests on very few vehicles. "Just 18 of
the EPA's 17,000 employees work in the automobile-testing department
in Ann Arbor, Michigan, examining 200 to 250 vehicles a year, or
roughly 15 percent of new models. As to that other 85 percent, the EPA
takes automakers at their word—without any testing-accepting
submitted results as accurate."[47] Two-thirds of the vehicles the EPA
tests themselves are randomly selected and the remaining third is
tested for specific reasons.
Although originally created as a reference point for fossil-fueled
vehicles, driving cycles have been used for estimating how many miles
an electric vehicle will get on a single charge.[48]
Air quality[edit]
The Air Quality Modeling Group (AQMG) is in the EPA's Office of Air
and Radiation (OAR) and leads in the full range of air quality models,
air pollution forecast, atmospheric dispersion modeling and other
mathematical simulation techniques used in assessing the impacts of
air pollution sources and control strategies. It serves other EPA
headquarters staff, EPA regional Offices, and State and local
environmental agencies, coordinates with the EPA's Office of Research
and Development on the development of new models and techniques, and
wider issues of atmospheric research and conducts modeling analyses to
support policy and regulatory decisions of the EPA's Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS). It is located in Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina. Controlling air pollution helps
diminish the risk of pollution-related diseases.
The EPA began regulating greenhouse gases (GHGs) from mobile and
stationary sources of air pollution under the Clean Air Act (CAA) for
the first time on January 2, 2011. Standards for mobile sources have
been established pursuant to Section 202 of the CAA, and GHGs from
stationary sources are controlled under the authority of Part C of
Title I of the Act per Regulation of Greenhouse Gases Under the Clean
Air Act. The
BenMAP open-source tool, created by the agency, estimates
the health benefits from improvements in air quality.
Oil spill prevention program[edit]
EPA’s oil spill prevention program includes the Spill Prevention,
Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) and the Facility Response Plan
(FRP) rules. The SPCC Rule applies to all facilities that store,
handle, process, gather, transfer, refine, distribute, use or consume
oil or oil products. Oil products includes petroleum and non-petroleum
oils as well as: animal fats, oils and greases; fish and marine mammal
oils; and vegetable oils. It mandates a written plan for facilities
that store more than 1,320 gallons of fuel above ground or more than
42,000 gallons below-ground, and which might discharge to navigable
waters (as defined in the Clean Water Act) or adjoining shorelines.
Secondary spill containment

Secondary spill containment is mandated at oil storage facilities and
oil release containment is required at oil development sites.[49]
Toxics Release Inventory[edit]
The
Toxics Release Inventory

Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) is a resource for learning about
toxic chemical releases and pollution prevention activities reported
by industrial and federal facilities. TRI data support informed
decision-making by communities, government agencies, companies, and
others.[50]
WaterSense[edit]
WaterSense
.jpg)
WaterSense is an EPA program launched in June 2006 to encourage water
efficiency in the
United States

United States through the use of a special label on
consumer products.[51] Products include high-efficiency toilets
(HETs), bathroom sink faucets (and accessories), and irrigation
equipment.
WaterSense
.jpg)
WaterSense is a voluntary program, with EPA developing
specifications for water-efficient products through a public process
and product testing by independent laboratories.[52]
Drinking water[edit]
EPA ensures safe drinking water for the public, by setting standards
for more than 160,000 public water systems nationwide. EPA oversees
states, local governments and water suppliers to enforce the standards
under the Safe Drinking Water Act. The program includes regulation of
injection wells in order to protect underground sources of drinking
water. Select readings of amounts of certain contaminants in drinking
water, precipitation, and surface water, in addition to milk and air,
are reported on EPA's Rad Net web site[53] in a section entitled
Envirofacts.[54] Despite mandatory reporting certain readings
exceeding EPA MCL levels may be deleted or not included.[55][56] In
2013, an EPA draft revision relaxed regulations for radiation exposure
through drinking water, stating that current standards are impractical
to enforce. The EPA recommended that intervention was not necessary
until drinking water was contaminated with radioactive iodine 131 at a
concentration of 81,000 picocuries per liter (the limit for short term
exposure set by the International Atomic Energy Agency), which was
27,000 times the prior EPA limit of 3 picocuries per liter for long
term exposure.[57]
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System[edit]
The
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit
program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources which
discharge to US waters. Created in 1972 by the Clean Water Act, the
NPDES permit program authorizes state governments to perform its many
permitting, administrative, and enforcement aspects.[58] As of 2017,
EPA has approved 46 states to administer all or portions of the permit
program.[59] EPA regional offices manage the program in the remaining
areas of the country.[58] The Water Quality Act of 1987 extended NPDES
permit coverage to industrial stormwater dischargers and municipal
separate storm sewer systems.[60]
See also:
United States

United States regulation of point source water pollution
Radiation protection[edit]
EPA has the following seven project groups to protect the public from
radiation.[61]
Radioactive Waste Management[62]
Emergency Preparedness and Response Programs[63] Protective Action
Guides And Planning Guidance for Radiological Incidents: EPA developed
a manual as guideline for local and state governments to protect the
public from a nuclear accident,[64] the 2017 version being a 15-year
update.
EPA’s Role in Emergency Response –
Special

Special Teams[65]
Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials
(TENORM) Program[66]
Radiation Standards for Air and Drinking Water Programs[67]
Federal Guidance for Radiation Protection[68]
Tools for Schools[edit]
EPA's Indoor Air Quality Tools for Schools Program helps schools to
maintain a healthy environment and reduce exposures to indoor
environmental contaminants. It helps school personnel identify, solve,
and prevent indoor air quality problems in the school environment.
Through the use of a multi-step management plan and checklists for the
entire building, schools can lower their students' and staff's risk of
exposure to asthma triggers.[69]
Environmental Education[edit]
The
National Environmental Education Act

National Environmental Education Act of 1990 requires EPA to
provide national leadership to increase environmental literacy. EPA
established the Office of Environmental Education to implement this
program.[70]
Environmental Impact Statement

Environmental Impact Statement Reviews[edit]
EPA is responsible for reviewing Environmental Impact Statements of
other federal agencies' projects, under the National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA).
Clean School Bus USA[edit]
Clean School Bus USA is a national partnership to reduce children's
exposure to diesel exhaust by eliminating unnecessary school bus
idling, installing effective emission control systems on newer buses
and replacing the oldest buses in the fleet with newer ones. Its goal
is to reduce both children's exposure to diesel exhaust and the amount
of air pollution created by diesel school buses.[71]
Environmental justice[edit]
The EPA has been criticized for its lack of progress towards
environmental justice. Administrator
Christine Todd Whitman

Christine Todd Whitman was
criticized for her changes to President Bill Clinton's Executive Order
12898 during 2001, removing the requirements for government agencies
to take the poor and minority populations into special consideration
when making changes to environmental legislation, and therefore
defeating the spirit of the Executive Order.[72] In a March 2004
report, the inspector general of the agency concluded that the EPA
"has not developed a clear vision or a comprehensive strategic plan,
and has not established values, goals, expectations, and performance
measurements" for environmental justice in its daily operations.
Another report in September 2006 found the agency still had failed to
review the success of its programs, policies and activities towards
environmental justice.[73] Studies have also found that poor and
minority populations were underserved by the EPA's
Superfund
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Superfund program,
and that this situation was worsening.[72]
Barriers to enforcing environmental justice[edit]
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Many environmental justice issues are local, and therefore difficult
to address by a federal agency, such as the EPA. Without strong media
attention, political interest, or 'crisis' status, local issues are
less likely to be addressed at the federal level compared to larger,
well publicized incidents.
Conflicting political powers in successive administrations: The White
House maintains direct control over the EPA, and its enforcements are
subject to the political agenda of who is in power. Republicans and
Democrats differ in their approaches to environmental justice. While
President Bill Clinton signed the executive order 12898, the Bush
administration did not develop a clear plan or establish goals for
integrating environmental justice into everyday practices, affecting
the motivation for environmental enforcement.[74][page needed]
The EPA is responsible for preventing and detecting environmental
crimes, informing the public of environmental enforcement, and setting
and monitoring standards of air pollution, water pollution, hazardous
wastes and chemicals. "It is difficult to construct a specific mission
statement given its wide range of
responsibilities."[75][page needed] It is impossible to address
every environmental crime adequately or efficiently if there is no
specific mission statement to refer to. The EPA answers to various
groups, competes for resources, and confronts a wide array of harms to
the environment. All of these present challenges, including a lack of
resources, its self-policing policy, and a broadly defined legislation
that creates too much discretion for EPA
officers.[76][page needed]
The EPA "does not have the authority or resources to address
injustices without an increase in federal mandates" requiring private
industries to consider the environmental ramifications of their
activities.[77]
Research vessel, 2004–2013[edit]
OSV Bold docked at Port Canaveral, Florida
In March 2004, the U.S. Navy transferred USNS Bold (T-AGOS-12), a
Stalwart class ocean surveillance ship, to the EPA. The ship had been
used in anti-submarine operations during the Cold War, was equipped
with sidescan sonar, underwater video, water and sediment sampling
instruments used in study of ocean and coastline. One of the major
missions of the Bold was to monitor for ecological impact sites where
materials were dumped from dredging operations in U.S. ports.[78] In
2013, the
General Services Administration

General Services Administration sold the Bold to Seattle
Central Community College (SCCC), which demonstrated in a competition
that they would put it to the highest and best purpose, at a nominal
cost of $5,000.[79]
Advance identification[edit]
Advance identification, or ADID, is a planning process used by the EPA
to identify wetlands and other bodies of water and their respective
suitability for the discharge of dredged and fill material. The EPA
conducts the process in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers and local states or Native American Tribes. As of February
1993, 38 ADID projects had been completed and 33 were ongoing.[80]
Freedom of Information Act processing performance[edit]
In the latest
Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal
agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act FOIA
requests, published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent
years available), the EPA earned a D by scoring 67 out of a possible
100 points, i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade.[81]
Controversies (1983–present)[edit]
EPA headquarters in Washington, D.C.
Fiscal mismanagement, 1983[edit]
In 1982 Congress charged that the EPA had mishandled the $1.6 billion
program to clean up hazardous waste dumps
Superfund
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Superfund and demanded
records from EPA director Anne M. Gorsuch. She refused and became the
first agency director in U.S. history to be cited for contempt of
Congress. The EPA turned the documents over to Congress several months
later, after the White House abandoned its court claim that the
documents could not be subpoenaed by Congress because they were
covered by executive privilege. At that point, Gorsuch resigned her
post, citing pressures caused by the media and the congressional
investigation.[82] Critics charged that the EPA was in a shambles at
that time.[83]
Gorsuch, appointed by Ronald Reagan, resigned under fire in 1983.
Gorsuch based her administration of the EPA on the New Federalism
approach of downsizing federal agencies by delegating their functions
and services to the individual states.[84] She believed that the EPA
was over-regulating business and that the agency was too large and not
cost-effective. During her 22 months as agency head, she cut the
budget of the EPA by 22%, reduced the number of cases filed against
polluters, relaxed Clean Air Act regulations, and facilitated the
spraying of restricted-use pesticides. She cut the total number of
agency employees, and hired staff from the industries they were
supposed to be regulating.[85] Environmentalists contended that her
policies were designed to placate polluters, and accused her of trying
to dismantle the agency.[86]
Political pressure and scientific integrity, 2001–present[edit]
In April 2008, the
Union of Concerned Scientists

Union of Concerned Scientists said that more than
half of the nearly 1,600 EPA staff scientists who responded online to
a detailed questionnaire reported they had experienced incidents of
political interference in their work. The survey included chemists,
toxicologists, engineers, geologists and experts in other fields of
science. About 40% of the scientists reported that the interference
had been more prevalent in the last five years than in previous years.
The highest number of complaints came from scientists who were
involved in determining the risks of cancer by chemicals used in food
and other aspects of everyday life.[87]
EPA research has also been suppressed by career managers.[88]
Supervisors at EPA's National Center for Environmental Assessment
required several paragraphs to be deleted from a peer-reviewed journal
article about EPA's integrated risk information system, which led two
co-authors to have their names removed from the publication, and the
corresponding author, Ching-Hung Hsu, to leave EPA "because of the
draconian restrictions placed on publishing".[89] EPA subjects
employees who author scientific papers to prior restraint, even if
those papers are written on personal time.[90]
EPA employees have reported difficulty in conducting and reporting the
results of studies on hydraulic fracturing due to industry[91][92][93]
and governmental pressure, and are concerned about the censorship of
environmental reports.[91][94][95]
In 2015, the
Government Accountability Office

Government Accountability Office stated that the EPA
violated federal law with covert propaganda on their social media
platforms. The social media messaging that was used promoted materials
supporting the Waters of the
United States

United States rule, including materials
that were designed to oppose legislative efforts to limit or block the
rule.[96]
In February 2017, U.S. Representative
Matt Gaetz

Matt Gaetz (R-Fla.) sponsored
H.R. 861, a bill[97] to abolish the EPA by 2018. According to Gaetz,
"The American people are drowning in rules and regulation promulgated
by unelected bureaucrats. And the Environmental Protection Agency has
become an extraordinary offender." The bill was co-sponsored by Thomas
Massie (R-Ky.),
Steven Palazzo

Steven Palazzo (R-Ms.) and Barry Loudermilk
(R-Ga.).[98]
Fuel economy, 2005–2010[edit]
In July 2005, an EPA report showing that auto companies were using
loopholes to produce less fuel-efficient cars was delayed. The report
was supposed to be released the day before a controversial energy bill
was passed and would have provided backup for those opposed to it, but
the EPA delayed its release at the last minute .[99]
In 2007, the state of
California

California sued the EPA for its refusal to allow
California

California and 16 other states to raise fuel economy standards for new
cars.[100] EPA administrator
Stephen L. Johnson

Stephen L. Johnson claimed that the EPA
was working on its own standards, but the move has been widely
considered an attempt to shield the auto industry from environmental
regulation by setting lower standards at the federal level, which
would then preempt state laws.[101][102][103]
California

California governor
Arnold Schwarzenegger, along with governors from 13 other states,
stated that the EPA's actions ignored federal law, and that existing
California

California standards (adopted by many states in addition to
California) were almost twice as effective as the proposed federal
standards.[104] It was reported that Stephen Johnson ignored his own
staff in making this decision.[105]
After the federal government had bailed out
General Motors

General Motors and
Chrysler

Chrysler in the Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010, the 2010
Chevrolet Equinox

Chevrolet Equinox was released with an EPA fuel economy rating
abnormally higher than its competitors. Independent road
tests[106][107][108][109] found that the vehicle did not out-perform
its competitors, which had much lower fuel economy ratings. Later road
tests found better, but inconclusive, results.[110][111]
Mercury emissions, 2005[edit]
In March 2005, nine states (California, New York, New Jersey, New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut,
New Mexico

New Mexico and Vermont)
sued the EPA. The EPA's Inspector General had determined that the
EPA's regulation of mercury emissions did not follow the Clean Air
Act, and that the regulations were influenced by top political
appointees.[112][113] The EPA had suppressed a study it commissioned
by
Harvard University

Harvard University which contradicted its position on mercury
controls.[114] The suit alleged that the EPA's rule exempting
coal-fired power plants from "maximum available control technology"
was illegal, and additionally charged that the EPA's system of
cap-and-trade to lower average mercury levels would allow power plants
to forego reducing mercury emissions, which they objected would lead
to dangerous local hotspots of mercury contamination even if average
levels declined.[115] Several states also began to enact their own
mercury emission regulations. Illinois's proposed rule would have
reduced mercury emissions from power plants by an average of 90% by
2009.[116] In 2008—by which point a total of fourteen states had
joined the suit—the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of
Columbia ruled that the EPA regulations violated the Clean Air
Act.[117]
In response, EPA announced plans to propose such standards to replace
the vacated Clean Air Mercury Rule, and did so on March 16, 2011.[118]
Climate change, 2007–2017[edit]
Further information: Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean
Air Act
Wikinews has related news: EPA proposes using Clean Air Act to fight
global warming
In December 2007, EPA Administrator
Stephen L. Johnson

Stephen L. Johnson approved a
draft of a document that declared that climate change imperiled the
public welfare—a decision that would trigger the first national
mandatory global-warming regulations. Associate Deputy Administrator
Jason Burnett e-mailed the draft to the White House. White House
aides—who had long resisted mandatory regulations as a way to
address climate change—knew the gist of what Johnson's finding would
be, Burnett said. They also knew that once they opened the attachment,
it would become a public record, making it controversial and difficult
to rescind. So they did not open it; rather, they called Johnson and
asked him to take back the draft. Johnson rescinded the draft; in July
2008, he issued a new version which did not state that global warming
was danger to public welfare. Burnett resigned in protest.[119]
A $3 million mapping study on sea level rise was suppressed by EPA
management during both the Bush and Obama Administrations, and
managers changed a key interagency report to reflect the removal of
the maps.[120]
On April 28, 2017, multiple climate change subdomains at EPA.gov began
redirecting to a notice stating “this page is being updated.”[121]
The EPA issued a statement announcing the overhaul of its website to
“reflect the agency’s new direction under President Donald Trump
and Administrator Scott Pruitt.”[122] The removed EPA climate change
domains included extensive information on the EPA’s work to mitigate
climate change, as well as details of data collection efforts and
indicators for climate change.[123]
Gold King Mine waste water spill, 2015[edit]
In August 2015, the
2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill

2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill occurred
when EPA contractors examined the level of pollutants such as lead and
arsenic in a
Colorado

Colorado mine,[124] and accidentally released over three
million gallons of waste water into Cement Creek and the Animas
River.[125]
See also[edit]
Environment portal
Politics portal
Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration
AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
Brownfield land
Environmental Technology Verification Program
EPA Methods
Federation of Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP Federation)
Green Sticker programs
MyEnvironment
Renewable energy
Stormwater
Volkswagen diesel scandal
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Further reading[edit]
EPA Alumni Association, "Protecting the Environment, A Half Century of
Progress" – an overview of EPA’s environmental protection efforts
over 50 years
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
United States

United States Environmental
Protection Agency.
Official website
Environmental Protection Agency in the Federal Register
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United States

United States government agencies involved in environmental science
Environmental Protection Agency
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Global Change Research Program
Smithsonian Institution
National Science Foundation
Department of the Interior
National Park Service
United States

United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Bureau of Land Management
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement
Bureau of Reclamation
Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement
United States

United States Geological Survey
Office of Insular Affairs
Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Weather Service
National Ocean Service
National Geodetic Survey
National Marine Fisheries Service
Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
Department of Energy
Office of Science
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
National Laboratories
Office of Environmental Management
Department of Agriculture
Farm Service Agency
Foreign Agricultural Service
United States

United States Forest Service
Natural Resources Conservation Service
National Water and Climate Center
Rural Utilities Service
Food and Nutrition Service
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Agricultural Research Service
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
Department of Homeland Security
United States

United States Coast Guard
Directorate for Science and Technology
Department of Health
and Human Services
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Department of Defense
Office of Naval Research
Air Force Research Laboratory
United States

United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command
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United States

United States environmental law
Supreme Court
decisions
Missouri

Missouri v. Holland (1920)
Sierra Club v. Morton

Sierra Club v. Morton (1972)
United States

United States v. SCRAP (1973)
Tennessee

Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill (1978)
Vermont

Vermont Yankee v. NRDC (1978)
Hughes v.
Oklahoma

Oklahoma (1979)
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife (1992)
United States

United States v. Bestfoods (1998)
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services (2000)
SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers (2001)
Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen

Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen (2004)
Rapanos v.
United States

United States (2006)
Massachusetts

Massachusetts v. EPA (2007)
National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife

National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife (2007)
Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast
Alaska

Alaska Conservation Council (2009)
Major
federal legislation
and treaties
Rivers and Harbors Act (1899)
Lacey Act (1900)
Weeks Act (1911)
North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911

North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 (1911)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918)
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (1934)
Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act (1954)
Clean Air Act (1963, 1970)
National Environmental Policy Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
National Environmental Policy Act (1970)
Clean Water Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Clean Water Act (1972)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1972)
Noise Control Act (1972)
Endangered Species Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Endangered Species Act (1973)
Safe Drinking Water Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)
Toxic Substances Control Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Toxic Substances Control Act (1976)
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977)
CERCLA (Superfund) (1980)
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (1986)
Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Emergency Wetlands Resources Act (1986)
Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act
.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png)
Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act (2016)
Federal agencies
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Council on Environmental Quality
Office of Surface Mining
United States

United States Environmental Protection Agency
United States

United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Regulations
and concepts
Best available technology
Citizen suit
Discharge Monitoring Report
Effluent guidelines
Environmental crime
Environmental impact statement
Environmental justice
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
National Priorities List
New Source Performance Standard
Not-To-Exceed

Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
Right to know
Total maximum daily load
Toxicity category rating
v
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Richard Nixon
37th President of the
United States

United States (1969–1974)
36th Vice President of the
United States

United States (1953–1961)
U.S. Senator from
California

California (1950–1953)
U.S. Representative for CA-12 (1947–1950)
Presidency
First inauguration
Second inauguration
Nixon Doctrine
"Bring Us Together"
Economic policies
Nixon shock
Tar Baby Option
Environmental Protection Agency
creation
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Space exploration
1971 National Cancer Act
Vietnam War
Cambodian bombing
Paris Peace Accords
"Peace with Honor"
Silent majority
Cold War

Cold War period
Linkage policy
1972 Visit to China
Shanghai Communiqué
Détente
1972 Moscow Summit
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
SALT I Treaty
Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement
Threshold Test Ban Treaty
Endangered Species Act
Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse
War on Drugs
Drug Enforcement Administration
Enemies List
list of opponents
Operation CHAOS
Watergate
timeline
White House tapes
United States

United States v. Nixon
Senate Watergate Committee
impeachment process
Resignation
speech
Pardon
State of the Union Address (1970
1973
1974)
Wilson desk
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
controversies
Life and
politics
Presidential Library and Museum
Richard Nixon
.jpg/440px-Richard_M._Nixon,_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679_(3x4).jpg)
Richard Nixon Foundation
Birthplace and boyhood home
Checkers speech
Kitchen Debate
Operation 40
"Last press conference"
Florida

Florida White House
"La Casa Pacifica"
Nixon Center
Nixon v. General Services Administration
Death and funeral
Books
Six Crises

Six Crises (1962)
Bibliography
Elections
United States

United States House of Representatives elections, 1946
1948
U.S. Senate election, 1950
California

California gubernatorial election, 1962
Republican Party presidential primaries, 1960
1964
1968
1972
Republican National Conventions, 1952
1956
1960
1968
1972
Nixon Presidential campaign, 1968
United States

United States presidential elections, 1952
1956
1960
debates
1968
1972
Popular
culture
Nixon goes to China (phrase)
Millhouse (1971 film)
Four More Years (1972 film)
All the President's Men (1976 film)
White House Madness (1975 film)
Nixon in China

Nixon in China (1987 opera)
Nixon (1995 film)
Elvis Meets Nixon

Elvis Meets Nixon (1997 film)
Dick (1999 film)
The Frost-Nixon Interviews (2006 play, 2008 film)
Our Nixon

Our Nixon (2013 film)
U.S. Postage stamp
Related
Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act
Presidential Townhouse
Staff
Colonel
Jack Brennan
.jpg/440px-Jack_Brennan_(1969).jpg)
Jack Brennan (aide de camp)
Manolo Sanchez (valet)
Rose Mary Woods

Rose Mary Woods (secretary)
Family
Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon (wife)
Tricia Nixon Cox

Tricia Nixon Cox (daughter)
Julie Nixon Eisenhower

Julie Nixon Eisenhower (daughter)
Frank Nixon (father)
Hannah Nixon (mother)
Donald Nixon

Donald Nixon (brother)
Edward Nixon (brother)
Donald A. Nixon (nephew)
Christopher Nixon Cox (grandson)
Jennie Eisenhower (granddaughter)
← Lyndon B. Johnson
Gerald Ford

Gerald Ford →
Category
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 140707837
ISNI: 0000 0001 2146 2763
GND: 115944-6
SELIBR: 26827