English irregular verbs

The English language has many irregular verbs, approaching 200 in normal use—and significantly more if prefixed forms are counted. In most cases, the irregularity concerns the past tense (also called '' preterite'') or the past participle.

The other inflected parts of the verb—the third person singular present indicative in ''- '', and the present participle and gerund form in ''-ing''—are formed regularly in most cases. There are a few exceptions: the verb ''be'' has irregular forms throughout the present tense; the verbs ''have'', ''do'', and ''say'' have irregular ''- '' forms; and certain defective verbs (such as the modal auxiliaries) lack most inflection.

The irregular verbs include many of the most common verbs: the dozen most frequently used English verbs are all irregular. New verbs (including loans from other languages, and nouns employed as verbs) usually follow the regular inflection, unless they are compound formations from an existing irregular verb (such as '' housesit'', from ''sit'').

Irregular verbs in Modern English are typically derived from verbs that followed more regular patterns at a previous stage in the history of the language. In particular, many such verbs derive from Germanic strong verbs, which make many of their inflected forms through vowel gradation, as can be observed in Modern English patterns such as ''sing–sang–sung''. The regular verbs, on the other hand, with their preterites and past participles ending in ''-ed'', follow the weak conjugation, which originally involved adding a dental consonant (''-t'' or ''-d''). Nonetheless, there are also many irregular verbs that follow or partially follow the weak conjugation.

For information on the conjugation of regular verbs in English, as well as other points concerning verb usage, see English verbs.

Development

Most English irregular verbs are native, derived from verbs that existed in Old English. Nearly all verbs that have been borrowed into the language at a later stage have defaulted to the regular conjugation. There are a few exceptions, however, such as the verb ''catch'' (derived from Old Northern French ''cachier''), whose irregular forms originated by way of analogy with native verbs such as ''teach''.

Most irregular verbs exist as remnants of historical conjugation systems. When some grammatical rule became changed or disused, some verbs kept to the old pattern. For example, before the Great Vowel Shift, the verb ''keep'' (then pronounced /keːp/, slightly like "cap", or "cape" without the glide) belonged to a group of verbs whose vowel was shortened in the past tense; this pattern is preserved in the modern past tense ''kept'' (similarly ''crept'', ''wept'', ''leapt'', ''left''). Verbs such as ''peep'', which have similar form but arose after the Vowel Shift, take the regular ''-ed'' ending.

The force of analogy tends to reduce the number of irregular verbs over time, as irregular verbs switch to regular conjugation patterns (for instance, the verb ''chide'' once had the irregular past tense ''chid'', but this has given way to the regular formation ''chided''). This is more likely to occur with less common verbs (where the irregular forms are less familiar); hence it is often the more common verbs (such as ''be'', ''have'', ''take'') that tend to remain irregular. Many irregular verbs today have coexisting irregular and regular forms (as with ''spelt'' and ''spelled'', ''dreamt'' and ''dreamed'', etc.).

In a few cases, however, analogy has operated in the other direction (a verb's irregular forms arose by analogy with existing irregular verbs). This is the case with the example of ''catch'' given above; others include ''wear'' and ''string'', which were originally weak verbs, but came to be conjugated like the similar-sounding strong verbs ''bear'' and ''swing''.

In American English, the regular forms of verbs account for more than 90% of instances, whereas British English has a regular form frequency of 69% according to a 1991 study.

The verb forms described in this article are chiefly those that are accepted in standard English; many regional dialects have different irregular forms, such as American English ''sneak''–''snuck'' and ''dive''-''dove'' as opposed to standard ''sneaked'' and ''dived'' respectively. In particular, it is fairly common in some types of non-standard speech to use (standard) past tenses as past participles, and vice versa; e.g. "have went" instead of "have gone" in Southern American English.

Groups

The irregular verbs of Modern English form several groups with similar conjugation pattern and historical origin. These can be broadly grouped into two classes – the Germanic weak and strong groups – although historically some verbs have moved between these groups. There are also a few anomalous cases: the verbs ''be'' and ''go'', which demonstrate suppletion; the verb ''do''; and the defective modal verbs.

Strong verbs

Many irregular verbs derive from Germanic strong verbs, which display the vowel shift called ablaut, and do not add an ending such as ''-ed'' or ''-t'' for the past forms. These sometimes retain past participles with the ending ''- '', as in ''give–gave–given'' and ''ride–rode–ridden'', but in other cases this ending has been dropped, as in ''come–came–come'' and ''sing–sang–sung''. This verb group was inherited from the parent Proto-Germanic language, and before that from the Proto-Indo-European language. It was originally a system of regular verbs, and in Old English and modern German the system remains more or less regular; however in Modern English relatively few verbs continue to follow such a pattern, and they are classed as irregular.

Verbs that retain a strong-type inflection in modern English and add ''- '' in the past participle include ''bear'', ''beat'', ''beget'', ''bite'', ''blow'', ''break'', ''choose'', ''cleave'', ''draw'', ''drive'', ''eat'', ''fall'', ''fly'', ''forbid'', ''forget'', ''forsake'', ''freeze'', ''get'' (but with past participle ''got'' in British English), ''give'', ''grow'', ''know'', ''lie'', ''ride'', ''rise'', ''see'', ''shake'', ''shear'', ''slay'', ''smite'', ''speak'', ''steal'', ''stride'', ''strive'', ''swear'', ''take'', ''tear'', ''throw'', ''tread'', ''wake'', ''weave'', and ''write''.

Those that do not add ''- '' in the usual past participle include ''become'', ''begin'', ''bind'', ''burst'', ''cling'', ''come'', ''drink'', ''fight'', ''find'', ''fling'', ''grind'', ''hang'', ''hold'', ''let'', ''ring'', ''run'', ''seek'', ''shed'', ''shine'', ''shit'', ''shoot'', ''shrink'', ''sing'', ''sink'', ''sit'', ''slide'', ''sling'', ''slink'', ''slit'', ''spin'', ''spring'', ''stand'', ''sting'', ''stink'', ''strike'', ''swim'', ''swing'', ''win'', ''wind'' and ''wring''.

The verbs ''sow'' and ''swell'' are now usually regular in the past tense, but retain the strong-type past participles ''sown'' and ''swollen''. Other verbs retain participles in ''-n'' for certain adjectival uses and distinguish them from other usage in perfect tenses ("He is drunk" vs "drunken sailor", "The shirt has shrunk" vs "shrunken hands" or "The ship was sunk" vs "sunken cheeks"). The participle in ''-n'' may sometimes be limited to certain specific usage, as in ''molten'' used only to refer to metals (compare "molten steel" vs "melted butter"). Sometimes the connection between the infinitive and the adjective (i.e. originally the past participle form) is not perceived as obvious any more, e.g. ''seethe – sodden''. The verb ''crow'' is now regular in the past participle, but the strong past tense ''crew'' is sometimes used.

Some originally weak verbs have taken on strong-type forms by analogy with strong verbs. These include ''dig'', ''dive'' (when ''dove'' is used as the past tense), ''hide'', ''prove'' (when ''proven'' is used as the past participle), ''saw'' (past participle ''sawn''), ''sew'' (past participle ''sewn''), ''show'' (past participle ''shown''), ''spit'', ''stick'', ''strew'', ''string'', and ''wear'' (analogy with ''bear'').

For indication of the groups of strong verbs the listed words belong to, see the table at List of English irregular verbs.

Weak verbs

Some other irregular verbs derive from Germanic weak verbs, forming past tenses and participles with a ''-d'' or ''-t'' ending (or from originally strong verbs that have switched to the weak pattern). The weak conjugation is also the origin of the regular verbs in ''-ed''; however various historical sound changes (and sometimes spelling changes) have led to certain types of irregularity in some verbs. The main processes are as follows (some verbs have been subject to more than one of these).
*Some weak verbs with long vowels in their present tense stems (such as ''keep'') took a short vowel in the past tense and past participle (''kept'').
* In some weak verbs ending in a final ''-t'' or ''-d'', this final consonant coalesced ( contracted) with the weak past ending to leave a single ''-t'' or ''-d'' in the past forms.
*Some verbs ending in ''l'' or ''n'' had their past ending irregularly devoiced to ''-t'', and in a few verbs ending with a ''v'' or ''z'' sound (''leave'', ''lose''), both that sound and the past ending were devoiced. (The regular ending ''-ed'' is also devoiced after voiceless consonants in regular verbs, as described under , but this is not now shown in the spelling – for example, the ''-ed'' in ''blessed'' and ''whipped'' is pronounced as a ''t'', and these words were formerly written ''blest'' and ''whipt''. The spelling ''-t'' following a voiceless consonant is retained for verbs that display an irregularity, as in ''kept'' and ''cost''.)
* Some weak verbs continue the vowel shift called '' Rückumlaut'' ("reverse umlaut"). Details of the history of these verbs can be found under Germanic weak verb; those with ''-gh-'' in the spelling were also affected by the Germanic spirant law.
*A few weak verbs have undergone additional contractions or vowel shortenings in their past or present tense forms.
*A few verbs are regular in their spoken forms, but have irregular spelling.

The irregular weak verbs (being in normal use) can consequently be grouped as follows:
*Verbs with vowel shortening: ''creep'', ''flee'', ''hear'', ''keep'', ''leap'', ''shoe'' (when ''shod'' is used), ''sleep'', ''sweep'' and ''weep''. (Of these, ''creep'', ''flee'', ''leap'', ''sleep'' and ''weep'' derive from verbs that were originally strong.)
*Verbs with vowel shortening and devoicing of the ending: ''deal'', ''dream'', ''feel'', ''kneel'', ''lean'', ''leave'', ''lose'' (originally strong) and ''mean''. Some of the verbs in this and in the preceding group have alternative regular forms, such as ''dreamed'' and ''leaped''.
*Verbs with coalescence of consonants: ''bet'', ''bid'', ''cast'', ''cost'', ''cut'', ''fit'', ''hit'', ''hurt'', ''knit'', ''put'', ''quit'', ''rid'', ''set'', ''shed'', ''shut'', ''split'', ''spread'', ''thrust'', ''wed'' and ''wet''. Some of these verbs have alternative regular forms, such as ''wedded'' and ''wetted''. (The verb ''hoist'' behaves similarly to verbs in this group, but this was originally itself a past form of the now obsolete verb ''hoise''; similarly ''clad'' was originally – and sometimes still is – a past form of ''clothe''.)
*Verbs with coalescence of consonants and devoicing of the ending: ''bend'', ''build'', ''lend'', ''rend'', ''send'', ''spend''.
*Verbs with coalescence of consonants and vowel shortening: ''bleed'', ''breed'', ''feed'', ''lead'', ''light'', ''meet'', ''read'' (past tense and past participle also spelt ''read'', but pronounced with a short vowel /ɹɛd/), and ''speed''.
*Verbs with devoicing of the ending and no other irregularity: ''burn'', ''dwell'', ''learn'', ''smell'', ''spell'', ''spill'' and ''spoil''. Most of these have regular ''-ed'' forms as alternatives.
*Verbs continuing the '' Rückumlaut'' pattern: ''bring–brought'', ''buy–bought'', ''seek–sought'', ''sell–sold'', ''teach–taught'', ''tell–told'', and ''think–thought''. The borrowed verb ''catch'' (''caught'') has also fallen into this pattern as a result of analogy.
*Verbs with additional contractions and shortenings: ''have–has–had'', ''make–made'', ''say–says–said'' (where ''says'' and ''said'' are pronounced with a short vowel ). (The verb ''do'' has a similar vowel shortening in ''does'' and ''done''; see below.)
*Verbs irregular only in spelling: ''lay–laid'', ''pay–paid'' (although in the meaning "let out", of a rope etc., ''pay'' may have the regular spelling ''payed'').
For weak verbs that have adopted strong-type past tense or past participle forms, see the section above on strong verbs. More information on the development of some of the listed verbs can be found at List of irregular verbs.

Anomalous cases

The following verbs do not fit exactly into any of the above categories:
* The modal verbs, which are defective verbs – they have only a present indicative form and (in some cases) a preterite, lacking nonfinite forms (infinitives, participles, gerunds), imperatives, and subjunctives (although some uses of the preterites are sometimes identified as subjunctives). Moreover, they do not add ''-s'' in the third person singular – this is because they derive either from preterites, or from Germanic preterite-present verbs, which were conjugated using the ( strong-type) preterite form with present tense meaning. (Additional "true" preterites with past tense meaning were formed with the addition of dentals in the manner of the weak verbs.) The chief verbs of this closed class are ''can–could'', ''may–might'', ''shall–should'', ''will–would'', and ''must'' and ''ought'' (These last two have no preterites. They were originally preterites themselves). There are also ''dare'' and ''need'', which follow the same pattern (no ''-s'') in some contexts: "Dare he jump? She needn't worry" (''dare'' derives from a preterite-present verb, but ''need'' is from an Old English regular verb). In some cases, ''used to'' is also listed as a modal verb. All the modal verbs both in their present and preterite forms-except for ''dare'', ''need'' and ''used to''-usually refer to the present or the future, not the past ("Could you do it now? Should I ask him for help?"). To express the past, modal verbs typically use suppletive forms (''can – be able to, may – be allowed to, must – have to/be obliged to''). The only two modal verbs that do distinguish the preterite forms are ''dare'' and ''need'' (''dared (durst)'' and ''needed'' respectively). See .
* Two verbs (''be'' and ''go'') that contain suppletive forms, i.e. one or more of their parts came from an entirely different root. With ''go'' this applies to the past tense ''went'', which is originally from the verb ''wend''. With ''be'' it applies to a number of different forms (see below). For details, see Indo-European copula (for ''be'') and the article on the verb ''go''. Derived from ''be'' is the defective verb ''beware'', which does not inflect in normal use and which appears only in those forms in which the plain form of ''be'' would be used, namely the infinitive, the imperative, and the subjunctive.
* The verb ''do'', which has the reduplicated form ''did'' for its past tense, an irregularity that is shared with other Germanic languages. Its past participle ''done'' can be compared to typical strong participles in ''- ''; however both this and the third person present tense ''does'' feature a short vowel in modern pronunciation: , .

Verbs with irregular present tenses

Apart from the modal verbs, which are irregular in that they do not take an ''-s'' in the third person (see above), the only verbs with irregular present tense forms are ''be'', ''do'', ''have'' and ''say'' (and prefixed forms of these, such as ''undo'' and ''gainsay'', which conjugate in the same way as the basic forms).

The verb ''be'' has multiple irregular forms. In the present indicative it has ''am'' in the first person singular, ''is'' in the third person singular, and ''are'' in the plural and second person singular. (Its present subjunctive is ''be'', as in "I suggest that you be extremely careful", though that is not irregular, as all verbs use the infinitive/imperative form for the present subjunctive.) It also has two past tense forms: ''was'' for the first and third persons singular, and ''were'' for the plural and second person singular (although there are certain subjunctive uses in which ''were'' can substitute for ''was,'' as in "If I were you…" or "I wish I were there"). The past participle is ''been'', and the present participle and gerund forms are regular: ''being''. For more details see Indo-European copula.

As mentioned above, apart from its other irregularities, the verb ''do'' has the third person present indicative ''does'' pronounced with a short vowel: .

The verb ''have'' has a contracted third person present indicative form: ''has'' ( weak pronunciation ). This is formed similarly to the verb's past tense ''had''.

The verb ''say'' displays vowel shortening in the third person present indicative (although the spelling is regular): ''says'' . The same shortening occurs in the past form ''said'' . (Compare the diphthong in the plain form ''say'' .)

For shortened forms of certain verbs and of their negations (''s'', ''re'', ''won't'', etc.), see English auxiliaries and contractions.

Coincident forms

In regular English verbs, the past tense and past participle have the same form. This is also true of most irregular verbs that follow a variation of the weak conjugation, as can be seen in the list below. Differences between the past tense and past participle (as in ''sing–sang–sung'', ''rise–rose–risen'') generally appear in the case of verbs that continue the strong conjugation, or in a few cases weak verbs that have acquired strong-type forms by analogy—as with ''show'' (regular past tense ''showed'', strong-type past participle ''shown''). However, even some strong verbs have identical past tense and participle, as in ''cling–clung–clung''.

In some verbs, the past tense, past participle, or both are identical in form to the basic (infinitive) form of the verb. This is the case with certain strong verbs, where historical sound changes have led to a leveling of the vowel modifications: for example, ''let'' has both past tense and past participle identical to the infinitive, while ''come'' has the past participle identical (but a different past tense, ''came''). The same is true of the verbs listed above under as having undergone coalescence of final consonants (and without other irregularities such as vowel shortening or devoicing of the ending): ''bet'', ''bid'', etc. (these verbs have infinitive, past tense and past participle all identical, although some of them also have alternative regular forms in ''-ed''). The verb ''read'' has the same spelling in all three forms, but not the same pronunciation for the past tense and past participle , as it exhibits vowel shortening.

In a few cases the past tense of an irregular verb has the same form as the infinitive of a different verb. For example, ''bore'' and ''found'' may be past tenses of ''bear'' and ''find'', but may also represent independent (regular) verbs of different meaning. Another example is ''lay'', which may be the past tense of ''lie'', but is also an independent verb (regular in pronunciation, but with irregular spelling: ''lay–laid–laid''). In fact the past tense verb ''lay'' derives from a causative of the verb from which ''lie'' derives. The two verbs are sometimes confused, with ''lay'' used in the intransitive senses prescriptively reserved for ''lie''.

Prefixed verbs

Nearly all of the basic irregular verbs are single- syllable words. Their irregular inflected forms are generally single-syllable also, except for the past participles in ''-en'' like ''chosen'' and ''risen''. However, many additional irregular verbs are formed by adding prefixes to the basic ones: ''understand'' from ''stand'', ''become'' from ''come'', ''mistake'' from ''take'', and so on. As a general rule, prefixed verbs are conjugated identically to the corresponding basic verbs; e.g ''understand–understood–understood'' and ''become–became–become'', following the patterns of ''stand–stood–stood'' and ''come–came–come''. However, there are occasional differences: in British English, for instance, the past participle of ''get'' is ''got'', (as opposed to ''gotten'' as in North American English) while that of ''forget'' is ''forgotten''.

Only a few irregular verbs of more than one syllable cannot be analyzed as prefixed compounds of monosyllables. There is ''begin–began–begun'' (this is from Old English ''bēgun'' "to be getting or be finding a way", making it equivalent to ''be-'' + ''gate'', but it has moved away from ''gate'' in both form and meaning). There is also ''forsake–forsook–forsaken'' (this is from Old English ''forsōc'' "to legally act for or affair for", making it equivalent to ''for-'' + ''sake'', but it has moved away from ''sake'' in both form and meaning). There is also ''beseech–besought–besought'' (this is from Old English ''besēcan'' "to seek or inquire about", making it equivalent to ''be-'' + ''seek'', but it has moved away from ''seek'' in both form and meaning); however the form ''besought'' is now archaic, the verb normally being conjugated regularly (''beseeched'').

List

The following is a list of 204 irregular verbs that are commonly used in standard modern English. It omits many rare, dialectal, and archaic forms, as well as most verbs formed by adding prefixes to basic verbs (''unbend'', ''understand'', ''mistake'', etc.). It also omits past participle forms that remain in use only adjectivally (''clad'', ''sodden'', etc.). For a more complete list, with derivations, see List of English irregular verbs. Further information, including pronunciation, can be foun
in Wiktionary
The list that follows shows the base, or infinitive form, the past tense and the past participle of the verb.
*''a-'' : for ''abide'', ''arise'', ''awake'', see ''bide'', ''rise'', ''wake''
*'' be'' (''am'', ''is'', ''are'') – ''was'', ''were'' – ''been''
*''be-'' : for ''become'', ''befall'', ''beset'', etc. see ''come'', ''fall'', ''set'', etc.
*''bear'' – ''bore'' – ''borne'' passive and adjectival uses relating to birth]
*''beat'' – ''beat'' – ''beaten''
*''beget'' – ''begot'' – ''begot(ten)'' [Biblical past tense: ''begat'']
*''begin'' – ''began'' – ''begun''
*''bend'' – ''bent'' – ''bent''
*''bet'' – ''bet'' – ''bet'' ast tense and participle also sometimes ''betted''*''beware'' – defective verb anomalous_cases_above.html" ;"title="#Anomalous_cases.html" ;"title="ee anomalous_cases_above">#Anomalous_cases.html"_;"title="ee_#Anomalous_cases">anomalous_cases_above*''bid''_–_''bid''_–_''bid''_[as_in_an_auction.html" ;"title="#Anomalous cases">anomalous cases above">#Anomalous_cases.html" ;"title="ee #Anomalous cases">anomalous cases above*''bid'' – ''bid'' – ''bid'' [as in an auction">#Anomalous cases">anomalous cases above">#Anomalous_cases.html" ;"title="ee #Anomalous cases">anomalous cases above*''bid'' – ''bid'' – ''bid'' [as in an auction*''bid'' – ''bade/bid'' – ''bidden/bid'' [meaning "request"]
*''bide'' – ''bided/bode'' – ''bided/bidden'' [but ''abide'' mostly uses the regular forms only]
*''bind'' – ''bound'' – ''bound''
*''bite'' – ''bit'' – ''bitten''
*''bleed'' – ''bled'' – ''bled''
*''blow'' – ''blew'' – ''blown''
*''break'' – ''broke'' – ''broken''
*''breed'' – ''bred'' – ''bred''
*''bring'' – ''brought'' – ''brought''
*''build'' – ''built'' – ''built''
*''burn'' – ''burnt/burned'' – ''burnt/burned''
*''burst'' – ''burst'' – ''burst''
*''buy'' – ''bought'' – ''bought''
*''can'' – ''could'' anomalous_cases_above.html" ;"title="#Anomalous_cases.html" ;"title="efective; see #Anomalous cases">anomalous cases above">#Anomalous_cases.html" ;"title="efective; see #Anomalous cases">anomalous cases above*''cast'' – ''cast'' – ''cast'' [prefixed forms ''broadcast'', ''forecast'', etc. sometimes take ''-ed'']
*''catch'' – ''caught'' – ''caught''
*''choose'' – ''chose'' – ''chosen''
*''clad'' – ''clad/cladded'' – ''clad/cladded'' [''clad'' is also sometimes used as past form of ''clothe'']
*''cleave'' – ''clove/cleft'' – ''cloven/cleft'' ut regular when meaning "adhere"*''cling'' – ''clung'' – ''clung''
*''come'' – ''came'' – ''come''
*''cost'' – ''cost/costed'' – ''cost/costed'' ut regular when meaning "calculate the cost of"*''creep'' – ''crept/creeped'' – ''crept/creeped''
*''crow'' – ''crowed/crew'' – ''crowed'' 'crew'' normally used only of a cock's crowing*''cut'' – ''cut'' – ''cut''
*''dare'' – regular except for possible third person singular present ''dare'' (see anomalous cases above)
*''deal'' – ''dealt'' – ''dealt''
*''dig'' – ''dug'' – ''dug''
*''dive'' – ''dived/dove'' – ''dived'' he form ''dove'' is chiefly American*''do'' (''does'' ) – ''did'' – ''done''
*''drag'' – ''dragged/drug'' – ''dragged/drug'' he form ''drug'' is chiefly dialectal*''draw'' – ''drew'' – ''drawn''
*''dream'' – ''dreamed/dreamt'' – ''dreamed/dreamt''
*''drink'' – ''drank'' – ''drunk''
*''drive'' – ''drove'' – ''driven''
*''dwell'' – ''dwelt/dwelled'' – ''dwelt/dwelled''
*''eat'' – ''ate'' – ''eaten''
*''fall'' – ''fell'' – ''fallen''
*''feed'' – ''fed'' – ''fed''
*''feel'' – ''felt'' – ''felt''
*''fight'' – ''fought'' – ''fought''
*''find'' – ''found'' – ''found''
*''fit'' – ''fit/fitted'' – ''fit/fitted''
*''flee'' – ''fled'' – ''fled''
*''fling'' – ''flung'' – ''flung''
*''fly'' – ''flew'' – ''flown'' he form ''flied'' is common in the baseball sense*''for(e)-'' : for ''forgo'', ''foresee'', etc. see ''go'', ''see'', etc.
*''forbid'' – ''forbade/forbid'' – ''forbidden''
*''forget'' – ''forgot'' – ''forgotten''
*''forsake'' – ''forsook'' – ''forsaken''
*''freeze'' – ''froze'' – ''frozen''
*''get'' – ''got'' – ''gotten/got'' British_English_

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