Emapalumab, sold under the brand name Gamifant, is an anti-
interferon-gamma (IFNγ) antibody medication used for the treatment of
hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH),
[ ] which has no cure.
The most common side effects include infections, hypertension, infusion-related reactions, and pyrexia.
The U.S.
Food and Drug Administration
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a List of United States federal agencies, federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is respon ...
(FDA) considers it to be a
first-in-class medication A first-in-class medication is a pharmaceutical that uses a "new and unique mechanism of action" to treat a particular medical condition. While the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research tracks first-in-class medicat ...
.
Medical uses
Emapalumab is used to treat primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) with refractory, recurrent or progressive disease or intolerance with conventional HLH therapy.
Adverse effects
In the clinical trials that lead to emapalumab's FDA approval, the most commonly reported adverse effects were infections (56%), high blood pressure (41%), infusion reactions (27%), and fever (24%).
Serious adverse effects occurred in about half of the subjects studied in the clinical trial that led to its FDA approval.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
In the setting of HLH, over-secretion of IFN-γ is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
Emapalumab binds and neutralizes IFN-γ, preventing it from inducing pathological effects.
Pharmacokinetics
Like other antibody-based medications, which are made of amino acid chains called
polypeptides, emapalumab is broken down into smaller peptides via the body's normal
catabolism
Catabolism () is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions. Catabolism breaks down large molecules (such as polysaccharides, lipids, ...
.
Society and culture
Legal status
The U.S.
Food and Drug Administration
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a List of United States federal agencies, federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is respon ...
(FDA) granted
orphan drug
An orphan drug is a pharmaceutical agent developed to treat medical conditions which, because they are so rare, would not be profitable to produce without government assistance. The conditions are referred to as orphan diseases.
The assignment of ...
designations in 2010 and 2020, and
breakthrough therapy
Breakthrough therapy is a United States Food and Drug Administration designation that expedites drug development that was created by Congress under Section 902 of the 9 July 2012 Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act. The FDA's "br ...
designation in 2016, on the basis of preliminary data from the phase II trial.
In July 2020, and again in November 2020, the
European Medicines Agency
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) in charge of the evaluation and supervision of medicinal products. Prior to 2004, it was known as the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products or Euro ...
(EMA) recommended the refusal of the marketing authorization for emapalumab.
Research
The research name of emapalumab was NI-0501.
A phase II/III trial began in 2013 and is ongoing . The trial targets patients under the age of 18 who have failed to improve on conventional treatments.
This study was realised in the context of an EU-funded FP7 project, named FIGHT-HLH (306124).
References
External links
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Breakthrough therapy
Experimental drugs
Monoclonal antibodies
Orphan drugs