Eleanor Coade (3 June 1733 – 18 November 1821)Alison Kelly">Alison Kelly (art historian), Alison Kelly
, "Eleanor Coade" ''Oxford National Dictionary of Biography''
correction per Caroline Stanford
/ref> was a British businesswoman known for manufacturing Neoclassical architecture, Neoclassical statues, architectural decorations and garden ornaments made of ''Lithodipyra'' or Coade stone for over 50 years from 1769 until her death. She should not be confused or conflated with her mother, also named Eleanor.Since the mid-20th century, there has been some confusion between Eleanor and her mother (Eleanor, Elinore), as to which one ran the factory. This is primarily due to Miss Eleanor Coade's customary use of the title "Mrs"; this was a commonplace 'courtesy title' for any unmarried woman in business. But, analysis of the bills shows that Eleanor Coade (daughter) was fully in charge from 1771. ( Alison Kelly, ''Oxford National Dictionary of Biography'' (ONDB)) Alison Kelly states on page 23 of ''Mrs Coade's Stone'' – "Since mother and daughter had the same name, confusion has reigned over the contribution of each of them to the manufactory. The widow Coade was of course Mrs, and it has been assumed that any mention of Mrs Coade must refer to her.

Rupert Gunnis Rupert Forbes Gunnis (11 March 1899 – 31 July 1965) was an English collector and historian of British sculpture. He is best known for his ''Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660–1851'', which "revolutionized the study of British sculpture, pr ...

, for instance, believed that the widow ran the factory until her death, in her late eighties, in 1796. What is not generally realised is that women in business, in Georgian times, had the courtesy title of Mrs, so Mrs in the Coade records, normally refers to Miss Coade. Bills were usually headed Eleanor Coade, but two, as early as 1771, for Hatfield Priory, Essex, and 1773, for work at

Burton upon Trent Town Hall Burton upon Trent Town Hall is a municipal building in King Edward Place, Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire, England. It is a Grade II listed building. History In the mid 19th century local council meetings were held in the old Town Hall in the ...

, were made out to Miss Coade, showing that from the early days she was in charge. The only references which specifically concern the mother are the first two entries for the factory in the Lambeth

Poor rate In England and Wales the poor rate was a tax on property levied in each parish, which was used to provide poor relief. It was collected under both the Old Poor Law and the New Poor Law. It was absorbed into 'general rate' local taxation in the ...

books, when the rate was paid by Widow Coade." It appears that the modern identity confusion dates from 1951 (or earlier) when Sir Howard Roberts and Walter H. Godfrey published the ''Survey of London: volume 23 – Lambeth: South Bank and Vauxhall.'' Their confusion about the Coade family genealogy led to both gaps and false conclusions. Errors were repeated by Rupert Gunnis in his 1953 ''Dictionary of British Sculptors, 1660–1851''. More recently, the 'British History Online' website affirmed the Coade errors of the otherwise excellent Roberts and Godfrey ''Survey of London'' on their prestigious website
British History.ac.uk
and some other internet sites have repeated the claims. ''Lithodipyra'' ("stone fired twice") was a high-quality, durable moulded weather-resistant, ceramic

stoneware Stoneware is a rather broad term for pottery or other ceramics fired at a relatively high temperature. A modern technical definition is a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic made primarily from stoneware clay or non-refractory fire clay. Whether vi ...

; statues and decorative features from this still look almost new today. Coade did not invent 'artificial stone', as various inferior quality precursors had been both patented and manufactured over the previous forty years, but she probably perfected both the clay recipe and the firing process. She combined high-quality manufacturing and artistic taste, together with entrepreneurial, business and marketing skills, to create the overwhelmingly successful stone products of her age. She produced stoneware for

St George's Chapel, Windsor St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle in England is a castle chapel built in the late-medieval Perpendicular Gothic style. It is both a Royal Peculiar (a church under the direct jurisdiction of the monarch) and the Chapel of the Order of the Gart ...

; The Royal Pavilion, Brighton; Carlton House, London and the

Royal Naval College, Greenwich The Royal Naval College, Greenwich, was a Royal Navy training establishment between 1873 and 1998, providing courses for naval officers. It was the home of the Royal Navy's staff college, which provided advanced training for officers. The equi ...

. Shortly after her death, her company produced a large quantity of stoneware used in the refurbishment of Buckingham Palace. Born in Exeter to two families of wool merchants and weavers, she ran her business, "Coade's Artificial Stone Manufactory", "Coade and Sealy" and latterly "Coade" ( by appointment to

George III George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Br ...

and the

Prince Regent A prince regent or princess regent is a prince or princess who, due to their position in the line of succession, rules a monarchy as regent in the stead of a monarch regnant, e.g., as a result of the sovereign's incapacity (minority or illness ...

), for fifty years in Lambeth, London. A devout

Baptist Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing Christian believers only ( believer's baptism), and doing so by complete immersion. Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul compe ...

, she died unmarried in Camberwell. In 1784 an uncle, Samuel Coade, gave her Belmont House, a holiday villa in

Lyme Regis Lyme Regis is a town in west Dorset, England, west of Dorchester and east of Exeter. Sometimes dubbed the "Pearl of Dorset", it lies by the English Channel at the Dorset–Devon border. It has noted fossils in cliffs and beaches on the Heri ...

, her late father's town of origin. She decorated the house extensively with Coade stone.

Personal life

Early life

Eleanor Coade was born on 3 June 1733 in Exeter, the elder daughter of the Nonconformist (devout

) family of George and Eleanor Coade. George Coade (1706–1769) was a wool merchant originally from Lyme Regis,Rootsweb, "George Coade, born 1706, was christened 06 NOV 1706 in Lyme Regis, Dorset UK, and died 1769."
/ref> and his wife Eleanor (Elinore, née Enchmarch) (c.1708–1796) was the daughter of Thomas and Sarah Enchmarch (d.1735)"Bampton House", History of Tiverton Wool Trade
, Tiverton Civic Society, accessed 23 January 2014 merchants and textile manufacturers of

Tiverton, Devon Tiverton ( ) is a town and civil parish in Devon, England, and the commercial and administrative centre of the Mid Devon district. The population in 2019 was 20,587. History Early history The town's name is conjectured to derive from "Twy-fo ...

. Eleanor's younger sister Elizabeth was born 1738 in Exeter. Eleanor's maternal grandmother Sarah Enchmarch was a successful business woman in Tiverton, running the family textile business for 25 years after her husband Thomas died in 1735. Since the Middle Ages, the town had been a centre of the woollen textile business, with thousands of workers. Mrs Enchmarch employed 200 people making cloth, and used spies to learn the latest techniques used in

Norwich Norwich () is a cathedral city and district of Norfolk, England, of which it is the county town. Norwich is by the River Wensum, about north-east of London, north of Ipswich and east of Peterborough. As the seat of the See of Norwich, with ...

. She was known to travel around Tiverton in a sedan chair. In 1749, with revenues from her business, she re-built the Enchmarch mansion.

Later life

About 1760, following George Coade's bankruptcy, the Coade family moved from Exeter to London. By the mid-1760s, daughter Eleanor Coade was running her own business as a linen draper in the City of London.Dr. Nicola Phillips, "Eleanor Coade", May 2009
, Addidi Inspiration Award for Female Entrepreneurs As was customary for unmarried women in business at the time, she used ''Mrs'' as a courtesy title.Alison Kelly, ''Mrs Coade's Stone,'' p. 23 In early 1769 the family were living at St Thomas Apostles Street when her father George Coade died that year, after having gone

bankrupt Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the debtor ...

for the second time. From around 1769, when the daughter Eleanor Coade bought an artificial stone factory, she lived on the factory premises at Narrow Wall, Lambeth. Bills show that she was directly managing the factory by 1771 at the latest. In 1784 Eleanor Coade was given Belmont House,

, Dorset, by her uncle Samuel Coade. It had been built in 1774 by Simon Bunter, an attorney at law from

Axminster Axminster is a market town and civil parish on the eastern border of the county of Devon in England. It is from the county town of Exeter. The town is built on a hill overlooking the River Axe which heads towards the English Channel at Ax ...

. It was a simple two-storey Georgian seaside villa known as Bunter's Castle but renamed Belmont House by the Coade family. Author

John Fowles John Robert Fowles (; 31 March 1926 – 5 November 2005) was an English novelist of international renown, critically positioned between modernism and postmodernism. His work was influenced by Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, among others. Aft ...

lived therePast Remains: Belmont House
Free Webs from 1968 to 2005 and it is now owned by the

Landmark Trust The Landmark Trust is a British architectural conservation, building conservation charitable organization, charity, founded in 1965 by John Smith (Conservative politician), Sir John and Lady Smith, that rescues buildings of historic interest or ...

. By 1811 Coade was living in Great Surrey Street (later Blackfriars Road), Southwark. At the time of her death in 1821, she was living in Camberwell Grove, Camberwell, London.

Exhibition of sculpture

Eleanor Coade exhibited at the Society of Artists between 1773 and 1778 and in 1780, as listed in their exhibitors catalogue: however, whilst she was listed by the society as a sculptor, Caroline Stanford has suggested that whether the sculptures "were works modelled by herself or produced in her name is still unclear – the documentary evidence implies the latter". "COADE, Miss Eleanor ... Sculptor. Society of Artists. Artificial Stone Manufactory, Kings-Arms Stairs, Lambeth. ;1773 * 59 A figure of

Urania Urania ( ; grc, , Ouranía; modern Greek shortened name ''Ránia''; meaning "heavenly" or "of heaven") was, in Greek mythology, the muse of astronomy, and in later times, of Christian poetry. Urania is the goddess of astronomy and stars, he ...

, for a sun-dial. ( The firm was Coade and Sealey, There is an engraving of the entrance to their premises by S, Rawle in 1802.) ;1774 * 53 A chimney piece, in artificial stone, for a nobleman's hall. From a design of Mr. Johnson's. * 54 A vestal and pedestal; in artificial stone. * 55 A sybyl; in artificial stone. * 367 A statue and pedestal for a candalabrum. * 368 A tripod. ;1775 * 385 A

Flora Flora is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous (ecology), indigenous) native plant, native plants. Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora, as in the terms '' ...

; in artificial stone. * 386 A Pomona. * 387 A Candalabrum. * 388 A Tripod and Pedestal. ;1776 * 193 A Naiad. * 194 Three statues for Candalabrums. * 196 Phrygian Boy and Girl; a Tablet. * 197 Boy and Dolphin. Mrs, Coade, Artificial Stone Manufactory, Kings' Arms Stairs, Lambeth. ;1777 * 181 A Vase, after the Antique, in the

Villa Medici The Villa Medici () is a Mannerist villa and an architectural complex with a garden contiguous with the larger Borghese gardens, on the Pincian Hill next to Trinità dei Monti in Rome, Italy. The Villa Medici, founded by Ferdinando I de' Medici, ...

. * 182 A Lion. * 183 Hymen and Psyche; two figures for Candalabrums. * 184 A statue of Flora. * 185 A statue of Pomona. * 186 A statue of

Minerva Minerva (; ett, Menrva) is the Roman goddess of wisdom, justice, law, victory, and the sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy. Minerva is not a patron of violence such as Mars, but of strategic war. From the second century BC onward, the Rom ...

. * 187 A statue of a Sybil. ;1778 * 284 Charity; in artificial stone. * 285 A Lion; in artificial stone. * 286 A Group of Figures; executed for the Marine Society. * 287 A Figure for Candalabrum. * 288 A Vase, intended for a monumental inscription. * 289 A Pedestal, from a design of James Paine, Esq., intended for a sundial. ;1780 * 47 Statue of Time; in artificial stone. * 48 A clock case; in artificial stone.

Death and commemoration

Eleanor Coade was a devout

. She never married and died on 18 November 1821 in Camberwell Grove, Camberwell, London. Her obituary notice was published in ''

The Gentleman's Magazine ''The Gentleman's Magazine'' was a monthly magazine founded in London, England, by Edward Cave in January 1731. It ran uninterrupted for almost 200 years, until 1922. It was the first to use the term '' magazine'' (from the French ''magazine ...

,'' which declared her 'the sole inventor and proprietor of an art which deserves considerable notice'. Although it extolled the virtues of Coade Stone, the obituary contained no reference to her private life.Obituary: Eleanor Coade
''The Gentleman's Magazine,'' Volume 130, Por John Nichols. In her will and testament, Coade left much of her fortune to charity schools and clergymen, plus her family. A proponent of women's rights, she also left money to a few married women friends, stating that their husbands were to have no control over the funds. Her body is buried in an unmarked grave at Bunhill Fields cemetery in the

London Borough of Islington The London Borough of Islington ( ) is a London borough in Inner London. Whilst the majority of the district is located in north London, the borough also includes a significant area to the south which forms part of central London. Islington has ...

, which was used by many Nonconformists. She is commemorated by the Coade Stone, placed under

Westminster Bridge Westminster Bridge is a road-and-foot-traffic bridge over the River Thames in London, linking Westminster on the west side and Lambeth on the east side. The bridge is painted predominantly green, the same colour as the leather seats in the ...

by the footpath to Royal Festival Hall, which now occupies the site of her factory at "Narrow Wall". The Coade Stone is the bottom stone of a horse-mill used in her factory, a wheel-shaped millstone with a prominent internal axle lip. It is placed on a 30-degree slope beside the under-bridge footpath."Coade Stone"
''Local History'' website, from "Coade Stone.doc 9-12-2007"

Artificial stone business

In late 1769, at the age of 36, Eleanor Coade bought Daniel Pincot's struggling artificial stone business at Kings Arms Stairs, Narrow Wall, Lambeth, a site now occupied by the Royal Festival Hall.Parks and Gardens. Eleanor Coade – artist in artificial stone. By Timur Tatlioglu.
/ref> She took charge and developed this business as "Coade's Artificial Stone Manufactory". Within two years (1771), she sacked Pincot for "representing himself as the chief proprietor"."Coade's Lithodipyra, or, Artificial Stone Manufactory"
, Yale University Library, The ceramic stoneware product was marketed as "Coade's Lithodipyra", for the next 50 years. Pincot's business may have been related to that run nearby by Richard Holt, who had taken out two patents in 1722: one for a kind of liquid metal or stone, and another for making china without the use of clay. There were many start-up 'artificial stone' businesses in the early 18th century, of which only Mrs Coade's succeeded. She manufactured products from ceramic in a process to look like stone, and it proved highly durable.Alison Kelly, ''Mrs. Coade's Stone'' (1990) John Bacon, a talented sculptor, had worked for Mrs Coade since 1769. In 1771 she appointed him as works supervisor; he directed both model-making and design until his death in 1799. His neo-classical models won awards from the

Society for the Encouragement of Arts The Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA), also known as the Royal Society of Arts, is a London-based organisation committed to finding practical solutions to social challenges. The RSA acronym is used m ...

and royal patronage. Their joint success meant that the Coade Artificial Stone Manufactory gained the business of all the eminent Georgian architects, including

Robert Adam Robert Adam (3 July 17283 March 1792) was a British neoclassical architect, interior designer and furniture designer. He was the son of William Adam (1689–1748), Scotland's foremost architect of the time, and trained under him. With his ...

James Wyatt James Wyatt (3 August 1746 – 4 September 1813) was an English architect, a rival of Robert Adam in the neoclassical and neo-Gothic styles. He was elected to the Royal Academy in 1785 and was its president from 1805 to 1806. Early life W ...

Samuel Wyatt Samuel Wyatt (8 September 1737, Weeford, Staffs. – London, 8 February 1807) was an England, English architect and engineer. A member of the Wyatt family, which included several notable 18th- and 19th-century English architects, his work was prima ...

Sir William Chambers __NOTOC__ Sir William Chambers (23 February 1723 – 10 March 1796) was a Swedish-Scottish architect, based in London. Among his best-known works are Somerset House, and the pagoda at Kew. Chambers was a founder member of the Royal Academy. Bio ...

, John Nash, and

John Soane Sir John Soane (; né Soan; 10 September 1753 – 20 January 1837) was an English architect who specialised in the Neo-Classical style. The son of a bricklayer, he rose to the top of his profession, becoming professor of architecture at the R ...

. Throughout this period of the late 18th century, Mrs Coade also employed designers and modellers such as John Devaere (John De Vaere (1755–1830)) before he joined

Josiah Wedgwood Josiah Wedgwood (12 July 1730 – 3 January 1795) was an English potter, entrepreneur and abolitionist. Founding the Wedgwood company in 1759, he developed improved pottery bodies by systematic experimentation, and was the leader in the indus ...

in 1790,),

John Charles Felix Rossi John Charles Felix Rossi (8 March 1762 – 21 February 1839), often simply known as Charles Rossi, was an English sculptor. Life Early life and education Rossi was born on 8 March 1762 at Nottingham, where his father Ananso, an Italian from Si ...

, J. G. Bubb, Thomas Dubbin,

Benjamin West Benjamin West, (October 10, 1738 – March 11, 1820) was a British-American artist who painted famous historical scenes such as '' The Death of Nelson'', ''The Death of General Wolfe'', the '' Treaty of Paris'', and '' Benjamin Franklin Drawin ...

(later a successful painter), and Joseph Panzetta (1789–1830). The latter worked for Coade for more than 26 years; his most prominent work was Lord Hill's Column in Shrewsbury. After 1780 Coade was commissioned by King

to make the Gothic screen (and possibly also replace part of the ceiling) of

St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle in England is a castle chapel built in the late-medieval Perpendicular Gothic style. It is both a Royal Peculiar (a church under the direct jurisdiction of the monarch) and the Chapel of the Order of the Gart ...

. In 1784 she created a comprehensive catalogue of 746 designs produced by the company. It included

statues A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to life-size; a sculpture t ...

;

bust Bust commonly refers to: * A woman's breasts * Bust (sculpture), of head and shoulders * An arrest Bust may also refer to: Places * Bust, Bas-Rhin, a city in France *Lashkargah, Afghanistan, known as Bust historically Media * ''Bust'' (magazin ...

s; whole panels;

friezes In architecture, the frieze is the wide central section part of an entablature and may be plain in the Ionic or Doric order, or decorated with bas-reliefs. Paterae are also usually used to decorate friezes. Even when neither columns nor ...

; fascia;

medal A medal or medallion is a small portable artistic object, a thin disc, normally of metal, carrying a design, usually on both sides. They typically have a commemorative purpose of some kind, and many are presented as awards. They may be int ...

lions; paterae; coats of arms; balusters; pinnacles; chimneypieces; furniture; interior ornaments; and mouldings. As ceramic moulds could be reused, some had a working life of over 50 years, leading to high efficiency in production. In 1799 Mrs Coade recruited her cousin John Sealy as a partner in her business. (He was the son of her mother's sister Mary Enchmarch Sealy.) The company then traded as 'Coade and Sealy' until his death, aged 64, in October 1813, when it reverted to 'Coade'. She also opened a show room, ''Coade's Gallery,'' on Pedlar's Acre at the Surrey end of

Road to display her products. In 1813 Coade recruited William Croggon as manager to succeed Sealy; he was a sculptor from

Grampound Grampound ( kw, Ponsmeur) is a village in Cornwall, England. It is at an ancient crossing point of the River Fal and today is on the A390 road west of St Austell and east of Truro.Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 204 ''Truro & Falmouth'' ...

in Cornwall. (He was a distant cousin by marriage, the brother-in-law of Coade's cousin William Oke, son of her aunt Frances (née Enchmarch)), Croggon worked as manager until Coade's death. At that time, he bought the firm from her estate for circa £4,000, although he had hoped to inherit it. From 1814 onwards, Croggon paid rates for the factory.Timur Tatlioglu, "Eleanor Coade – artist in artificial stone"
Parks and Gardens, sourced from (Roberts & Godfrey 1951, 58–61)] The business continued to be successful long after Coade's death, but Croggon went bankrupt in 1833 because of both changing tastes and the failure of the Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Duke of York to pay his debts.Fairweather, "History of Coade stone," Synopsised from original research in ''Mrs Coade's Stone'' by Alison Kelly.
"William Croggon"
Parks and Gardens UK website

Business methods

Coade's success as a businesswoman was very rare in the Georgian era. She was a hard-working individual who concentrated on methodical procedures to produce consistently high quality products. She was the first and only person to succeed in the artificial stone business, thanks to a combination of managerial skills, entrepreneurial flair, and a talent for marketing and public relations. She closely supervised both the preparation of clay mixtures and the firing process for all her products. Within two years of buying the business, she sacked Pincot, the former owner, for disciplinary reasons. She published adverts for her business on 11 and 14 September 1771 in ''The Daily Advertiser'', ''Gazetteer'' and ''The New Daily Advertiser''. She cultivated strong business relationships with respected architects and designers, as she could produce multiple copies of their designs. Her success may be gauged by

's complaint that he "could not get architects to endorse his new chimney-piece plaques".Alison Kelly, "Coade Stone in Georgian Architecture"
''Architectural History,'' Vol. 28, 1985, at JStor.

Coade stone business

The factory produced large ceramic statues and all manner of decorative architectural features, which proved to be extremely durable. This material resisted corrosion by London's polluted air, made damaging by coal exhausts, formation of acid rain, and byproducts. Coade stone works included the frontispiece of the original Twinings shop (tea merchants) on the Strand; private ornaments in the rear of Buckingham Palace; the lion on

; the

Nelson Nelson may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Nelson'' (1918 film), a historical film directed by Maurice Elvey * ''Nelson'' (1926 film), a historical film directed by Walter Summers * ''Nelson'' (opera), an opera by Lennox Berkeley to a lib ...

Pediment at the Royal Naval College at

Greenwich Greenwich ( , ,) is a town in south-east London, England, within the ceremonial county of Greater London. It is situated east-southeast of Charing Cross. Greenwich is notable for its maritime history and for giving its name to the Greenwich ...

(the mural above the terrace's main entrance was reckoned by the Coade workers as the finest of all their work); the statue of

on the seafront at

Weymouth, Dorset Weymouth is a seaside town in Dorset, on the English Channel coast of England. Situated on a sheltered bay at the mouth of the River Wey, south of the county town of Dorchester, Weymouth had a population of 53,427 in 2021. It is the third ...

; the stone awning and statues at

Schomberg House Schomberg House at 80–82 Pall Mall is a prominent house on the south side of Pall Mall in central London which has a colourful history. Only the street facade survives today. It was built for The 3rd Duke of Schomberg, a Huguenot general ...

, Pall Mall, London; and the crest on the Imperial War Museum. The plaques at

Hammerwood Park Hammerwood Park is a country house in Hammerwood, near East Grinstead, in East Sussex, England. It is a Grade I listed building. One of the first houses in England to be built in the Greek Revival architectural style, it was built in 1792 as t ...

near East Grinstead were also made of Coade stone.

Notes

References

Sources

* . * * Kelly, Alison, ''Coade, Eleanor (1733–1821)'', rev., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004
accessed 22 Jan 2009
* *

External links

Gallery of images.
Plate 48: A view of Westminster Bridge, 1791. shows King's Arms Stairs in the foreground (possibly) with a sign advertising Coade's factory.

COADE'S ARTIFICIAL STONE MANUFACTORY, circa 1800

Plate 38a: Coade's Artificial Stone Manufactory 1801

Plate 39a: The entrance to Coade and Sealy's Gallery of Sculpture, Westminster Bridge, 1802

by

Thomas Hosmer Shepherd Thomas Hosmer Shepherd (16 January 1793, France – 1864) was a British topographical watercolour artist well known for his architectural paintings. Life and work Thomas was the brother of topographical artist George "Sidney" Shepherd ...

Parks and Gardens UK, Eleanor Coade – artist in artificial stone

Thomason Cudworth
Restorations at Belmont House {{DEFAULTSORT:Coade, Eleanor 1733 births 1821 deaths 18th-century British sculptors 18th-century English women artists 18th-century English businesspeople 18th-century English businesswomen 19th-century English businesspeople 19th-century English women artists 19th-century English businesswomen Burials at Bunhill Fields Ceramics manufacturers of England English Baptists English inventors Neoclassical artists Artists from Exeter People from Lambeth People of the Industrial Revolution Women inventors Businesspeople from Exeter